Simulation of acetabular coverage of femoral head using anteroposterior pelvic radiographs

We developed a computer program to perform three-dimensional analysis of the acetabular coverage of the femoral head using two anteroposterior (supine and erect) radiographs of the hip. The center of radiation was marked, and an additional vertical line was placed on radiographs in the neutral standing position, permitting estimation of change in pelvic tilt and its effect on acetabular coverage. We studied 64 normal hip joints, 82 acetabular dysplastic hip joints, and 15 hip joints that had undergone rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO). In normal hips, the pelvis tilted posteriorly on standing, and the anterior acetabular coverage decreased, but the extent of reduction was not significant. However, in dysplastic hip joints, the pelvic tilt changed from the posterior to anterior direction and from the painful side to the nonpainful side with progression of osteoarthritis. While RAO provided sufficient correction of anterior coverage for acetabular dysplasia, lack of posterior coverage was sometimes observed. Received: 21 February 1997     

Diagnostic performance of bilateral false profile radiographs in early hip osteoarthritis

Objectives

1. To show that the anterior hip joint space is profiled only on the contralateral false profile radiograph. 2. To provide normal values of hip joint space width on anteroposterior and false profile radiographs. 3. To identify the best sites for joint space radiographic measurements to depict early hip osteoarthritis.

髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的诊疗方法

目的 总结髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折１２例的诊治情况。方法 根据股骨头骨折Ｘ线片及ＣＴ所见采取单纯牵引７例,手术治疗５例,包括关节内游离骨片摘除１例,髋关节碎骨片清理,髋臼骨折复位内固定２例,行股骨头骨折切开复位可吸收螺丝钉内固定术２例。术后早期开始被动及主动髋关节功能锻炼。结果 经过６个月￣３年随访,髋关节功能优良率达９１．６％。结论 对髋脱位复位后股骨头骨折对位良好及关节腔外非负重区游离骨片者无需手术治疗,同时注意关节早期功能锻炼,以利关节磨造及软骨修复。     

股骨干骨折合并同侧髋臼骨折与髋关节后脱位的治疗体会

股骨干骨折是较常见的骨折，而合并同侧髋臼骨折与髋关节后脱位的发病率较低，易出现漏诊或延迟诊断。2000年1月-2005年12月，我院共收治此类患者8例，报道如下。     

全髋关节置换治疗陈旧性髋臼骨折并创伤性关节炎

目的探讨全髋关节置换术治疗陈旧性髋臼骨折并创伤性关节炎的作用。方法回顾分析全髋关节置换术治疗髋臼骨折合并创伤性关节炎17例的手术方法和疗效。结果17例全部随访20个月以上,髋关节功能按Harris评分,平均86.3分(78.2～91分),病者全部能生活自理不需扶拐行走,14例髋部疼痛消失,3例有轻度疼痛。结论全髋关节置换术治疗陈旧性髋臼骨折并创伤关节炎是一种有效的方法。     

股骨偏心距和髋臼旋转中心对人工全髋置换术后关节功能影响的回顾性研究

[目的]通过股骨偏心距及髋臼旋转中心手术后测量,探讨其变化对人工全髋置换术后关节功能的影响。[方法]临床随访本院人工全髋置换术后患者87例(92髋),均为首次行全髋关节置换术患者,平均随访时间2年1个月,测量手术后双髋关节X线片,比较术后假体股骨偏心距、旋转中心与解剖股骨偏心距、旋转中心符合率,对患者术后髋关节功能进行Harris评分并分组进行统计学分析。[结果]股骨偏心距及髋臼旋转中心均恢复(A组)27例(29.35%),(B组)仅FO恢复23例(25.00%),(C组)仅HJC恢复31例(33.70%),(D组)FO及HJC均未恢复11例(11.96%),Harris评分优良率A组96.30%,B组为73.19%,C组为74.19%,D组为27.27%,Harris评分优良率A组与B组(P=0.039),A组与C组(P=0.029),A组与D组(P=0.000)差异均有统计学意义。[结论]股骨偏心距及旋转中心的恢复对人工全髋置换术后关节功能有直接影响。     

前后位X线片上髋臼杯前倾角测量

目的　证实RitenPradhan提出的髋臼杯前倾角测量方法的可靠性和可行性。方法　在标本上行人工全髋臼杯的多个角度前倾角的前后位X线摄片 ,将测量、计算的结果与实际角度进行比较 ,对实际人工全髋置换患者的臼杯前倾角进行测量和计算 ,并分析其与临床症状的关系。结果　经统计学处理 ,测量角度与实际角度两组差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;应用中发现前倾角 0°～ 33° ,平均2 1° ,1例前倾角测量值为 0° ,术后出现脱位 ,2例在术后随访中发现前倾角有明显变化 ,髋臼杯松动。结论　该方法理论依据充分 ,测量工具普通 ,计算方法简单 ,结果误差小 ,临床中可预测人工髋关节稳定性、诊断髋臼杯松动和指导临床操作 ,是一种可靠、可行和实用的诊断方法     

Fracture of the femoral head after ceramic-on-polyethylene total hip arthroplasty

Four of 184 ceramic femoral heads that the authors used in total hip arthroplasty fractured from 5 to 9 months after surgery. A polyethylene-lined acetabular component was used in all cases. The fracture rate, 2.2%, was much higher than previously reported for ceramic head fractures when used with a polyethylene cup. The fractures occurred during normal daily activities. Possible causes included manufacturing defects, neck length (short in all cases), bearing diameter (28 mm in all cases), cone-trunnion mismatch, excess hoop stresses from impaction, or material deterioration. All patients were treated by removal of debris, wide excision of capsular tissue containing tiny abrasive fragments, exchange of the modular polyethylene liner, and implantation of a cobalt—chrome femoral head. The trunnion had been somewhat damaged by relatively brief exposure to the ceramic particles in every case. The authors' experience suggests that ceramic femoral heads be used with caution.     

Second-generation cementless total hip arthroplasty in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head

The results of cementless total hip arthroplasties in patients with osteonecrosis have been inferior to those in patients with other diagnoses. Fifty-eight primary total hip arthroplasties with insertion of a femoral stem with a circumferentially proximal porous coating and a cementless acetabular component were followed for a mean of 11.1 years. Fifty-seven (98%) of 58 stems were biologically stable, and one stem was loose. There were acetabular revisions in 18 hips (31%) because of polyethylene wear and osteolysis. One hip (1.7%) underwent revision of both acetabular and femoral components. Osteolysis around the acetabular component was seen on radiographs in 22 hips (37.9%). Femoral osteolysis was seen in 9 hips (15.5%), and there was no osteolysis below the lesser trochanter in any hip. Second-generation femoral prostheses provide excellent fixation in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. However, a high rate of polyethylene wear and osteolysis in these high-risk patients remains a challenging problem.     

Three-dimensional evaluation of acetabular coverage of the femoral head in normal hip joints and hip joints with acetabular dysplasia.

Compared with the assessment by data processing-coupled CT scanning, three dimensional evaluations of the acetabular coverage of the femoral head from a plain X-ray picture of the hip joint is found to be a simpler and easier procedure. In addition, the calculated values agree well with those obtained by CT in reconstruction. Consequently, this method is of great value in evaluating the severity of diseases of the hip joint. The acetabular coverage of the anterior portion of the hip joint is decreased in the elderly even if the hip joint is normal. Because this decrease may result in primary arthrosis deformans, it should be studied further. Rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) is a far better method than Salter's for the early stage of coxarthritis. The present study concludes that it is vitally important to maintain the normal ratio of the anterior and posterior coverage and the shape of the acetabular coverage in the treatment of coxarthritis.     

Principles of reconstruction in revision hip arthroplasty: Technique and results of bone grafts for treatment of femoral and acetabular deficits

Revision total hip arthroplasty is usually complicated by bone loss associated with osteolysis secondary to polyethylene debris or defects caused by migration of loose components. This bone loss manifests itself in a variety of femoral and acetabular defects which need to be classified and managed appropriately, due to the variance in results associated with revision arthroplasty. Cementless revision of these defects has demonstrated positive results. A calcar bearing prosthesis was utilized successfully in several grades of deficient femurs with impressive results. In the first study, 264 patients with minimally deficient femurs were treated with a calcar bearing prosthesis. An average follow-up of greater than 5 years (range, 3–10 years) exhibited a 4% revision rate. In a second study, in which cortical strut allografts were used to correct larger femoral defects, a similar follow-up yielded a 2.4% revision rate. The revisions in these series were usually a result of undersizing or attempting to support the prosthesis with graft material. Acetabular deficiencies are also successfully managed with graft material. In the natural acetabulum, most of the support comes from the cortical struts. The acetabulum is fairly easy to revise if the cortical structure is present. Acetabular reconstruction with structural bone loss is possible, but much more technique-dependent. Guest Lecture presented at the 26th meeting of the Japanese Society for Replacement Arthroplasty in Tokyo on February 2, 1996     

Anteversion of the acetabular component aligned with the transverse acetabular ligament in total hip arthroplasty

In total hip arthroplasty (THA), accurately positioning the cup is crucial for achieving an adequate postoperative range of motion and stability. For 47 THA cases in which the inferomedial rim of the cup had been positioned parallel to the transverse acetabular ligament, we retrospectively performed the measurements of the radiographic cup anteversion angle relative to the anterior pelvic plane using 3-dimensional reconstruction computed tomography. The mean anteversion angle was 21.2°, with no significant difference detected in mean cup anteversion between the dysplastic hip group (15 hips) and the control group (15 hips). We suggest that the transverse acetabular ligament is a practical anatomical landmark for determining cup anteversion in THA for both dysplastic and nondysplastic hip cases.     

生物型全髋关节置换术治疗伴有股骨头颈短缩的髋臼内陷症

目的 探讨生物型全髋关节置换术(THA)治疗伴有股骨头颈短缩的髋臼内陷症的手术技巧和疗效.方法 回顾性分析2008年8月至2012年3月采用THA治疗的15例(17髋)伴有股骨头颈短缩畸形的髋臼内陷症患者资料,男6例6髋,女9例11髋;年龄21 ～68岁,平均45.6岁.髋臼内陷症按Dunlop诊断标准分度:轻度1髋,中度11髋,重度5髋.股骨头颈短缩程度:轻度短缩5髋,中度短缩8髋,重度短缩4髋.术后随访行X线片检查观察假体与骨界面骨愈合的情况,采用髋关节Harris评分标准评定患髋功能. 结果 15例患者术后获10 ～ 46个月(平均28.5个月)随访.15例患者17髋术后均立即实现了髋臼及股骨柄的生物性压配.术后3个月X线片显示均获广泛性骨长入,达骨性固定.末次随访时无假体松动和髋臼再次内陷.术后6个月髋关节Harris评分由术前平均(43.1±4.8)分改善至(91.2±5.2)分,末次随访仍维持在(92.5±3.1)分,术后6个月、末次随访时分别与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 生物型THA治疗伴有股骨头颈短缩的髋臼内陷症疗效良好,术中操作要点是选择短头试模进行髋关节复位,在保持髋关节张力情况下对髋关节囊及周围软组织挛缩由里向外依次分层松解.     

Early MRI findings of the acetabulum and femoral head in a dysplastic hip resulting in a rapid destruction of the hip joint

We documented a case of rapidly destructive arthrosis of the hip joint (RDA), in whom abnormal findings were observed not only in the femoral head but also in the acetabulum on magnetic resonance images (MRI) in the early stage. Radiographs made 1 month after the onset of pain showed a slight narrowing of the joint space. MRI obtained 2 months after the onset detected small foci of low signal intensity in the subchondral area of the femoral head on the T1-weighted images, and a linear pattern of high signal intensity in the lateral side of the acetabulum on the T2-weighted images. During the 17-month follow-up period, this case eventually underwent massive destruction of the femoral head as well as the acetabulum.     

Bipolar hip arthroplasty for avascular necrosis of femoral head in young adults

Background:Bipolar hip arthroplasty (BHA) is one of the options for treatment of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head. Acetabular erosion and groin pain are the most allowing for gross motion between the common complications. We propose that these complications are secondary to improper acetabular preparation allowing for motion between the BHA head and the acetabulum.Results:The mean followup was 7.52 years (range 4-16 years). The HHS significantly improved from a preoperative value of 39.3 (range, 54-30) to a postoperative value of 89.12 (range 74-96). According to HHS grades, the final outcome was excellent in 52 hips, good in 28 and fair in 16 hips. Hip and groin pain was reported in four hips (5%), but did not limit activity. Subsidence (less than 5 mm) of the femoral component was seen in 8 cases. Subgroup analysis showed patients with Ficat Stage 3 having better range of motion, but similar HHS as compared to Ficat Stage 4 patients.Conclusion:Bipolar hip arthroplasty (BHA) using tight fitting cup and acetabular reaming in AVN hip has a low incidence of groin pain, acetabular erosion and revision in midterm followup. Good outcome and mid term survival can be achieved irrespective of the Ficat Stage.     

Ischemic femoral head osteonecrosis in a piglet model causes three dimensional decrease in acetabular coverage

Legg‐Calve‐Perthes disease (LCPD) is a childhood form of ischemic osteonecrosis marked by development of severe femoral head deformity and premature osteoarthritis. The pathogenesis of femoral head deformity has been studied extensively using a piglet model of ischemic osteonecrosis, however, accompanying acetabular changes have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine if acetabular changes accompany femoral head deformity in a well‐established piglet model of LCPD and to define the acetabular changes using three dimensional computed tomography (3‐D CT) and modeling. Twenty‐four piglets were surgically induced with ischemic osteonecrosis on the right side. The contralateral hip was used as control. At 8 weeks postoperative, pelvi were retrieved and imaged with CT. Custom software was used to measure acetabular morphologic parameters on 3‐D CT images. Moderate to severe femoral head deformities were present in all animals. Acetabula with accompanying femoral head deformity had a significant decrease in acetabular version and tilt (p < 0.001) and in coverage angle in the superior, posterior, and inferior quadrants (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that the development of femoral head deformity following ischemic osteonecrosis produces specific and predictable changes to the shape of the acetabulum. Acetabular changes described in patients with LCPD were observed in the piglet model. This model may serve as a valuable tool to elucidate the relationship between femoral head and acetabular deformities. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1173–1177, 2018.

     

Posterior dislocation of the hip joint with fracture of both the femoral head and neck

Fracture of both the femoral head and neck associated with posterior hip dislocation is a rare injury. This report describes a rare case of fracture-dislocation of the hip joint with a separated femoral head with a residual fragment in the acetabulum, and a subcapital fracture. We performed open reduction with internal fixation immediately after the injury. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head was detected one year after the surgery, however this patient had no symptoms related to the hip joint.     

Reliability of ultrasonographic measurements in suspected patients of developmental dysplasia of the hip and correlation with the acetabular index

Background:

Ultrasonography is accepted as a useful imaging modality in the early detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Early detection and early treatment of DDH prevents hip dislocation and related physical, social, economic, and psychological problems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of ultrasonographic and roentgenographic measurements measured by seven different observers.

Materials and Methods:

The alpha angles of 66 hips in 33 patients were measured using the Graf method by seven different observers. Acetabular index degrees on plane roentgenograms were measured in order to assess the correlation between the ultrasonographic alpha angle and the radiographic acetabular index, which both show the bony acetabular depth, retrospectively.

Results:

The interclass correlation coefficient, measuring the interobserver reliability, was high and statistically significant for the ultrasonographic measurements. There was a negative correlation between the alpha angle and the acetabular index.

Conclusions:

Ultrasonography, when applied properly, is a reliable technique between different observers, in the diagnosis and follow up of DDH. When assessed concomitantly with the roentgenographic measurements, the results are reliable and statistically meaningful.