Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage for posttraumatic intrapancreatic biliary stenosis in a child

Bile duct injury caused by blunt abdominal trauma is rare and usually associated with liver parenchymal injury. The authors report the case of a 15-year-old boy with jaundice caused by a posttraumatic isolated common bile duct stricture without associated liver injury. Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) was performed and the jaundice disappeared 2 months after drainage commenced. Although restenosis and mild jaundice was revealed 2 years after injury, ERBD can be a first-line minimally invasive treatment of pediatric posttraumatic biliary stricture.     

创伤性肝胆管损伤的外科处理

目的探讨创伤性肝胆管损伤的处理方法。方法回顾性分析近10年我院收治220例肝创伤中12例肝胆管损伤患者的临床资料：结果除外院转入1例因来院过晚,失去手术时机衰竭死亡外,另11例均获痊愈：其中7例再手术治疗：1例持续胆漏予以近端漏口缝扎,胆总管引流;3例因反复发作化脓性胆管炎、梗阻性黄疸,行胆管空肠Roux—Y吻合术：另3例伴有肝萎缩、创伤性胆道出血分别行肝段、叶切除术。尚有4例胆漏维持通畅引流．亦获满意结果．于2周内停止胆漏。结论肝创伤合并肝胆管损伤,经初期和后期认真处理,均可获得良好预后．     

Complications following repair of extrahepatic bile duct injuries after blunt abdominal trauma

Extrahepatic bile duct traumatic injuries are extremely rare and their treatment is difficult and with several controversies. The aim of this study was to offer some more clinical information on their surgical repair and outcome. We present seven patients with extrahepatic biliary tract lesions after blunt abdominal trauma, (isolated gallbladder lesions were excluded) four males and three females from 23 to 51 years of age (mean age 35.1 years). All patients had suffered high-energy blunt abdominal trauma and presented associated injuries, mostly liver trauma and lung contusions. Six gallbladder lesions and six common bile duct injures were identified; a right hepatic duct laceration and a left hepatic duct transection were also present. Injuries were treated either with primary repair or with duct-jejunal anastomoses with Roux-en-Y reconstruction. Principal complications were postoperative anastomotic leakage (1 case) and recurrent cholangitis (3 cases) with or without stricture. Not-diagnosed injuries caused substantial morbidity. We prefer and recommend the use of primary repair in partial ruptures with no significant tissue loss and biliary-enteric anastomoses in large injuries and complete transections because they offer the best long-term drainage with less risk of stricture formation than end-to-end anastomoses. We defend the use of long duration (6 to 9 months) transanastomotic stents.     

A case of amputation neuroma of the bile duct following video-laparoscopic cholecystectomy

We report a case of neuroma of the common hepatic duct arising five years after cholecystectomy (laparoscopic then converted in laparotomy). A 73-years-old patient was admitted for obstructive jaundice. Ultrasonography, TC and cholangiography showed a nodular lesion of the common hepatic of 1 cm in diameter, causing a regular and important stenosis of the main bile duct. Histologic examination demonstrated neuroma. By the analysis of this and 42 other previously published cases, the following features of bile duct neuroma were outlined: 1) variable interval between cholecystectomy and the onset of jaundice (2 months to 40 years); 2) the same incidence after laparoscopic or laparotomic cholecystectomy; 3) the generally complicated postoperative course after first surgical approach; 4) the various localizations on the biliary tree (cystic, main bile duct, intrahepatic ducts); 5) the circumstances of onset are almost the same (obstructive jaundice); 6) the histologic examination is mandatory for a correct diagnosis; and 7) the best treatment is resection of the bile duct tract involved in neuroma and reconstruction of biliary tree with hepaticojejunostomy.     

Extra-hepatic biliary injury secondary to blunt abdominal trauma: A successful management strategy

Extra-hepatic bile duct injury from blunt abdominal trauma is uncommon. Complete traumatic transection of the common bile duct (CBD) with subsequent complication of a choledochoduodenal fistula is extremely rare and only a handful of reports are found in the medical literature. We describe a 20-year-old male patient who presented with a complete transection of the CBD following blunt abdominal trauma and his subsequent planned staged management.     

Bile duct stricture in an infant with gastroschisis treated by percutaneous transhepatic drainage, biliary stenting, and balloon dilation

A newborn twin with an antenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis underwent staged repair of the abdominal wall defect. She developed multiple fistulae due to ischemic bowel and then abdominal wall dehiscence requiring additional surgical interventions. Obstructive jaundice, first evident at 3 weeks of age, became progressively severe. A stricture of the common bile duct was diagnosed by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. The stricture was treated by percutaneous biliary drainage, biliary stenting, and balloon dilation of the common bile duct. These procedures, commonly used in adults for biliary decompression, may be useful alternatives to surgical intervention in infants and children with obstructive jaundice due to bile duct stricture.     

完全腹腔镜下Roux—en—Y胆管空肠吻合术在胆系疾病中的应用

目的报道完全腹腔镜下Roux—en—Y吻合术的手术方法,探讨腹腔镜下Roux—en—Y吻合术在胆系疾病手术中的应用价值。方法对103例患者行完全腹腔镜下胆肠Roux—en—Y吻合术,其中多次手术取石后,胆总管结石再发合并胆管狭窄28例,医源性胆道损伤3例,胆总管囊肿24例,肝门部胆管癌36例,胰头癌及壶腹癌12例。所有手术均采用5个Trocar进行操作。首先在腹腔镜下处理胆道病变,即切开胆总管、取净结石;修整并切开损伤胆总管;切除扩张的胆总管;切除肿瘤部位胆管或者纵行切开恶性黄疸患者胆总管引流等;同时为胆肠吻合前做好肝管断端的准备。然后更换腹腔镜位置,于镜下切断空肠及其系膜,行空肠间侧侧吻合。将腹腔镜位置复位,镜下将Roux—en—Y胆支空肠襻牵拉至肝门处行胆肠侧侧或者端侧吻合。最后留置腹腔引流管。结果全组病例均成功完成手术,残余胆（肝）管直径0．4～3．2锄,平均0．9Gin。术后胆汁漏3例,经腹腔引流1周～1个月治愈。2例胆道损伤伴阻塞性黄疸患者,术后均出现应激性溃疡及腹腔内出血,1例腹腔内出血经再次腹腔镜手术止血治愈,另1例经腹腔引流、抑酸及止血药物治疗2d后治愈。95例患者获随访,随访率92．2％（95／103）,随访时间4～93个月,平均48-3个月。胰头、壶腹癌及上段胆管癌患者,随访期间14个月内因转移及消耗死亡,均无手术并发症发生;3例胆总管结石患者分别于术后2、3、5年发生反流性胆管炎,来院经抗炎对症治疗后痊愈出院;其余患者随访期间均无胆道、胆肠吻合口狭窄等并发症发生。结论完全腹腔镜下胆肠Roux—en—Y吻合术是胆道疾病需行胆肠吻合手术治疗的最佳、首选术式,但术者需具有丰富的腹腔镜手术经验。     

Extrahepatic biliary tract injury: operative management plan

Trauma to the extrahepatic biliary tract is rare but, if overlooked or improperly managed, may be associated with significant morbidity. The following is our most recent 6-year experience with this unusual injury. Among 949 patients undergoing laparotomy for acute trauma, there were 32 (3%) injuries to the gallbladder and five (0.5%) to the common bile duct. All patients with gallbladder injury underwent abdominal exploration because of associated trauma. Cholecystectomy was preferred for 24 (96%) of the 25 with penetrating wounds and three (43%) of the seven with blunt trauma. Nine (28%) patients developed postoperative complications but none were related to the biliary injury. All common bile duct injuries (CBD) were penetrating. Associated intra-abdominal trauma was always present. Partial lacerations were closed primarily over a T-tube. An intrapancreatic CBD lesion was managed by sphincteroplasty and stented with a T-tube. The one patient with complete transection underwent choledochoenterostomy. Postoperative complications were common (50%) but none were related to the biliary injury.     

Total Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Cholangiojejunostomy for the Treatment of Biliary Disease

Background and Objectives:

Roux-en-Y cholangiojejunostomy (RCJS) has been widely used in biliary bypass surgeries, but in most reported literature, an assisted mini-incision was needed, and studies reporting total laparoscopic Roux-en-Y cholangiojejunostomy (TLRCJS) are rare. The goal of this study was to investigate how to treat hepatic portal bile duct diseases and perform jejunojejunostomy and cholangiojejunostomy totally laparoscopically. We evaluated the feasibility of TLRCJS in treating biliary tract diseases.

Methods:

TLRCJS were performed in 103 patients from January 2000 to August 2011. There were 28 cases of recurrent choledocholithiasis combined with stricture of the common bile duct (CBD) after several stone extractions, 3 patients with iatrogenic bile duct injury, 24 patients with choledochal cyst, 36 patients with hepatic portal cholangiocarcinoma, and 12 patients with cancer of the pancreatic head and periampullary cancer. All surgeries were performed through 5 trocars. First, laparoscopic surgery on the CBD was performed according to the original disease. The CBD was opened and stones were extracted in choledocholithiasis patients. In iatrogenic injury patients, strictured CBD was resected and repaired. Dilated CBD or choledochal cyst with tumor was transected. In patients with malignant jaundice, the CBD was opened longitudinally. At the same time, the bile duct was prepared for cholangiojejunostomy. Second, the positions of the laparoscope and surgeons were altered. The jejunal mesentery and jejunum were transected, and side-to-side jejunojejunostomy (JJS) was performed. The laparoscope and surgeon positions were exchanged again; the Roux-en-Y biliary limb was lifted close to the residual bile duct; and side-to-side or end-to-side choledochojejunostomy (CJS) was performed. Finally, an abdominal drainage tube was placed.

Results:

All the surgeries were performed successfully. The diameter of the residual bile duct ranged from 0.4 to 3.2 cm (average, 0.9 cm). Three patients had postoperative bile leakage and were treated from 1 week to approximately 1 month with abdominal drainage. Postoperative intraperitoneal hemorrhage and stress ulcer of the stomach occurred in 2 patients with biliary tract injury combined with obstructive jaundice. One with intraperitoneal hemorrhage was cured by another laparoscopic surgery. The other patient was cured after 2 days of abdominal drainage, antacids, and hemostatic drug therapy. The follow-up duration of 95 patients was 4 to 93 months (average, 48.3 months). The follow-up rate was 92.2% (95/103). Patients with cancer died of metastasis or cachexia during 14-month follow-up with no postoperative complication. Reflux cholangitis occurred in 3 patients 2, 3, and 5 years after the operation, respectively. No anastomotic stricture or other complication was found in other patients during the follow-up.

Conclusions:

TLRCJS is the best and first choice for patients with biliary tract diseases that need biliary-jejunal anastomosis. But it is essential that the surgeon has proficiency in laparoscopic surgeries.     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影在肝移植后胆系并发症诊断和治疗中的作用

目的：评价内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在肝移植术后胆系并发症诊治中的临床价值。方法：11例肝移植术后并发胆系并发症，其中吻合口狭窄4例，吻合口及供肝肝总管均狭窄2例，胆漏2例，多发性硬化性胆管炎样狭窄2例，移植肝胆总管与受者胆总管分离1例，分别行ERCP检查及治疗。结果：4例吻合口狭窄者，放置胆管塑料支架，2例吻合口和供肝肝总管均狭窄者放置Wallstenl，金属支架，上述6例近期黄疸均消退；2例胆漏者中，1例放置胆道塑料内支架，另1例行乳头括约肌切开术，均于2周内胆漏愈合；2例移植肝多发性硬化性胆管炎样狭窄者，1例行乳头括约肌切开后取出少量坏死胆管上皮样组织，另1例未行内镜治疗；1例移植肝胆总管与受者胆总管分离者再次手术行胆管吻合术。结论：内镜逆行胰胆管造影可用于肝移植术后的常见胆系并发症的诊断与治疗，可获得较好的近期疗效。     

Granular cell tumour of the bile duct mimicking distal cholangiocarcinoma: one case report and review of the literature

Granular cell tumours (Gcts) are rare and most commonly located in the oral cavity, skin or subcutaneous tissue. The occurrence of this tumour in the biliary tract is rare. A 26 year old African man presented with abdominal pain and obstructive jaundice was found to have a localised distal bile stricture suggestive of cholangiocarcinoma which was resected by pylorus preserving partial pancreaticoduodenectomy. Histology revealed a gct of the intrapancreatic portion of the distal bile duct. GCT of the biliary tract are important as they are benign and can mimic bile duct cancers. A review of the 77 reported cases of Gcts of the biliary tract showed that the common bile duct is the most common site of occurrence (n=35). Only 2 cases in literature have been reported to be diagnosed preoperatively. Since there are no characteristic radiological features, the GCTs are difficult to differentiate from cholangiocarcinoma, sclerosing cholangitis or other benign tumors.     

Schwannoma of common bile duct causing obstructive jaundice

Benign schwannomas arise from neural crest-derived Schwann cells. Schwannomas occurring in the biliary tract become clinically symptomatic due to their compression on the extra hepatic biliary tract causing obstructive jaundice. Their preoperative diagnosis is extremely difficult. We report a 38-year-old male who presented with pain abdomen and jaundice. Computed tomography of abdomen showed extra luminal compression of common bile duct (CBD) possibly by a lymph nodal mass. Resection of the CBD, gall bladder and the mass compressing the CBD with Rouxen-Y hepaticojejunostomy was performed. The final histopathology was reported as a schwannoma.     

Common bile duct anastomosis using fibrin glue

Transection of the common bile duct (CBD) secondary to iatrogenic or civilian trauma is a devastating injury associated with a high incidence of complications, especially biliary fistula and stricture formation. We evaluated the efficacy of Fibrin Sealant--a biologic adhesive containing highly concentrated human fibrinogen--in primary end-to-end anastomosis of the transected CBD in ten adult mongrel dogs. Postoperative T-tube stents in the CBD anastomosis and abdominal drainage were not used. Only two absorbable sutures were used for each CBD anastomosis. The dogs were reexplored postoperatively at intervals varying from one week to nine months; cholangiography was performed at postoperative intervals varying from one to six months. Examination of CBD specimens harvested one month or more after surgery revealed complete healing and no signs of previous injury. Histologic examination disclosed well-healed ductal tissue, without a significant inflammatory response. One dog had an anastomotic leak, and two had moderate narrowing of the CBD anastomosis. Our experience in experimental CBD anastomosis indicates that Fibrin Sealant helps seal biliary anastomoses against leakage; controls bleeding from cut edges of bile duct segments; has good systemic and local compatibility; may promote bile duct wound healing; and significantly reduces the number of sutures needed for primary repair, thereby decreasing the potential for anastomotic ischemia, mucosal damage, and biliary stricture formation.     

An unusual case of jaundice: Biliary tumor thrombus in fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma

BackgroundFibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL-HCC) is a rare and unique variant of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) whose presentation remains inadequately described. We present a resectable case of FL-HCC which involved tumor thrombus of the common bile duct.PresentationA 27 year-old male presenting with jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, hepatic dysfunction and hyperbilirubinemia was found to have a large liver mass and lymphadenopathy on preoperative imaging. A right hepatectomy with perihepatic lymph node dissection and cholecystectomy was performed. Intraoperative cholangiogram demonstrated common bile duct (CBD) obstruction. CBD exploration revealed biliary tumor thrombus relieved with biliary thrombectomy.DiscussionFL-HCC can initially present with invading obstructing biliary tumor thrombus of the CBD causing jaundice.ConclusionPreoperative surgical approach should consider CBD exploration on an individual basis for underlying obstructive biliary tumor thrombus.     

胆管癌栓内镜治疗后阻塞性黄疸原因分析及处理

目的: 探讨HCC合并胆管癌栓内镜治疗后阻塞性黄疸的原因及其处理.方法: 对1999年1月至2003年6月间收治的23例采用内镜介入治疗的HCC合并胆管癌栓的患者进行跟踪随访,对其中18例患者在内镜治疗后加重或再度出现阻塞性黄疸的原因进行回顾性分析.结果: 本组术后黄疸的发生率为78.3%(18/23),原因为胆道出血16.7%(3/18)、胆管癌栓未得到有效清除44.4%(8/18)、肝门部胆管恶性狭窄27.8%(5/18)、胆管癌栓合并肝门部胆管恶性狭窄11.1%(2/18),内置管堵塞移位50%(9/18).结论: 胆管癌栓内镜治疗后阻塞性黄疸原因以内置管堵塞移位、胆管癌栓未得到有效清除和(或)合并肝门部胆管恶性狭窄最为常见,内镜治疗后早期阻塞性黄疸加重为胆道出血所至,及时对应处理可有效解除症状.     

损伤性胆管狭窄手术时机与胆管胶原含量变化的实验研究

目的 损伤性胆管狭窄手术时机及手术方式是影响胆道修复重建手术效果的重要因素，目前临床上对于胆管狭窄手术时机对术后胆管再狭窄的影响仍存在争议。本研究通过动物模型的实验观察，了解手术时机与胆管胶原组织含量变化的关系，为临床上损伤性胆管狭窄手术时机的选择提供实验和理论依据。方法 荣昌大白猪20只随机分为对照组、胆管梗阻15d组、胆管梗阻1个月组、胆管梗阻3个月组。建立胆管损伤模型，胆管修复方式为狭窄段胆管切除后的胆管对端吻合术，观察胆管吻合口组织胶原含量的变化。结果 胆管梗阻后，胆管黏膜上皮坏死脱落、纤维结缔组织增生、管壁增厚。胆管修复术后胆管局部纤维组织增生程度、胶原含量与胆管梗阻时程呈正相关。胆管修复术距损伤时程越长，胆管胶原组织的含量越高，术后发生胆管吻合口再狭窄的机会越大，程度越重。结论 胆管损伤后胆管胶原组织含量的变化是影响胆管修复术后吻合口狭窄的重要因素，损伤时程越长，胶原含量越高，术后易发生胆管吻合口再狭窄。     

Facts and fallacies of common bile duct obstruction by pancreatic pseudocysts.

Although it is commonly accepted that pancreatic pseudocysts can cause obstruction of the common bile duct, few documented examples of this phenomenon exist. Most cases of obstructive jaundice associated with pseudocysts appear to be due to fibrotic stricture of the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct, rather than to pressure on the duct by the pseudocyst. We report three additional cases, in two of which fibrosis and not the pseudocyst caused the biliary obstruction. This experience illustrates the imperative to perform intraoperative cholangiography after drainage of the pseudocyst and the necessity of a biliary-enteric bypass if bile duct obstruction has not been relieved by simple decompression of the pseudocyst.     

Gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary duct injury following abdominal trauma.

Extrahepatic biliary tract and gallbladder injuries are rare, but many occur after both blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. During a 5-year period, 24 patients requiring laparotomy for abdominal trauma were found to have an extrahepatic biliary tract injury, representing 13 per cent of all patients admitted with hepatic trauma during the same period. The majority of patients had injury to the gallbladder; only one case of common bile duct injury was identified. Of the patients, 50 per cent had an associated hepatic injury; 17 per cent had important pancreatic trauma. Isolated gallbladder injury occurred in only 8 per cent of patients. The overall mortality associated with gallbladder trauma was 16 per cent. This uncommon injury usually results from severe trauma and is associated with a high incidence of other major visceral injuries.     

慢性胰腺炎致梗阻性黄疸的外科治疗方式与合理性分析

目的探讨慢性胰腺炎所致梗阻性黄疸的外科治疗及其合理性.方法回顾性研究我院1985年1月至2004年12月20例慢性胰腺炎伴非结石性梗阻性黄疸的临床特点及诊治措施.结果（1）本组病例主诉黄疸,90.0%无典型慢性胰腺炎临床表现及影像特征,胰内段胆总管狭窄是特征性影像表现;（2）本组病理诊断为弥漫性胰腺慢性炎症,并造成胰内段胆总管狭窄;（3）本组选择Oddi括约肌成形术（2例）或胆肠吻合术（18例）,胆道引流效果稳定;（4）单纯T管引流者无法撤除引流管.结论本研究关注慢性胰腺炎病例中伴胆道梗阻,但缺乏典型临床及影像表现者,占同期住院慢性胰腺炎的15.0%;其伴发梗阻性黄疸与胰腺炎症直接相关;胆道引流术可缓解梗阻,胆囊或胆总管空肠吻合是安全、经济的治疗措施;单纯T管引流不是理想的选择;无胰管病变及慢性胰腺炎其他症状时无须针对胰腺进行手术操作.     

Impact of biliary tract endoscopy on benign and malignant diseases

Summary In the last 15 years, the management of patients affected with obstructive jaundice has been greatly improved by the introduction into clinical practice of diagnostic and therapeutic biliary tract endoscopy. This method has provided better knowledge of the pathophysiology of diseases of the common bile duct (CBD), with enormous benefit for surgical decision making. Moreover, it has reduced morbidity and mortality in emergency patients as well as in high-risk patients with CBD stones. Even the incidence of retained stones has been reduced to almost 1%–2%. The impact of endoscopy on diseases of the biliary tract has been tremendous. Presented at the International Congress on Surgical Endoscopy, Ultrasound, and Interventional Techniques, Berlin 1988