A型肉毒毒素在治疗儿童脑外伤后肢体痉挛中的应用

目的：探讨A型肉毒毒素（BTX-A）配合康复训练治疗儿童脑外伤后肢体痉挛性运动障碍的疗效。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究,选取脑外伤后肢体痉挛性运动障碍的患儿44例。随机分为两组。治疗组：注射A型肉毒毒素+康复训练组22例（其中上肢痉挛12例、下肢痉挛10例）。对照组：单纯康复训练组22例（其中上肢痉挛10例、下肢痉挛组12例）。分别观察治疗前、治疗后4周、8周、12周时用改良Ashworth量表、粗大运动功能评估量表（GMFM）进行评估。结果治疗组与对照组之间同期比较,其改良Ashworth量表、粗大运动功能评估量表评估均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗组中上肢痉挛患儿改良Ashworth评估及粗大运动功能评估量表评估优于下肢痉挛患儿,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 A型肉毒毒素注射治疗联合康复训练对儿童脑外伤后痉挛性运动障碍的改善有较好作用,且上肢痉挛者获益可能优于下肢痉挛者。     

CRI-A型电脑康复治疗仪辅助治疗脑卒中运动功能障碍160例

观察 CRI- A型电脑康复治疗仪辅助治疗脑卒中运动功能障碍的疗效.将 160例脑卒中患者随机分成两组,所有患者均予以常规治疗,病情稳定后,治疗组患者予以 CRI- A型电脑康复治疗仪辅助治疗,对照组予以针灸治疗, 4周后行 Fugl- Meyer运动功能评分.结果治疗组能显著减少严重运动障碍及明显运动障碍的发生率,提高轻度运动障碍的发生率,中度运动障碍两组差异无统计学意义.提示 CRI- A型电脑康复治疗仪辅助治疗脑卒中能显著减少严重运动障碍及明显运动障碍的发生率.     

浅谈脑外伤后的康复训练

颅脑外伤后的运动障碍主要有:痉挛、帕金森型强直、舞蹈样运动、手足徐动、小脑共济失调、肢体瘫痪、运动失用等。在患者生命体征稳定后,患者神志清醒,能够配合康复训练时,根据患者的不同运动障碍类型而制定康复训练目标以减少残疾,尽快回归社会、家庭。这里主要谈运动功能障碍的康复训练。     

脑瘫患儿口运动障碍的治疗方法与疗效评价

目的探讨口腔感觉运动刺激治疗法对脑瘫患儿口运动障碍的疗效.方法对32例口运动障碍的脑瘫患儿行神经病学检查评价脑瘫类型,Gesell发育评分评价运动发育年龄.语言治疗师对患者进行口腔感觉运动刺激治疗,治疗前后分别测定口运动评分、构音能力、语言理解和表达商.结果治疗后脑瘫患儿口运动评分平均提高14.94分,明显高于治疗前(t=11.946,P<0.01);语言理解商与表达商各平均提高11.72和13.56;较治疗前亦明显提高(t值分别为5.376和7.552,P<0.01).28例(87.5%)患儿构音能力明显改善.结论口腔感觉运动刺激治疗法治疗脑瘫患儿的口运动功能和构音障碍疗效显著,对语言理解和言语表达能力的提高亦有明显治疗效果.     

浅谈脑外伤后的康复训练

颅脑外伤后的运动障碍主要有：痉挛、帕金森型强直、舞蹈样运动、手足徐动、小脑共济失调、肢体瘫痪、运动失用等。在患生命体征稳定后，患神志清醒，能够配合康复训练时，根据患的不同运动障碍类型而制定康复训练目标以减少残疾，尽快回归社会、家庭。这里主要谈运动功能障碍的康复训练。     

综合康复治疗21例脑外伤偏瘫患儿的临床分析

随着社会的发展，脑外伤日渐增多。脑外伤后存活的患往往留有不同程度的运动、感觉、认知、语言及精神方面的功能障碍。而儿童神经系统尚未发育完善，较为脆弱，加上儿童活动多，自身保护能力差，较容易受伤，因此儿童脑外伤在临床上并不少见，致残率很高，对脑外伤患儿如何正确处理和进一步的康复治疗关系到患儿的功能恢复程度和生存质量。本研究对21例脑外伤偏瘫患儿进行综合康复治疗，并于治疗前、后对肢体运动功能和日常生活活动能力进行评定。     

右正中神经电刺激对重型脑外伤患者康复的影响

目的 探讨右正中神经电刺激对重型脑外伤患者运动、语言功能及远期生活质量的影响.方法 60例重型脑外伤患者分为对照组和治疗组,每组30例.对照组接受降颅压、营养神经和对症支持治疗及常规康复护理,有手术指征者接受手术治疗;治疗组在此基础上进行右正中神经电刺激治疗.比较两组治疗前及治疗2个月后的格拉斯哥预后评分、运动功能障碍程度评估、语言障碍评估及远期生活质量评估.结果 治疗组治疗2个月后的格拉斯哥预后评分、语言障碍评级、远期生活质量评分的改善优于对照组(P<0.05),运动功能有改善的趋势,但与对照组比较没有显著性差异.结论 右正中神经电刺激治疗能促进重型脑外伤患者脑神经功能的恢复,改善患者生活质量.     

急性脑卒中后肢体运动障碍的早期护理干预

目的 观察急性脑卒中后肢体运动障碍的早期康复效果.方法 急性脑卒中后肢体运动障碍患者80例,随机分成治疗组和对照组,对照组进行常规护理,康复组实施以运动肌力训练为中心的康复护理.入院第1天及5周后对肌力进行评定.结果 5周后康复治疗组肌力分级明显高于对照组(p＜0.05).结论 对急性脑溢血后的肢体运动障碍的患者实施早期康复训练,有利于提高肌力恢复和生活能力,减少并发症.     

生物力学和电生理检测技术在中枢性损伤运动障碍评估中的应用

脑血管意外、脊髓损伤、脑外伤等中枢性神经损伤患者通常会存在不同程度的运动功能障碍(截瘫、偏瘫、四肢瘫等)。准确合理地评估这些患者的运动功能障碍程度及其潜在的功能．能使康复医生以此来制订系统的康复目标和相应的治疗方案。所以，中枢性神经损伤运动障碍的评定在临床康复中占有重要的地位，而建立一套客观、有效、全面反映中枢性损伤运动障碍(简称“障碍”)的综合评估指标也就显得极为重要。本文就近年来常用于“障碍”康复评估的生物力学和电生理检测技术的临床应用进行综述。     

不同数量神经干细胞移植治疗颅脑外伤疗效的对比研究

目的观察脑外伤后不同数量移植神经干细胞的疗效是否存在不同,并找出受伤后进行干细胞移植的适宜量.方法 成年大鼠制成脑外伤模型在伤后24h进行神经干细胞移植,移植量分别为20万,100万,200万.伤后1 w动物运动神经功能评分后,处死取脑,行病理及免疫组化染色.结果伤后1 w,接受100万单位干细胞移植的治疗组与损伤组以及其他治疗组（20万,200万）相比呈现明显的运动功能改善.结论移植量并不是越大越好,中等量移植效果比较理想,是适宜的移植量.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.