Fossa navicularis strictures due to 22F catheters used in robotic radical prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fossa navicularis strictures following radical prostatectomy are reported infrequently. We recently experienced a series of fossa strictures following robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Fossa strictures are usually procedure-induced, arising from urethral trauma or infection; catheter size has not been reported as a factor. We describe herein our experience to determine and prevent fossa navicularis stricture development. METHODS: From June 2002 until February 2005, 248 patients underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy with the da Vinci surgical system at our institution. Fossa strictures were diagnosed based on acute onset of obstructive voiding symptoms, IPSS and flow pattern changes, and bougie calibration. During our series, we switched from an 18F to a 22F catheter to avoid inadvertent stapling of the urethra when dividing the dorsal venous complex. All patients had an 18F catheter placed after the anastomosis for 1 week. Parameters were evaluated using Fisher's exact test and the Student t test for means. RESULTS: The 18F catheter group (n=117) developed 1 fossa stricture, whereas the 22F catheter group (n=131) developed 9 fossa strictures (P=0.02). The fossa stricture rate in the 18F group was 0.9% versus 6.9% in the 22F group. The 2 groups had no differences in age, body mass index, cardiovascular disease, International Prostate Symptom Score, urinary bother score, SHIM score, preoperative PSA, operative time, estimated blood loss, cautery use, prostate size, or catheterization time. CONCLUSIONS: Using a larger urethral catheter size during intraoperative dissection appears to increase the risk 8-fold for fossa stricture as compared with the 18F catheter. The pneumoperitoneum and prolonged extreme Trendelenberg position could potentially contribute to local urethral ischemia.     

男童外伤性后尿道狭窄的治疗(附210例分析)

目的　总结男童外伤性后尿道狭窄的诊治经验。　方法　陈旧性后尿道外伤患儿 2 10例。其中经尿道内切开 (TUR) 112例 ,经耻、会阴联合修复尿道 4 4例 ,经会阴修复尿道 32例 ,会阴尿道造瘘及两尿道断端间插入带蒂阴囊皮管做吻合 2 0例 ,可控性尿流改道 (Mitrofanoff术 ) 1例 ,经直肠会阴修复尿道 1例。　结果　 2 10例随访 6个月～ 14年 ,获正常排尿 187例 (89% ) ,有不全尿失禁 17例 ,会阴尿道造瘘尚未修复 5例 ,需清洁间歇导尿 1例。　结论　后尿道外伤的急症处理非常重要 ,单纯膀胱造瘘仅用于不全性尿道断裂。经尿道内切开适用于绝大多数单纯性后尿道狭窄 ,经耻、会阴联合修复尿道适用于复杂性后尿道狭窄或 (和 )闭锁段 >2cm者。     

直视下尿道内切开配合电切术治疗尿道狭窄

目的 评价直视下经尿道内切开术配合电切治疗尿道狭窄的疗效。方法 对21尿道狭窄患者行经尿道内切开及电切术。结果 所有病冽术后均排尿通畅,4例有轻度尿失禁,3例有肉眼或镜下血尿。结论 经尿道内切开及电切术是治疗尿道狭窄的一种安全有效的方法。     

Three new experimental models of anterior urethral stricture in rabbits

BackgroundThis study describes and compares three surgical procedures for the construction of urethral stricture (US) models in rabbits.MethodsForty adult male rabbits were allocated to four groups: 36 rabbits were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, while the remaining 4 were assigned to a sham group. The penis was separated from the rectum. Then along the ventral midline, a longitudinal penile skin incision was made while ensuring that the urethral mucosa was intact and the muscular layer was not completely incised. In group 1 (n=12), ventral semi-circumferential mucosa electrocoagulation of a 1-cm length of the anterior urethra was performed until ulceration occurred. In group 2 (n=12), the ventral urethral mucosa was incised, and electrocoagulation of the dorsal semi-circumferential mucosa was performed. In group 3 (n=12), whole-circumferential mucosa electrocoagulation was performed. In group 4 (n=4), no special treatment was performed. Four weeks later, urethrography, urethroscopy, and histological evaluation were carried out.ResultsThe weights of the rabbits in the four groups were comparable. There was no significant difference between groups 2 and 3 with regard to operative time, but the operative time in these groups was significantly longer than that in group 1 (group 2 vs. group 1: P<0.05, group 3 vs. group 1: P<0.001). After the surgery, urinary fistula with infection occurred in one rabbit in group 1, and one rabbit died due to urethral atresia in group 3. According to the urethrography and urethroscopy findings, 9 out of 12 rabbits in group 1, 5 out of 12 rabbits in group 2, and 11 out of 11 rabbits in group 3 developed US, while no rabbits in the sham group developed US. Histopathological examination revealed injury to the urothelium, inflammatory infiltration, a decrease in the amount of blood vessels and smooth muscle fibers, and a decrease in the amount of collagen fibers.ConclusionsCompared with the semi-circumferential procedures, the whole-circumferential procedure had a higher success rate. Therefore, this procedure seems to have potential for the construction of long-segment rabbit US models.     

Stents in urethral stricture repair

Summary The human urethra seems remarkably tolerant of foreign material within its lumen. Providing that a stricture has been adequately cut by means of urethrotomy, or dilated with bougies, the majority of urethras will tolerate both permanent and temporary stents with few problems. Temporary stents have the obvious advantage over permanent stents that no foreign material is left in the urethra but before these can be recommended it is essential that more clinical experience is gained and that long term results up to ten years after removal of the stent are published. Great care is also needed in the use of any sort of permanent device, either the Urolume stent, or varieties of the Strecker such as the Memotherm device. These should not be used in children and should be probably be avoided in young adults. The majority of strictures in this age group are in any case treated more easily by single stage urethroplasty procedures. The use of permanent epithelial covering stents should be limited to the bulbo-membranous urethra, with the possible exception of carefully selected sphincters strictures used in combination with an artificial urinary sphincter. Better results will be obtained by using these stents in strictures with a short history before multiple urethrotomies and dilatations have been carried out and before extensive urethral and periurethral fibrosis has occurred. This means that urethral rupture strictures are unsuitable, and in any case these are simple to deal with be means of stricture excision and primary end to end anastomosis of the urethra particularly when the stricture is in the bulbar urethra. Care must also be taken in using these devices in post-urethroplasty strictures if extensive periurethral fibrosis exists, although it has to be admitted that these stents may be very successful in some of these patients. The difficulty at the present time is our inability to define exactly which traumatic stricture or post-urethroplasty stricture will succeed and which will fail. Metal urethral stents should not be used for the first treatment of a urethral stricture. Depending on the aetiology, the site and the length of the stricture there is always a 40–50 % chance that the stricture may be cured by means of a simple urethrotomy or dilatation and this should always be tried at least once before resorting to urethral stenting. There is no doubt that permanent urethral stents have an important role to play in the treatment of recurrent urethral strictures. Careful patient selection is essential in order to achieve the best results and we need more long term results before the final role of these devices in the treatment of urethral strictures can be determined. Temporary stenting of the urethra with non-epithelial covering stents is a simpler and safer treatment but at this point in time we cannot be sure how effective this treatment is and for which patients it is most successful. Long term results must be awaited before the place of these temporary devices can be defined.      

Defining a patient-reported outcome measure for urethral stricture surgery

Background

A systematic literature review did not identify a formally validated patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for urethral stricture surgery.

Objective

Devise a PROM for urethral stricture surgery and evaluate its psychometric properties in a pilot study to determine suitability for wider implementation.

Design, setting, and participants

Constructs were identified from existing condition-specific and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments. Men scheduled for urethroplasty were prospectively enrolled at five centres.

Intervention

Participants self-completed the draft PROM before and 6 mo after surgery.

Measurements

Question sets underwent psychometric assessment targeting criterion and content validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, acceptability, and responsiveness.

Results and limitations

A total of 85 men completed the preoperative PROM, with 49 also completing the postoperative PROM at a median of 146 d; and 31 the preoperative PROM twice at a median interval of 22 d for test-retest analysis. Expert opinion and patient feedback supported content validity. Excellent correlation between voiding symptom scores and maximum flow rate (r = −0.75), supported by parallel improvements in EQ-5D visual analogue and time trade-off scores, established criterion validity. Test-retest intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.83 to 0.91 for the total voiding score and 0.93 for the construct overall; Cronbach's α was 0.80, ranging from 0.76 to 0.80 with any one item deleted. Item-total correlations ranged from 0.44 to 0.63. These values surpassed our predefined thresholds for item inclusion. Significant improvements in condition-specific and HRQoL components following urethroplasty demonstrated responsiveness to change (p < 0.0001). Wider implementation and review of the PROM will be required to establish generalisability across different disease states and for more complex interventions.

Conclusions

This pilot study has defined a succinct, practical, and psychometrically robust PROM designed specifically to quantify changes in voiding symptoms and HRQoL following urethral stricture surgery.     

Foley管牵引固定尿道拖入术治疗外伤性后尿道狭窄

目的　探讨Foley管作为牵引固定装置行尿道拖入术治疗外伤性后尿道狭窄或闭锁的方法。　方法　采用此方法治疗外伤性后尿道狭窄或闭锁患者 2 3例 ,对其临床资料进行总结。　结果　随访 6～ 12个月 ,14例排尿通畅 ,无需尿道扩张 ;7例术后近期需行尿道扩张 ;2例失败 ,其中 1例为狭窄段较长、术后尿道张力大所致 ,1例由伤口感染引起。 18例术后尿流率检查 :最大尿流率 15～2 3ml/s,平均 19ml/s;平均尿流率 10～ 13ml/s,平均 12ml/s。　结论　该手术方法操作简单、损伤小、并发症少、效果满意 ,临床应用价值较高     

带蒂阴囊皮瓣治疗复杂性尿道狭窄

在１００具成人阴囊血管解剖学研究基础上，设计出带蒂阴囊皮瓣治疗复杂性尿道狭窄的新术式，术式的关键是按照阴囊后动脉的分布规律，裁剪所需要的带血管蒂阴囊皮瓣，用１４～１８Ｆ硅胶尿管作支架，围绕尿管形成带蒂皮管，血管蒂近端与前列腺段尿道断面，远端与前尿道断面作无张力的端端吻合。临床应用１０例，经２～１０个月的随访，效果满意，术后无并发症。     

后尿道钻孔器在复杂性后尿道狭窄开放手术中的应用

目的:探讨提高复杂性后尿道狭窄开放手术效果的方法。方法:在对32例复杂性后尿道狭窄患者行开放性手术中,使用后尿道钻孔器钻孔(钻孔器组),并与21例常规后尿道钻孔的疗效进行对比。结果:钻孔器组全部病例均排尿通畅,仅1例因术后并发尿外渗而致手术失败,均未出现术后阳痿及尿失禁等并发症。对照组中有3例因瘢痕切除不彻底而致手术失败,并发术后阳痿2例,尿失禁1例。结论:在复杂性后尿道狭窄开放手术中,使用后尿道钻孔器钻孔可充分切除瘢痕组织,且操作简单,安全微创,并发症少,临床效果显著。     

经尿道前列腺电切术与绿激光前列腺汽化术术后尿道狭窄发生率比较研究

目的比较经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)与经尿道选择性绿激光汽化术(PVP)术后尿道狭窄发生率。方法回顾性分析2010年3月至2012年3月由同一组医师连续实施的215例TURP术与237例PVP术,比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后留置尿管时间、术后尿路感染发生率,比较2组患者术后尿道狭窄发生率的差异。结果 TURP组手术时间及留置尿管时间长于PVP组,术中出血量多于PVP组,尿路感染发生率、术后尿道狭窄发生率高于PVP组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论TURP术后尿道狭窄的发生率高于PVP,应借鉴PVP改进TURP,以降低TURP术后尿道狭窄的发生率。     

经会阴尿道吻合术治疗小儿外伤性后尿道狭窄闭锁

目的 评价小儿外伤性后尿道狭窄闭锁的处理方法及远期疗效。方法 对１６例尿道狭窄及闭锁患儿行经会阴道尿道吻合术１９例次，随访２～２１年，观察排尿，控尿及性功能情况。结果 １６例患儿中１５例正常排尿，１例需定期尿道扩张，术后发生尿失禁４例（２５．０％），阳萎３例（１８．０％），４例尿失禁患儿随年龄增长症状有不同程度改善，３例阳萎病人病情无变化。结论 对外伤性后尿道狭窄闭锁的患儿，伤后６个月，首选经会阴     

复杂性后尿道狭窄的手术径路探讨

目的：总结各种复杂性后尿道狭窄手术径路的应用经验,提高复杂性后尿道狭窄的治疗效果。方法：对72例复杂性后尿道狭窄患者的手术径路进行回顾性分析。结果：64例（89％）一次手术成功,经会阴径路中采用单纯经会阴径路34例中治愈31例（91％）,经会阴耻骨下缘径路14例中治愈13例（93％）,经耻骨径路中采用单纯经耻骨径路6例中治愈4例（67％）,经耻骨联合会阴径路18例中治愈16例（89％0,41例长段后尿道狭窄（＞3cm)者治愈35例（85％）,18例有合并症者治愈17例（94％例）。结论：复杂性后尿道狭窄的各种手术径路均存在一定的优缺点,选择合适的手术径路应综合多种因素考虑,经会阴径路因操作简单,创伤小,并发症少,仍是目前首选的手术径路。     

结肠粘膜重建尿道治疗复杂性尿道狭窄的探讨

目的 探讨结肠粘膜替代尿道治疗复杂性较长段尿道狭窄或闭锁的可能性。方法 采用结肠粘膜重建尿道一期尿道成形术治疗6例复杂性较长段尿道狭窄，患者术前有平均3次不成功的尿道修复史，用结肠粘膜重建的尿道长10－15cm，平均12.7cm。术后随访时分别行逆行尿道造影，尿道镜和尿流率检查。结果 术后随访3－14个月，平均7.8个月。1例在术后3个月并发尿道外口狭窄性，经手术矫正后排尿通畅，术后1年随访时最大尿流率28.7ml/s。余5例术后排尿通畅，最大尿流率大于15ml/s。术后6个月4例经尿道镜检查，肉眼较难将尿道的结肠粘膜与正常的尿道粘膜相区别。结论 结肠粘膜重建尿道治疗较长段尿道狭窄或闭锁是一种可行而有效的方法，适合阴茎皮肤或膀胱粘膜利用有困难时的尿道重建。     

Outcomes of urethral calculi patients in an endemic region and an undiagnosed primary fossa navicularis calculus

Urethral calculus is a rare form of urolithiasis with an incidence lower than 0.3%. We determined the outcomes of 15 patients with urethral stone, of which 8 were pediatric, including an undiagnosed primary fossa navicularis calculus. Fifteen consecutive male patients, of whom eight were children, with urethral calculi were assessed between 2000 and 2005 with a mean of 19 months’ follow-up. All stones were fusiform in shape and solitary. Acute urinary retention, interrupted or weak stream, pain (penile, urethral, perineal) and gross hematuria were the main presenting symptoms in 7 (46.7%), 4 (26.7%), 3 (20%) and 1 (6.6%) patient, respectively. Six of them had accompanying urethral pathologies such as stenosis (primary or with hypospadias) and diverticulum. Two patients were associated with upper urinary tract calculi but none of them secondary to bladder calculi. A 50-year-old patient with a primary urethral stone disease had urethral meatal stenosis accompanied by lifelong lower urinary tract symptoms. Unlike the past reports, urethral stones secondary to bladder calculi were decreasing, especially in the pediatric population. However, the pediatric patients in their first decade are still under risk secondary to the upper urinary tract calculi or the primary ones.     

腔内手术治疗尿道狭窄及闭锁10年回顾(附203例报告)

目的：提高腔内手术治疗尿道狭窄及闭锁的治疗效果。方法：总结10年来经腔内手术治疗尿道狭窄及闭锁患者203例的体会。结果：203例中手术成功194例（96％）,其中行2次腔内手术者9例,3次腔内手术者5例。手术失败9例（4％）改行开放手术,失败原因与狭窄段较长（＞3cm)、反复腔内操作及严重瘢痕化等因素有关。获随访者157例（6个月－8年）,143例排尿顺畅,14例需定期尿道扩张。结论：腔内手术可以作为治疗尿道狭窄及闭锁的首选方法,应争取一次成功,尽量避免重复手术。     

创伤性后尿道狭窄或闭锁手术治疗失败的经验教训

目的:总结创伤性后尿道狭窄或闭锁手术治疗失败的经验教训.方法:回顾性分析8年来手术治疗的57例创伤性后尿道狭窄或闭锁患者的临床资料,着重分析手术治疗失败的原因和注意事项.结果:57例患者中,行尿道内切开术29例,失败10例,占34.5%;行后尿道端端吻合术28例,失败7例,占25.0%.结论:针对手术失败的各种原因,选择合适的患者行尿道内切开术、遵循有效的端端吻合术原则,可提高后尿道狭窄或闭锁患者的手术成功率.     

尿道下裂术后尿道狭窄继发附睾炎的诊治

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨尿道下裂术后尿道狭窄继发附睾炎的临床特点与疗效。方法〓2005年1月至2011年2月收治的尿道下裂术后尿道狭窄46例患者中8例继发附睾炎,对该类患者予抗感染及对症治疗后,尽早行尿道探查、尿道狭窄段切开或切除及组织瓣移植尿道成形术等方法修复尿道狭窄。结果〓8例尿道狭窄继发急性附睾炎患者术后8天内附睾炎症状基本消失。1例患者阴茎伤口感染致阴茎中部尿瘘于3月后成功行尿瘘修补术,余7例患者伤口愈合良好,无尿瘘发生,排尿通畅,尿线粗。随访3~12月,8例患者均无尿道狭窄复发,无急性附睾炎复发,慢性附睾炎者临床症状较术前明显改善。结论〓本组患者中,尿道下裂术后尿道狭窄继发附睾炎见于严重的尿道狭窄患者及年龄偏大患者;尿道下裂术后尿道狭窄应积极处理,一旦出现急性附睾炎时应在抗感染等保守治疗前提下,尽早行尿道成形修复狭窄段尿道,恢复正常尿流。     

小儿输尿管镜钬激光内切开术治疗男性尿道狭窄

目的探讨小儿输尿管镜钬激光内切开术治疗男性尿道狭窄的安全性及临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2014年8月至2017年4月我院42例行经尿道小儿输尿管镜钬激光内切开术治疗的男性尿道狭窄患者病历资料,患者年龄23～72岁,平均43岁,其中膜部尿道狭窄18例,前列腺部尿道狭窄5例,前尿道狭窄19例;狭窄段长度：0.3～2.5 cm,平均（1.4±0.3）cm,其中2例狭窄段长度2.0～2.5 cm;38例术前行自由尿流率检查,最大尿流率（Qmax）2.5～7.8 ml/s,平均（4.5±1.2）ml/s;术后留置尿管4～6周,拔除尿管后常规行尿道扩张3～4次,每次间隔1周,定期复查尿流率。 结果42例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间30～70 min,平均（48±9）min,出血量少,无尿外渗、穿孔、感染等并发症,拔除尿管后排尿通畅。随访6～12个月,39例患者排尿通畅,最大尿流率明显改善,为12.6～22.5 ml/s,平均（16.3±3.7）ml/s,3例术后3个月尿线变细、尿流率下降行尿道扩张3～4次后排尿正常。 结论经尿道小儿输尿管镜钬激光内切开术治疗男性尿道狭窄安全、创伤小、并发症少,近期疗效满意。     

良性前列腺增生术后复杂性后尿道狭窄的绿激光治疗

目的探讨腔内绿激光治疗良性前列腺增生术后复杂性后尿道狭窄的疗效。方法采用绿激光治疗良性前列腺增生术后复杂性后尿道狭窄患者20例，其中伴有假道者12例、伴2处以上狭窄者5例、合并尿道闭锁者5例；行经尿道瘢痕汽化切除，术后留置导尿管1～2周。结果20例患者手术均一次成功，手术时间30～65min，平均39min。随访2～10个月，18例一次治愈，排尿通畅，最大尿流率（Qmax）均〉15ml／s；1例拔除尿管后2周尿线变细，Qmax〈9ml／s，行定期尿道扩张6个月后治愈，Qmax〉15ml／s；轻度尿失禁1例。结论经尿道绿激光汽化治疗良性前列腺增生术后复杂性后尿道狭窄安争有效，手术操作简便，并发症少。