腹腔镜下胆囊联合阑尾切除术32例临床分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊和阑尾联合切除术的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析32例行腹腔镜胆囊和阑尾联合切除术患者。其中慢性结石性胆囊炎合并慢性阑尾炎20例,胆囊息肉合并慢性阑尾炎8例,胆囊结石合并急性阑尾炎4例。结果：32例均顺利完成手术,手术时间40--120min,平均80min,住院天数4由d,平均6．5d。随访3～16个月,无并发症发生。结论：腹腔镜胆囊和阑尾联合切除术具有安全、可靠、创伤小、痛苦轻、恢复快、并发症少等优点,适合在临床推广应用。     

急性结石性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床研究

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)在急性结石性胆囊炎中的临床应用。方法将2011年7月~2013年4月期间来我院就诊的165例急性结石性胆囊炎患者随机分为腹腔镜胆囊切除术组(LC,n=105)和常规开腹胆囊切除术组(OC,n=60)。对比研究两组的手术时间,失血量,并发症,平均住院时间及住院费用等,并对急性结石性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除的手术技巧进行探讨。结果 LC组无中转开腹,2例术后第2天出现胆漏,给予负压引流治愈,其余103例痊愈出院;OC组中1例术后第2天出现腹腔出血,经保守治疗痊愈。结论在急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除的处理中,完善术前检查,重视术中胆道造影,仔细解剖胆囊三角,弄清"三管一壶腹"是在急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术中减少并发症及手术安全的关键。     

腹腔镜与开腹阑尾切除术对比研究

目的 总结腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA)和传统的开腹阑尾切除术(OA)的经验,探讨腹腔镜在阑尾切除术中的应用价值.方法 对123例LA与同期施行的989例OA的阑尾炎患者的临床资料进行统计、对比与分析.结果 LA组在手术时间、进食时间及住院时间较OA组明显缩短;而且在术后疼痛的程度、术后切口感染率等方面明显优于OA组;但平均住院费用明显高于OA组.结论 腹腔镜阑尾切除术具有创伤小、康复快等优点,值得推广应用.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术和内镜奥迪括约肌切开取石68例

目的探讨联合应用腹腔镜行胆囊切除和内镜奥迪括约肌切开术治疗胆囊及胆总管结石的方法和临床价值。方法对68例胆总管结石患者,在全麻下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术及内镜奥迪括约肌切开术,清除胆总管结石。结果 68例患者手术均顺利完成,手术时间为(2.2±1.4)h,术中及术后无严重并发症,平均住院时间(4.0±1.7)d。结论联合应用腹腔镜胆囊切除术及内镜奥迪括约肌切开术治疗胆囊和胆总管结石,具有减少患者痛苦,恢复快,住院时间短费用少等优点。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎210例临床观察

目的观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的手术效果及并发症。方法回顾性分析LC治疗急性结石性胆囊炎210例患者的临床资料。结果205例完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术,手术时间35～130min;中转开腹手术5例;并发症4例;全组无胆管损伤、胆漏、腹腔出血等严重并发症,无死亡病例,平均住院8．9d。结论LC治疗急性结石性胆囊炎效果满意,并发症少,但应正确掌握手术适应证。     

腹腔镜阑尾切除术与开腹手术治疗老年阑尾炎疗效观察

目的观察比较腹腔镜阑尾切除术及开腹阑尾切除术治疗老年急性阑尾炎中的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2010年7月-2012年12月行腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA组)和开放阑尾切除术(OA组)60岁以上的急性阑尾炎患者资料。其中LA组20例,OA组37例。对手术时间、住院时间、排气时间、疼痛控制、住院费用、并发症及合并症进行评估。结果在合并症、性别、年龄、ASA评分、手术时间、住院时间、止痛药使用时间方面LA组与OA组比较,差异无显著性。早期排气时间LA组的比率更高(80%vs 57%,P<0.05),术后并发症LA组更低(10%vs 32%,P<0.01),2组住院费用比较差异无显著性。结论腹腔镜阑尾切除术对于老年阑尾炎患者是一种安全、有效的手术方式,推荐常规使用。     

腹腔镜胆囊阑尾联合切除术24例临床体会

目的总结腹腔镜下胆囊、阑尾同时切除的可行性及临床效果。方法2007年1月～2009年1月,对24例结石性胆囊炎合并阑尾炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊阑尾联合切除术。结果手术平均手术时间1.2h（1～1.5h）,术后平均住院3d,无中转开腹,24例病人均治愈,无1例发生并发症。结论腹腔镜胆囊阑尾联合切除术创伤小,出血少,恢复快,降低切口感染率,降低腹腔脓肿和肠粘连的发生率,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术三孔操作的体会(附380例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜三孔法胆囊切除术的价值。方法对慢性结石性胆囊炎、慢性结石性胆囊炎急性发作、胆囊息肉行腹腔镜三孔法胆囊切除术380例的病人资料进行回顾性分析。结果手术成功率100%,平均手术时间32min,平均住院时间3.5d,无手术死亡率及其他并发症。结论腹腔镜三孔法胆囊切除术省时间,节省人力,由术者1人操作,其自身2只手操作更为协调。     

腹腔镜胆囊和阑尾联合切除术的可行性分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊和阑尾联合切除术的可行性。方法:将2008年9月～2012年9月入住我院的50例行腹腔镜胆囊和阑尾联合切除术的患者作为观察组,另外选择同期收治的50例行腹腔镜胆囊术(LC)及50例行腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA)作为对照组,比较上述三组手术时间、术中出血量、术中疼痛以及术后住院时间等。结果:观察组手术时间、术中出血量、术中疼痛以及术后住院时间分别为(36.72±11.39)min、(24.20±3.88)mL、术后疼痛0～1级患者数为40例、(3.67±1.32)d,LC组分别为(41.29±12.03)min、(29.38±5.29)mL、术后疼痛0～1级患者数为30例、(4.55±1.44)d,LA组分别为(42.20±11.99)min、(31.22±5.68)mL、术后疼痛0～1级患者数为27例、(4.39±1.50)d,观察组与LC/LA组上述各指标差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜胆囊和阑尾联合切除术具有较好的可行性与临床价值,应加以推广并应用。     

化脓性阑尾炎腹腔镜切除术的护理

<正>腹腔镜阑尾切除术(Laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)是一种微创手术,它以创伤小、恢复快、住院时间短、住院费用低而受到医师及患者的欢迎[1]。急性化脓性阑尾炎曾列为LA     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.