Adolescents' emotional engagement in friends' problems and joys: Associations of empathetic distress and empathetic joy with friendship quality,depression, and anxiety

Although empathetic distress (i.e., taking on a friend's emotional distress as one's own) has been examined as a “cost of caring” especially common among girls, relations with adjustment remain untested. The current study tested associations of empathetic distress with friendship quality, depression, and anxiety. Adolescents (N = 300, ages 12–18) reported on their perceived experience of empathetic distress following a conversation with a friend about problems. The study also considered youths' emotional engagement in friends' positive life events, referred to as empathetic joy. Results indicated that girls reported greater empathetic distress and empathetic joy compared with boys. Findings also suggest that although empathetic distress may have positive implications for youths' friendship adjustment, this may come at the expense of emotional well-being. In contrast, empathetic joy was associated with greater positive friendship quality and fewer internalizing symptoms.     

Depressive symptomatology mediates the effect of socioeconomic disadvantage on HbA1c among rural African Americans with type 2 diabetes

Objective

Rural African Americans with diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) represent a disadvantaged and understudied group who experience difficulties with maintaining glycemic control. Although mounting evidence has linked socioeconomic disadvantage to chronic disease morbidity, few studies have examined the mediating mechanisms that account for this effect. We hypothesized that rural African Americans' financial distress, community disadvantage, and educational attainment would predict glycemic control, indirectly, via effects on depressive symptoms.

Methods

Predictions were tested using data from 192 rural African American adults with T2D and data from community support persons the participants nominated. Participants completed an in-home interview and provided a blood sample at a local laboratory. Levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA_1c) constituted the criterion variable.

Results

Structural equation modeling analyses confirmed our hypotheses: financial distress, community disadvantage, and educational attainment demonstrated significant indirect effects on HbA_1c via their influence on depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

The findings underscore the importance of targeting mental health in interventions to support glycemic control as well as tailoring interventions for individuals in difficult socioeconomic circumstances.     

2型糖尿病患者焦虑抑郁情绪与个性、应对方式的相关性研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者焦虑抑郁情绪与个性、应对方式的关系。方法采用综合性医院焦虑抑郁量表（HAD）、艾森克个性问卷修订版（EPQ）和医学应对问卷（MCMQ）对120例2型糖尿病患者进行评定。结果2型糖尿病患者中女性焦虑量表分、神经质量表分和屈服量表分高于男性；焦虑情绪与内外倾、面对的应对方式呈负相关，与神经质呈正相关；抑郁情绪与神经质、屈服的应对方式呈正相关，与内外倾及面对的应对方式呈负相关。结论2型糖尿病患者焦虑抑郁情绪与个性及应对疾病的方式有相关性。     

Depression in type 1 diabetes in children: natural history and correlates

The combination of diabetes and depression in children and adolescents is largely unstudied. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the natural history and correlates of comorbid diabetes and depression in children and adolescents. Children with diabetes have a two-fold greater prevalence of depression, and adolescents up to three-fold greater, than youth without diabetes. Correlates of depression and diabetes include gender, poorer metabolic control, and family behaviors. Very little is known about treatment in these youth, and more studies are indicated.     

Depression,anxiety, and prevalent diabetes in the Chinese population: Findings from the China Kadoorie Biobank of 0.5 million people

Objective

Despite previous investigation, uncertainty remains about the nature of the associations of major depression (MD) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in adult Chinese, and the relevance of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) for T2DM.

Methods

Cross-sectional data from the China Kadoorie Biobank Study, a sample of approximately 500,000 adults from 10 geographically defined regions of China, were analyzed. Past year MD and GAD were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Inventory. T2DM was defined as either having self-reported physician diagnosis of diabetes at age 30 or later (“clinically-identified” cases) or having a non-fasting blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L or fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L but no prior diagnosis of diabetes (“screen-detected” cases). Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between MD and GAD with clinically-identified and screen-detected T2DM, adjusting for demographic characteristics and health behaviors.

Results

The prevalence of T2DM was 5.3% (3.2% clinically-identified and 2.1% screen-detected). MD was significantly associated with clinically-identified T2DM (odds ratio [OR]: 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.47–2.08), but not with screen-detected T2DM (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.92–1.51). GAD was associated with clinically-identified (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.60–2.88) and modestly associated with screen-detected (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 0.99–2.08) T2DM. The relationship between MD and GAD with T2DM was moderated by obesity.

Conclusion

MD is associated with clinically-identified, but not screen-detected T2DM. GAD is associated with both clinically-identified and screen-detected T2DM. The relationship between MD and T2DM is strongest among those who are not obese.     

Setbacks in diet adherence and emotional distress: a study of older patients with type 2 diabetes and their spouses

Objectives: We investigated patients’ difficulties in managing their diet (i.e. diet setbacks) and associations with change in disease-specific and general emotional distress (diabetes distress and depressive symptoms) among patients with type 2 diabetes and their spouses.

Method: Data for this study were collected in couples’ homes (N?=?115 couples) using structured interviews and self-administered questionnaires at three time points: baseline (T1), six months after baseline (T2) and 12 months after baseline (T3).

Results: Patients’ diet setbacks were associated with an increase in their diabetes distress in the shorter-term (over six months). Patients’ diet setbacks were not associated with longer-term change in diabetes distress or with change in depressive symptoms at either time point (six months or one year). In contrast, spouses’ perceptions of patients’ diet setbacks were associated with increases in their own diabetes distress at both time points (over six months and one year), and also with an increase in their depressive symptoms in the longer-term (over one year).

Conclusion: Findings reveal detrimental consequences of patients’ diet nonadherence for emotional well-being that extend to the well-being of their spouses.     

2型糖尿病伴抑郁症状患者的脑诱发电位研究

目的了解2型糖尿病伴抑郁症状患者的认知功能及脑诱发电位的变化。方法102例2型糖尿病患者,按照汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分结果,50例合并抑郁症状者为研究组,52例不合并抑郁症状者为对照组,比较2组脑诱发电位P300、失匹配负波（MMN）、血脂及脑部核磁共振显像检查。结果2组患者血脂、脑部核磁共振显像及脑诱发电位P300无统计学差异。与对照组比较,研究组脑诱发电位失匹配负波潜伏期延长,波幅降低。结论抑郁症状进一步加重糖尿病患者认知功能及脑诱发电位改变,MMN是敏感的早期检测手段。     

Reduced platelet response to aspirin in patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is complicated by accelerated atherosclerosis, resulting in an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and thrombosis. Despite the proven benefits of aspirin, previous studies indicate a reduced cardiovascular protection from aspirin in diabetic patients. We aimed to investigate whether diabetes mellitus influenced the platelet response to aspirin in patients with CAD.

Materials and Methods

Platelet aggregation and activation were evaluated during aspirin treatment in 85 diabetic and 92 non-diabetic patients with CAD. Adherence to aspirin was carefully controlled. All patients had CAD verified by coronary angiography and were taking 75 mg non-enteric coated aspirin daily.

Results

Diabetic patients showed significantly higher levels of platelet aggregation compared to non-diabetic patients evaluated by VerifyNow^® Aspirin (p = 0.03) and Multiplate^® aggregometry using arachidonic acid (AA) 0.5 mM (p = 0.005) and 1.0 mM (p = 0.009). In addition, platelet activation determined by soluble P-selectin was significantly higher in diabetics compared to non-diabetics (p = 0.005). The higher AA-induced aggregation was associated with higher levels of HbA_1c. Compliance was confirmed by low levels of serum thromboxane B₂ (below 7.2 ng/mL). Diabetics had significantly higher levels of serum thromboxane B₂ (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Diabetic patients with CAD had significantly higher levels of both platelet aggregation and activation compared to non-diabetic patients with CAD despite treatment with the same dosage of aspirin. These findings may partly explain the reduced cardiovascular protection from aspirin in diabetic patients.     

Depression in type 1 diabetes and risk of dementia

Objective: Depression afflicts 14% of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Depression is a robust risk factor for dementia but it is unknown if this holds true for individuals with T1D, who recently started living to an age conferring dementia risk. We examined if depression is a dementia risk factor among elderly individuals with T1D.

Methods: 3,742 individuals with T1D age ≥50 were followed for dementia from 1/1/96-9/30/2015. Depression, dementia, and comorbidities were abstracted from electronic medical records. Cox proportional hazard models estimated the association between depression and dementia adjusting for demographics, glycosylated hemoglobin, severe dysglycemic epidsodes, stroke, heart disease, nephropathy, and end stage renal disease. The cumulative incidence of dementia by depression was estimated conditional on survival dementia-free to age 55.

Results: Five percent (N = 182) were diagnosed with dementia and 20% had baseline depression. Depression was associated with a 72% increase in dementia (fully adjusted HR = 1.72; 95% CI:1.12-2.65). The 25-year cumulative incidence of dementia was more than double for those with versus without depression (27% vs. 12%).

Conclusions: For people with T1D, depression significantly increases dementia risk. Given the pervasiveness of depression in T1D, this has major implications for successful aging in this population recently living to old age.     

舍曲林联合重复经颅磁刺激对老年2型糖尿病患者伴抑郁的疗效观察

目的 观察舍曲林联合重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对老年2型糖尿病伴抑郁患者的治疗效果.方法 选择2017-05—2020-08郑州大学第一附属医院老年内分泌科老年2型糖尿病伴抑郁患者120例,根据抛硬币法随机分为舍曲林联合重复经颅磁刺激组(联合组)和舍曲林单药治疗组(单药组)各60例,观察8周,联合组随访到53例,单药组...     

Brain serotonin1A receptor binding in major depression is related to psychic and somatic anxiety.

BACKGROUND: The anxious phenotype of the 5-HT1A receptor knockout mouse and the anxiolytic properties of 5-HT1A agonists suggest that the 5-HT1A receptor modulates anxiety. We investigated the relationship of anxiety expressed in major depressive disorder (MDD) to regional 5-HT1A binding. METHODS: Positron emission tomography with [carbonyl-11C]WAY-100635 was used to estimate regional 5-HT1A binding potential (BP) in 28 medication-free MDD subjects. Stepwise linear regression assessed the predictive capacity of three anxiety components, derived from a larger MDD sample and termed psychic, somatic, and motoric anxiety, on regional 5-HT1A BP. RESULTS: Higher psychic (beta >or= .63) and lower somatic (beta 相似文献   

自身免疫甲状腺炎患者焦虑、抑郁情绪及其影响因素

目的 调查自身免疫甲状腺炎(AIT)患者焦虑、抑郁自评情况及相关影响因素.方法 于2019年5月～2020年5月期间,选择我院收治的100例AIT患者设为研究组,另外选择100例健康体检者设为对照组,根据焦虑自评量表(SAS)与抑郁自评量表(SDS)评价研究对象的心理状态,测定血清抗a-烯醇化酶抗体(ENO1Ab)滴度...     

The role of CRF receptors in anxiety and depression: Implications of the novel CRF1 agonist cortagine

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a 41 amino acid peptide exhibits its actions through two pharmacologically distinct CRF receptor subtypes CRF₁ and CRF₂. Regulation of the relative contribution of the two CRF receptors to central CRF activity may be essential in coordinating physiological responses to stress. To facilitate the analysis of their differential involvement, we recently developed a CRF₁-selective agonist cortagine by synthesis of chimeric peptides derived from human/rat CRF, ovine CRF, and sauvagine. Cortagine was analyzed in behavioral experiments using male wild type and CRF₂-deficient C57BL/6J mice for its action on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. In contrast to the current hypothesis that increased CRF₁ activity facilitates the expression of anxiety- and depression-like behavior, cortagine combines anxiogenic properties with antidepressant effects. In this article, we show that antidepressant effects are partially mediated by CRF₁ of the dorsal hippocampus. Possible pathways responsible for the paradoxical antidepressant effects observed after CRF₁ activation are discussed.     

Specific bindings of prostaglandin D2, E2 and F2α in postmortem human brain

Binding activities specific for each of [³H]prostaglandin (PG) D₂, E₂ and F_2α were detected in the P₂ fraction of the human brain homogenates. The bindings were time-dependent, saturable and of high affinity;K_dvalues were 30 nM for all the PG bindings. Regional distribution of these binding activities was determined by measuring specific bindings with 10 nM [³H]PG-D₂, [³H]PG-E₂ and [³H]PG-F_2α in the P₂ fractions from 17 brain regions. The PG-D₂ binding activity was high in the hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus followed by cerebellar nuclei, thalamus, nucleus accumbens and cerebral cortex. The PG-E₂ binding sites were similarly concentrated in the hypothalamus and the limbic system, but, unlike the PG-D₂ binding, no significant binding of [³H]PG-3₂ was observed in cerebellar nuclei, cerebellar cortex and putamen. Compared with these two PG bindings, PG-F_2α binding activity was low in many areas, but significant binding was detected in the amygdala, cingulate cortex, cerebellar medulla, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, midbrain and hypothalamus. These results suggest the presence and specific distribution of three distinct types of PG binding activities, i.e. specific binding of PG-D₂, PG-E₂ and PG-F_2α, in the human brain.     

Association of subjective anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance with quality-of-life ratings in adults with epilepsy

Purpose :  To determine the relative contributions of subjective anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and seizure-related variables to quality-of-life scores in adults with epilepsy, and the interrelationships among these factors.
Methods :  Consecutive adult patients with epilepsy attending neurology outpatient clinics were recruited. Patients completed the following scales: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-31 (QOLIE-31). Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to identify variables associated with QOLIE-31 overall score. Path analysis model was constructed to test for interrelations between the variables.
Results :  Two hundred forty-seven patients completed the questionnaires. By multivariate analysis, in order of degree of contribution, HADS anxiety subscale score, MOS Sleep Scale Sleep Problems Index score, HADS depression subscale score, number of current antiepileptic drugs used, and seizure freedom in the past 4 weeks, significantly correlated with QOLIE-31 overall score, accounting for 65.2% of the variance. Complex interrelationships were present between these factors. A general linear model to predict QOLIE-31 overall score in the presence of these factors was constructed.
Conclusion :  Subjective anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance exerted greater effect than short-term seizure control on quality of life scores of patients with epilepsy. These factors should be considered simultaneously when evaluating effects of treatment on quality of life.     

北京市围产营养门诊妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的焦虑、抑郁状况及相关影响因素

目的 了解市北京市围产营养门诊妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇的焦虑、抑郁和社会支持情况.方法 于2016年1~8月按照地区代表性分层随机抽样方法,抽取北京市城区、郊区妇幼保健院、综合医院共8家围产营养门诊(其中城区三级综合医院3家、三级妇幼专科医院1家,郊区二级综合医院1家、妇幼专科医院3家)就诊的孕24~28周,首次诊断GDM的456例孕妇进行问卷调查.调查内容包括一般资料问卷、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和社会支持量表,并进行统计分析.结果 GDM孕妇的SAS得分为(57.12±4.61)分、SDS得分为(59.62±4.38)分,存在一定程度的焦虑、抑郁情绪.GDM孕妇的焦虑、抑郁分别与社会支持利用度、社会支持总分和主观支持呈负相关(P<0.05).高龄初产妇、孕前体质量指数(BMI)≥25kg/m2、受教育程度高、不良孕史、居住在城区是GDM孕妇发生焦虑、抑郁的高危因素,社会支持是GDM孕妇减少焦虑、抑郁状态发生的保护因素,而郊区GDM孕妇获得的社会支持低.结论 GDM孕妇易出现抑郁焦虑状态,建议在围产营养门诊开设健康教育课堂,提供心理辅导,加强社会支持,关注GDM孕妇的心理健康.     

Histamine H1 receptors in the brain and spinal cord of the cat

The regional distribution of histamine H₁ receptors in the feline brain and spinal cord was determined in vitro using the radio-actively labeled histamine H₁ antagonist, [³H]pyrilamine. This distribution of H₁ receptors, which was different from that reported for other species, was highest in the hypothalamus and mammillary bodies. Intermediate levels of binding were observed in the cerebral cortical and limbic regions, corpus striatum, colliculi, cerebellum, and medulla. The lowest binding was found in the pons and spinal cord. Binding in the spinal cord was concentrated in the gray matter, but the number of binding sites detected in the dorsal and ventral horns did not differ. The equilibrium dissociation constants for [³H]pyrilamine were similar for the various regions and were in the range of 2–3 nM and the pharmacological characteristics of the feline brain and spinal H₁ receptors were similar to those found in the brains of other mammalian species with the exception of the guinea pig.     

ETA and ETB receptor antagonists synergistically increase extracellular endothelin-1 levels in primary rat astrocyte cultures

Astrocytes produce and bind endothelins (ETs), suggesting that these cells have ET autoregulatory and eliminatory functions. To further investigate these functions in primary rat astrocytes, ET-1 levels in the cell culture media (RIA/HPLC) and intracellular content of ET-1 mRNA (RT PCR) were measured under basal and stimulated (thrombin, 2.2 U/ml) conditions in the presence and absence of ET_A and ET_B selective antagonists (BQ123 or LU135252, and BQ788, respectively). Neither basal nor stimulated ET-1 levels in astrocyte media were influenced by ET_A or ET_B antagonists alone, but were significantly increased by a combination of both. ir ET-3 levels were not affected by antagonist treatment. Exogenous ET-1, added to the cultures, was rapidly cleared from the supernatant; this clearance was markedly inhibited by a combination of BQ123 and BQ788. ET-1 mRNA levels were not altered by any treatment. To conclude, in primary rat astrocyte cultures, extracellular ET-1 is cleared by binding to ET-receptors, apparently involving both, ET_A and ET_B sites. Thus, a blockade of the astrocytic ET eliminatory function as a consequence of the in vivo application of non-selective ET receptor antagonists may lead to increased extracellular ET levels in the brain.     

The relationship between neuropsychological assessment,numeracy, and functional status in older adults with type 1 diabetes

While data are accumulating on the association between neuropsychological performance and real-world endpoints, less is known about the association with medical self-management skills. The self-management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is often complex, and mismanagement can result in hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia and associated morbidity and mortality. The T1D Exchange conducted a case-control study evaluating factors associated with severe hypoglycaemia in older adults (≥ 60 years old) with longstanding T1D (≥ 20 years). A battery of neuropsychological and functional assessments was administered, including measures of diabetes-specific self-management skill (diabetes numeracy) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). After adjusting for confounding variables, diabetes numeracy was related to memory and complex speeded attention; while IADL were associated with simple processing speed, executive functioning, complex speeded attention and dominant hand dexterity. The severity of overall cognitive deficit was uniquely associated with both diabetes numeracy and IADL, when controlling for age, education, frailty and depression. This study demonstrates that the cognitive deficits in older adults with T1D have functional implications for both diabetes management and IADL. Further research is needed to determine specific interventions to maximise diabetes self-management in older adults with declining cognition.