甘肃省15～25岁人群健康素养现况及影响因素分析

目的 了解甘肃省15～25岁人群健康素养得分现状,分析其影响因素,为今后开展青少年健康教育与健康促进工作提供参考依据。 方法 采用多阶段抽样方法共抽取18 955名15～69岁居民进行调查,其中15～25岁青少年2 169人。问卷采用中国健康教育中心编订的《2016年全国居民健康素养监测调查问卷》。 结果 甘肃省15～25岁人群健康素养总得分为(33.92±12.76),3个方面的健康素养得分分别为:基本知识和理念(15.73±5.80)分、健康生活方式与行为(10.34±4.60)分和基本技能(7.84±3.78)分。多重线性回归分析显示,影响甘肃省15～25岁人群健康素养得分的因素为城乡、民族、文化程度、家庭平均月收入及家庭人口数。 结论 甘肃省青少年健康素养整体水平亟待提高,建议加强对青少年人群的健康教育与健康促进工作。同时,建议学校、家庭和社会共同采取措施提高其健康素养水平。     

江苏省居民健康素养状况及影响因素分析

目的了解江苏省居民健康素养状况及影响因素,为制定相关政策和干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,对江苏省11 036名15～69岁居民进行抽样,通过问卷进行健康素养现状调查,利用多元逐步回归分析进行评价并分析影响因素。结果江苏省居民5类健康问题素养得分分别为:科学健康观6.49±1.32、安全与急救素养11.15±2.03、传染病预防素养14.45±3.44、基本医疗素养5.93±1.94、慢性病预防素养10.41±3.05。多因素分析结果显示,健康素养得分的影响因素为年龄、地区、文化程度、职业状态、婚姻状况、家庭常住人口数、家庭平均月收入,其中文化程度、职业状态及经济收入是主要影响因素,职业状态以轻体力劳动者为基准,离退休人员得分最高,偏回归系数β为1.696。结论针对不同特征人群开展针对性健康教育和健康促进策略,提高人群健康素养水平。     

延边贫困地区青少年互动性健康素养现状及社会生态因素分析

了解延边贫困地区青少年互动性健康素养现状及其社会生态学影响因素,为开展该地区青少年的健康教育和决策提供科学依据.方法 采用整群抽样法,于2019年11月对安图县全部4所初中的七、八年级共818名初中生实施问卷调查,调查内容包括社会生态学资料和青少年互动性健康素养量表.结果 延边贫困地区青少年互动性健康素养得分为(101.38±20.12)分,处于中等水平,各维度条目平均得分由高到低依次为精神成长(3.62±0.96)分、压力管理(3.35±1.08)分、人际关系(3.29±0.82)分、营养(3.21±1.02)分、健康意识(2.99±0.82)分、体力活动(2.68±0.85)分.多元线性回归分析结果显示,年级、性别、体质量指数、自评健康关注、自评学习成绩、参加课余活动、监护类型、父母教养方式、自评学校健康课程、日均视屏时间对青少年互动性健康素养水平有影响(P值均<0.05),共同解释总变异的54.5%(F= 35.97,P<0.01).结论 贫困地区青少年健康素养水平受到个人、家庭环境、人际关系、学校、媒介等因素的影响,青少年健康素养干预要综合考虑学生自身及其所处的家庭、学校等可能影响学生健康成长的社会生态学因素.     

江苏省社区成年居民糖尿病新发患者及其前期人群慢性病健康素养调查

目的 了解江苏省成年居民糖尿病新发患者及其前期人群的慢性病健康素养现状及影响因素,分析其与糖尿病防制知识的关系,为提升社区慢性病预防管理效果提供依据。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样,对经糖尿病筛查发现的糖尿病新发患者及其前期人群进行一般资料、糖尿病防制知识、健康素养水平调查。结果 经筛查试验发现糖尿病新发患者及前期人群1 502人,平均年龄为(55.09±7.70)岁,其中男性612(40.7%)人,慢性病健康素养条目平均为(3.95±0.62)分。其中,交流互动能力维度条目均分最低为(3.65±0.90)分。768(51.1%)人慢性病健康素养水平充足。多因素分析结果显示,文化程度、收入水平、离退休情况等社会经济因素是其主要影响因素。调查人群的糖尿病防制知识得分与健康素养水平呈正相关。结论 江苏省成年居民糖尿病新发患者及其前期人群慢性病健康素养水平较高,但通过交流、互动、主动获取健康信息、解决健康问题的能力较差。健康素养水平与糖尿病防制知识得分呈正相关。低文化程度、低收入、离退休人群是促进健康素养工作的重要对象。     

甘肃省女性居民健康素养状况及影响因素研究

目的通过调查了解甘肃省女性居民健康素养水平,为开展有针对性的健康教育和健康促进工作提供科学依据。方法 2014年10—12月,采用分层多阶段PPS抽样方法,随机抽取24个县区3262名15~69岁女性居民进行问卷调查。结果甘肃省女性居民健康素养平均得分为(29.3±12.8)分,健康素养水平为2.9%,处于较低水平。不同特征人群中女性居民健康素养得分城市为(37.4±11.4)分,农村为(27.0±12.2)分;25~34岁最高,为(32.2±12.7)分,55~64岁最低,为(26.5±12.5)分;大专/本科最高,为(43.5±9.9)分,不识字/少识字最低,为(22.1±10.8)分;公务员/事业人员最高,为(41.4±10.8)分,农民最低,为(26.4±11.9)分;家庭月收入5000元的最高,为(38.1±12.3)分,500元最低,为(25.3±12.6)分;家庭人数≤3人的最高,为(31.8±13.1)分,≥7人最低,为(25.5±13.1)分。单因素分析显示不同地域、年龄、文化程度、职业、家庭收入、家庭人口数的女性居民健康素养得分差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示城乡、文化程度、职业以及家庭收入是甘肃女性居民健康素养影响因素。结论甘肃省女性居民健康素养水平低,应进一步加大健康教育和健康促进工作力度,推动女性居民健康素养水平逐步提升,维护和促进女性居民健康水平。     

我国居民健康素养现状及影响因素研究——以日照市为例

[目的]了解我国居民健康素养水平现状,分析其影响因素,为提高健康素养水平提供对策建议。[方法]采用多阶段分层抽样的方法,于2019年3-4月选取日照市岚山区和五莲县居民进行调查,采用t检验和方差分析对不同人口学特征居民的健康素养进行比较,采用多元线性回归对居民健康素养的影响因素进行分析。[结果]日照市居民健康素养得分为(27. 43±12. 55)分(总分74分)。3个方面健康素养标化后得分依次为基本知识和理念素养(16. 97±7. 43)分、健康生活方式与行为(13. 20±6. 42)分、基本技能(12. 64±7. 76)分; 6类健康问题素养标化后得分依次为:安全与急救(8. 36±4. 24)分、科学健康观(8. 09±4. 20)分、基本医疗(7. 87±3. 41)分、传染病防治(7. 96±4. 13)分、慢性病防治(6. 13±3. 46)分、健康信息(4. 93±4. 08)分。在健康素养水平、3个方面健康素养水平以及6类问题素养水平方面,女性低于男性,70岁以上年龄组的居民最低,农村居民低于城市,文化程度越低水平越低,家庭人均年收入越低居民的水平越低。多元线性回归结果显示,年龄组与健康素养得分呈负相关(t=-6. 777,P 0. 01),常住地(t=6. 571,P 0. 01)、文化程度(t=10. 831,P 0. 01)、家庭人均年收入(t=4. 053,P 0. 01)与健康素养得分呈正相关。[结论]我国居民健康素养水平稳步提高,但仍具有提升空间。日照市居民健康素养较低,老年人、常住地在农村、文化程度低且家庭人均年收入低的居民健康素养偏低,建议通过拓宽健康教育渠道,加强健康知识的宣传,培养居民的健康意识,提高居民自我保健、应急技能等方面的能力提高居民的健康素养。     

深圳市2019年中学生健康素养水平及影响因素分析

  目的  了解深圳市中学生的健康素养水平及其影响因素,为进一步制定针对性的干预措施提供科学依据。  方法  于2019年10—12月,采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样法在深圳市10个区抽取7 423名中学生进行问卷调查,采用多因素线性回归分析影响健康素养及各维度得分的因素。  结果  被试学生健康素养总得分为(107.39±22.31)分,其中体力活动(16.81±5.28)分、人际关系(20.69±4.10)分、压力管理(21.64±5.53)分、精神成长(14.93±3.96)分、健康意识(15.61±4.96)分和营养(17.71±4.65)分。多因素线性回归分析显示,女生、普通高中和职业高中、非住校生与中学生健康素养呈负相关(B值分别为-3.04,-7.72,-9.99,-3.85),父、母亲受教育程度高与中学生健康素养得分呈正相关(B值分别为1.56,2.78)(P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  深圳市中学生具有较高的健康素养水平,与学校类型、父母亲受教育程度等因素有关。建议进一步采取措施提高中学生的健康素养水平。     

南阳市高职高专院校学生健康素养水平调查研究

目的健康素养水平与自身的健康水平有一定关系,如何提高健康素养水平,进而提高健康水平,是众多研究学者的共同心愿。本研究初步掌握南阳市高职高专院校学生的健康素养状况,并探讨影响其健康素养水平的因素。方法通过大量调研自制调查问卷,采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法在南阳市高职高专院校学生中抽取调查样本,并于2017-11进行现场问卷调查。结果在716名调查对象中,健康素养的平均知晓率为60.4%;健康素养总分的均值为(27.4±4.21)分,其中,健康基本知识与理念平均得分为(13.1±2.37)分,健康生活方式与行为平均得分为(10.1±2.19)分,健康技能的平均得分为(4.0±1.01)分;不同性别(t=4.101,P0.001)、户籍(t=2.833,P=0.004)、年级(F=7.353,P=0.001)、专业(F=19.436,P0.001)、父亲文化程度(F=2.668,P=0.046)和母亲文化程度(F=5.609,P=0.001)的学生,健康素养平均得分差异有统计学意义;Logistic回归分析显示,影响学生健康素养水平的主要因素为户籍(95%CI为0.814～0.986,P=0.024)、专业(95%CI为2.290～2.956,P0.001)和年级(95%CI为1.982～2.507,P0.001)。结论南阳市高职高专院校学生的健康素养水平较低,依据本研究中影响其健康素养水平的因素,探索提高其健康素养水平的措施并进行实施势在必行。     

7～14岁低龄青少年看护人及初中生青春早期性生殖健康素养现状

【目的】了解7～14岁低龄青少年看护人及初中生本人有关青春早期性生殖健康素养现况水平及潜在影响因素。【方法】采用多阶段抽样的方法,对上海市4个区1 603名中、小学生看护人和964名初中生本人分别进行青春早期性生殖健康素养问卷评价,同时询问家庭社会经济状况和学生成长相关信息。【结果】被调查看护人和初中生的青春早期性生殖健康素养总体得分均在70分左右;初中生本人得分和各维度得分也大多与其看护人得分呈正相关(均P0. 01)。初中生看护人的得分明显高于小学生看护人,分别为72分和70分(P0. 01);影响看护人得分的因素包括子女性别、户籍、文化程度、职业及核心家庭人均月收入。初中女生得分明显高于男生,分别为68分和66分(P=0. 006);影响其健康素养得分的因素还包括父亲的文化程度。【结论】中、小学生看护人和学生本人对于青春早期性生殖健康素养有较大的提升空间,此研究结果可为面向青少年和看护人的青春早期性生殖健康教育提供本底水平数据。     

上海市浦东新区某高校在校学生健康素养调查

目的了解上海市浦东新区某高校在校生健康素养水平及影响因素,为学校制定健康教育干预策略提供参考依据。方法采取整群随机抽样方法抽取共1 405名学生,进行《中国公民健康素养调查问卷》调查,并对健康素养相关影响因素进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。结果学生健康素养平均得分为(58.88±16.47);女生总体健康素养的得分(61.22±13.95)高于男生(55.08±19.29);一年级学生的健康素养得分(56.50±15.77)低于二、三年级的学生的得分[(58.71±17.67)和(60.53±15.51)];自身患慢性疾病的学生健康素养得分(40.89±20.40)低于未患有慢性疾病的学生(59.31±16.13)。结论该校学生的健康素养水平低,性别、年级、是否患有慢性疾病是得分高低的影响因素。应重视学校健康教育健康促进工作,根据不同对象开展针对性的干预措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.