A systematic review of pharmacokinetics studies in children with protein-energy malnutrition

Objective  

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a nutritional problem affecting many children world-wide. Its association with a wide spectrum of infections necessitates multiple drug therapies. A systematic review was performed to determine the effects of PEM on drug pharmacokinetics.     

Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in protein-energy malnutrition

Summary The pharmacokinetics of i.m. gentamicin was the same in malnourished (n=6) and normal (n=4) children.     

血清果糖胺的试验研究及临床应用

自配氯化硝基四氢唑兰试剂用于血清果糖胺的自动化分析,与进口试剂对比试验P>0.05,重复性批内S=5.8,CV=2.1％,批间为S=6.7,CV=2.9％,线性Y=0.198+0.00032X,r=0.996。维生素C对本试验有显著干扰。糖尿病组和正常对照组餐后2h果糖胺与血糖比较有统计学意义(r=0.81,P<0.01)。果糖胺诊断糖尿病的相对敏感性80％,相对特异性92.3％,糖尿病有无并发症与果糖胺值高低无意义。     

Abnormalities in serum osteocalcin values in children receiving chemotherapy including ifosfamide.

In patients undergoing high-dose ifosfamide treatment tubular nephrotoxicity with hypophosphatemia has been described. Long-lasting hypophosphatemia may be associated with bone disease including rickets. Serum osteocalcin is considered a sensitive marker for reduced osteoblast activity and bone formation. In our study we determined osteocalcin serum levels in 11 children with cancer and chemotherapy, comparing them with fractional reabsorption of phosphate, aminoaciduria and a1-microglobulin excretion. A decrease of serum levels of osteocalcin and serum phosphate during chemotherapy was found. Progressive hyperaminoaciduria, a1-microglobulin loss and a low fractional reabsorption of phosphate were also detected during chemotherapy. All parameters tended to become normal after treatment. We conclude that serum osteocalcin levels may decrease soon after the initiation of chemotherapy, indicating low osteoblast activity, probably as a result of phosphate loss. Patients with decreased osteocalcin levels may therefore be at risk for osteoporosis.     

分析82例糖尿病患者FBG、FMN、HbAlc的临床检测价值

目的 探讨空腹血糖(FBG)、血清果糖胺(FMN)及糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)对2型糖尿病的诊断价值.方法 对82例2型糖尿病患者和80例健康者对照,用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测血清FBG、硝基四氮唑蓝还原法检测血清FMN、免疫抑制透射比浊法检测全血HbAlc.结果 糖尿病组FBG(12.15±5.82)mmol/L、FMN(3.26±0.75)mmol/L、HbAlC(9.81±1.84)%,FBG与血清FMN和HbAlc均呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.78和0.72,均明显比对照组FBG(4.85±0.56)mmol/L,FMN(2.17±0.32)mmol/L,HbAlc(5.74±0.84)%高,二者比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论 检测FBG、FMN和HbAlc分别为糖尿病患者提供一个即刻、近期和长期的血糖监控信息,有利于预防和治疗方案的选择和疗效的评判,更好地建立和开展对糖尿病的三级防治.     

The effect of protein-energy malnutrition on the absorption, distribution and elimination of chloroquine in the rat

1. Protein-energy malnutrition was induced in young rats by feeding them a protein-deficient diet. 2. The kinetics of uptake and elimination of chloroquine in various tissues were compared in normal rats, malnourished rats, and malnourished rats after recovery from malnutrition. 3. In the blood, liver, spleen, heart, kidney and skeletal muscle, uptake of chloroquine was slower in malnourished than in normal rats. Chloroquine was also eliminated at a slower rate in malnourished rats. In the skin chloroquine was taken up to a greater extent in malnourished than in normal rats. 4. When malnourished rats were allowed to recover from their state of malnutrition, the uptake and elimination of chloroquine no longer differed from those of animals that had never been malnourished.     

Comparative study of toxic lead effect on gill and haemoglobin of tilapia fish

This study was designed to determine the 72-h LC50 of lead for tilapia fish (Oreochromis hornorum), as well as the effect of exposure to sublethal lead concentrations (15, 23, 31, 39 and 47% of the LC50) on gill tissue lysosomal membranes of the fish and thaemoglobin concentration in blood. The LC50 value was found to be 202 mg Pb2+ l-1. Exposure to sublethal lead concentrations for 72 h showed significant increases in the lability of gill lysosomal membranes, measured by the release of acid phosphatase. Changes in membrane lability and in haemoglobin concentration were dependent on the amount of lead used during the exposure. We considered that the membrane lability is an adequate parameter to assay for monitoring lead contamination in water, because it is more sensitive than the haemoglobin concentration in blood.     

冠心病患者血清葡萄糖和果糖胺测定的临床应用

目的探讨冠心病患者高血糖和果糖胺之间的关系。方法测定35例冠心病合并糖尿病患者和38例无糖尿病的冠心病患者的血清葡萄糖和果糖胺浓度。结果冠心病合并糖尿病组及无糖尿病的冠心病组的血糖水平分别为（9.58&#177;1.30）mmol/L、（5.16&#177;0.60）mmol/L,都明显高于正常对照组（4.78&#177;0.55）mmol/L,P〈0.05。冠心病合并糖尿病组果糖胺（280&#177;62）μmol/L,显著高于正常对照组果糖胺（180&#177;35）μmol/L,P〈0.05,糖尿病组与无糖尿病组患者的果糖胺水平比较有显著差异（P〈0.05）,但无糖尿病冠心病组果糖胺水平（180&#177;68）μmol/L与正常对照组比较却无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论联合检测血糖与果糖胺对冠心病患者血糖增高的原因有鉴别价值。     

Effects of oral hyposensitization therapy with nickel on haemoglobin and haematocrit values in sensitized patients

Nickel deficiency leads to reduced iron content in organs and to reduced hemoglobin levels and haematocrit counts. We carried out a clinical trial of oral hyposensitization therapy with low doses of nickel on a group of 20 patients affected by systemic allergy to this sensitizer element and with a chronic relapsing low hemoglobin level and haematocrit count. We obtained interesting results on maintaining these values in treated patients.     

高脂血清对糖化血清蛋白测定的影响及处理方法

目的探讨不同浓度含脂血清对糖化血清蛋白(glycosylated serum protein,GSP)测定的影响以及处理方法。方法取健康雄性新西兰大白兔血清加脂肪乳模拟不同浓度的高脂血清,果糖胺法测定GSP含量。结果脂血浓度超过5mL.L-1以上,可显著影响GSP测定结果。脂血浓度小于10mL.L-1时,采用生理盐水4倍稀释;脂血浓度达到20mL.L-1及以上时,采用200g.L-1聚乙二醇(PEG)6000等比稀释,可明显消除含脂血清对GSP测定的影响。结论血清中的脂肪含量过高会影响GSP含量的测定结果,采用生理盐水或200g.L-1PEG进行样本预处理可提高GSP测定结果的准确性。     

Oral glucose tolerance test and determination of serum fructosamine level in beagle dogs

The present communication deals with information regarding the practice of the oral glucose tolerance test and determination of serum fructosamine in laboratory beagles. In the oral glucose tolerance test, a 180-min level was found to be crucial following a gavage administration of 50% glucose solution at 5 mL/kg per body weight under fasting conditions. Serum fructosamine concentration as 'determined by enzymatic assay ranged between 82 and 123 micromol/L (mean of 104 micromol/L), which was about 0.285 to 0.25 times the value obtained by the chemical method described by Johnson and colleagues. Reasons for differences are ascribed to the presence of substances with reducing potential other than fructosamine in the serum.     

糖化血红蛋白值对肺结核合并糖尿病愈后的影响

目的：探讨糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）值对肺结核合并糖尿病患者愈后的影响。方法统计、分析我院2011年1月～2012年12月肺结核合并糖尿病患者260例的临床症状、X线或胸部CT结核病灶吸收情况。结果糖化血红蛋白值控制良好患者的临床症状改善、病灶吸收情况良好,总有效率为97.87%,控制不良者总有效率76.19%,差异有统计学意义（x2=7.12,P＜0.01）。结论肺结核愈后与糖化血红蛋白控制值密切相关,只有积极控制糖化血红蛋白才能有效的抗结核治疗。     

OSAS患者血清脂联素和糖化血红蛋白水平变化及相关性临床研究

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）患者血清脂联素及糖化血红蛋白水平变化及与其之间的相关性.方法 选择OSAS患者100例,依据呼吸暂停低通气指数分为OSAS轻、中、重3个亚组,选择健康体检者50例作为正常对照组.检测4组患者血清脂联素、糖化血红蛋白及空腹血糖水平.结果 OSAS患者血清脂联素水平降低,糖化血红蛋白水平升高,与OSAS严重程度密切相关（P〈0.05）;相关分析显示血清脂联素与呼吸暂停低通气指数、糖化血红蛋白及空腹血糖呈负相关（r=-0.802,P=0.0003;r=-0.642,P=0.0006;r=-0.625,P=0.008）;糖化血红蛋白水平与呼吸暂停低通气指数呈正相关（r=0.788,P=0.0005）.结论 OSAS患者血清脂联素水平可能参与了糖尿病的发生发展.     

学习困难儿童认知特点的对照研究

目的探讨学习困难儿童的认知特点。方法采用配对研究方法,对86例学习困难儿童和86例正常儿童进行韦氏儿童智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、数字划消和瑞文标准推理测验等测定,并将结果进行对比分析。结果两组的语言智商、操作智商、总智商、经历定向、心智、再认、再生、理解、背数、长时记忆、短时记忆、记忆商、瑞文标准推论测验标准分比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。学习困难组的总分明显低于正常组,平均误差率显著高于正常组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论学习困难儿童智商低于正常儿童,记忆商数偏低,且存在注意力障碍。     

Comparative study of interaction mode of diazepines with human serum albumin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein.

The binding of nine diazepines to human serum albumin (HSA) and to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) was investigated by means of fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies. The binding parameters of diazepam obtained from fluorescence agreed with those obtained from CD measurements. Diazepines have one tight binding site on both HSA and AGP. The binding parameters (nK) of the diazepine: HSA systems are slightly higher than those of diazepine:AGP systems. The relationship between the binding parameters for these two serum proteins and the physicochemical parameters of diazepines was studied by multiple regression analysis to elucidate the binding mode. Moreover, the effects of long-chain fatty acids and cesium chloride on the binding of diazepines to HSA and AGP were also studied. The driving force for the binding of diazepines to both proteins appears to be hydrophobic interaction. In addition, steric effects and electrostatic interactions may also contribute to the binding of diazepines to HSA and AGP, respectively.