北京市海淀区中小学生尝试吸烟现状及其影响因素分析

了解北京市海淀区中小学生尝试吸烟现状及其影响因素,为进一步开展学校控烟工作提供依据.方法 采用二阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,从北京市海淀区所有中小学中抽取4所小学、3所初中、3所高中和1所职业高中的2 008名学生,利用“北京市学校人群烟草监测调查问卷”进行问卷调查.计算不同学段学生的尝试吸烟率,利用单因素分析和非条件Logistic回归分析探究尝试吸烟的影响因素.结果 海淀区2015年中小学生总尝试吸烟率为9.06%,小学、初中、高中、职业高中学生尝试吸烟率分别为7.86%,4.80%,6.60%,34.81%.男生尝试吸烟率(12.07%)高于女生(5.47%),差异有统计学意义(x2=26.0,P<0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、父母吸烟情况、教师讲过烟草危害、是否职业学校和好友吸烟等与青少年尝试吸烟有关(P值均<0.01).随着学段升高,学生烟草相关知识态度问题的正确率逐渐降低.结论 海淀区中小学生尝试吸烟率较低,但仍需加强对职业高中学生和小学生的重点干预.     

常州市青少年吸烟现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解常州市青少年吸烟状况、对烟草的认知情况及影响吸烟行为的因素,为制定控烟策略提供依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,使用“江苏省青少年与烟草调查问卷”,对常州市小学、中学、中专学生共1 050名进行调查.结果 常州市青少年尝试吸烟率为14.48％,男生为22.94％,女生为8.15％,差异有统计学意义(x2=45.39,P＜0.05);现在吸烟率为3.05％,其中男生为5.12％,女生为1.50％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.43,P＜0.05).半数以上学生对烟草与健康相关知识和态度较好.大部分学生认同被动吸烟有害健康,但是对被动吸烟损害与主动吸烟损害的认知差异有统计学意义(x2=37.10,P＜0.05).学生周围与烟草有关的信息不同,其尝试吸烟率也不同.结论 常州市青少年尝试吸烟年龄较小,中等职业学校是控制吸烟行为的重点.应针对不同年龄青少年开展健康教育活动,教师和家长也应从自身做起,给学生、孩子做好榜样.     

甘肃省初中生吸烟状况及影响因素分析

了解甘肃省初中学生吸烟现状及相关影响因素,为青少年控烟工作提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,从甘肃省8个县区抽取3 500名在校初中学生进行问卷调查,获得完整有效资料3 324份.结果 初中生现在吸烟率为7.7%,尝试吸烟率为22.2%,男生尝试吸烟率(37.2%)高于女生(6.8%),差异有统计学意义(x2=444.673,P<0.01).尝试吸烟的学生报告通常在学校、家庭和朋友家吸烟的比例分别为17.0%,10.7%和6.7%.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,男生、年级较高、朋友吸烟、认为吸烟使人更有吸引力、在室内公共场所暴露二手烟、过去30 d看到过烟草广告的初中学生尝试吸烟的风险较高,差异均有统计学意义(OR值分别为5.595,0.770,5.473,1.761,1.943,1.262,P值均<0.05).结论 甘肃省初中学生吸烟状况较严重,尝试吸烟的影响因素较为广泛.需要社会、学校和家庭共同干预,减少初中学生的吸烟行为.     

河南省初中生烟草流行现状

了解河南省初中生吸烟现状,为相关部门制定青少年控烟措施提供参考.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,在河南省城乡16个监测点抽取共48所初中学校7 789名学生.结果 河南省青少年尝试吸烟率为23.8%,随年龄增长而升高(x2 =69.296,P<0.01),男生(37.8%)高于女生(8.7%) (x2=99.078,P<0.01),农村(24.8%)高于城市(18.6%) (x2 =5.863,P=0.016);现在吸烟率为7.5%,随年龄升高而升高(x2=29.403,P<0.01),男生(13.3%)高于女生(11.2%)(x2 =89.912,P<0.02),农村(8.0%)高于城市(14.7%)(x2=5.137,P=0.023).初中生家中、室内公共场所和室外公共场所二手烟暴露率分别43.0%,56.9%和57.0%,均为男生高于女生(x2值分别为17.296,70.136,47.682,P值均<0.01).88.5%的现在吸烟者未因年龄小买烟被拒绝,男生(90.0%)高于女生(57.5%)(x2=5.980,P=0.015).过去30 d里39.9%的学生在烟草销售点看到过烟草广告,且仅有29.6%的学生认为一旦吸烟就很难戒断.结论 河南省青少年尝试吸烟率和现在吸烟率较高,二手烟暴露严重,烟草获得途经容易,烟草广告暴露率高,应尽早开展积极有效的控烟干预措施.     

厦门市中小学生尝试吸烟现状及影响因素分析

了解厦门市中小学生尝试吸烟现状及相关影响因素,为制定青少年控烟策略提供依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,对厦门市19所中小学校的6 085名学生进行现场问卷调查,对尝试吸烟的影响因素进行分析.结果 厦门市中小学生尝试吸烟率为20.9%,高中男生尝试吸烟率(45.0%)明显高于其他学段男生(x2=12.693,P<0.05).多因素Logistic回归结果显示,男生、父母文化程度低、控烟技巧掌握水平低、家庭被动吸烟、家长未明确禁止孩子吸烟、同伴吸烟的学生尝试吸烟的危险度高(P值均<0.05);而对吸烟行为认同度低、学校禁烟措施严格、获取烟草途径难、接触媒体广告少的学生尝试吸烟的危险度较低(P值均<0.05).结论 学校、家庭、社会联合起来,共同创造一个良好的无烟环境,才能有效预防和控制青少年吸烟.     

2013年广西初中生吸烟现况调查

目的了解广西初中生吸烟行为现况,为今后开展青少年控烟工作提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样方法,使用全球青少年烟草流行调查问卷对广西36所初中学校学生进行匿名问卷调查。结果收回有效问卷5858份,调查对象尝试吸烟率为24.8%,其中男生为39.6%,女生为8.8%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=711.591,P0.01);现在吸烟率11.2%,其中男生18.2%,女生3.4%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=316.203,P0.01)。结论 2013年广西初中生吸烟现况严重,应建立青少年控烟的综合体系。     

开封市某城区学生二手烟暴露及影响因素分析

了解开封市某城区学生烟草流行行为状况和相关影响因素,为制定学生控烟策略提供依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,对开封市某城区9所学校27个班级共计1 546名学生的二手烟暴露情况进行问卷调查.结果 开封市某城区学生尝试吸烟率为11.06%,现吸烟率为8.15%;二手烟暴露率为56.21%,其中男、女生二手烟暴露率分别为63.04%和49.22%,差异有统计学意义(x2=19.995,P<0.05).多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示,父母吸烟(OR=12.425)、教师吸烟(OR=2.429)、朋友吸烟(OR=2.017)、年龄>14岁(OR=1.873)等增加了学生二手烟暴露的危险性;学校开设控烟健康教育课降低了学生二手烟暴露的危险性(P值均<0.01).结论 开封市某城区学生吸烟和二手烟暴露率较高.父母、老师、朋友等吸烟是二手烟暴露的主要因素,学校健康教育可以减少学生二手烟暴露的危险性.     

北京市昌平区2015年中小学生烟草使用现状及影响因素分析

了解北京市昌平区中小学生烟草使用现状及其影响因素,为制定中小学生吸烟干预措施提供依据.方法 2015年10-11月,采用二阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,对昌平区9所中小学校1 364名中小学生进行匿名自填式问卷调查.结果 昌平区小学、初中、高中、职高学生的尝试吸烟率分别为7.53%,4.79%,16.45%和13.76%,现在吸烟率分别为2.51%,2.82%,7.36%和9.17%,7d内中小学生二手烟暴露率为70.16%.男生尝试吸烟率、现在吸烟率和二手烟暴露率均高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为45.98,33.55,4.39,P值均<0.05).父母有人吸烟、每日零花钱>5元、校园内见过有人吸烟、好友和任课老师中有人吸烟及电视、录像或电影中有吸烟镜头均为中小学生吸烟的危险因素(OR值分别为1.70,0.42,2.88,2.75,14.49,2.53,3.07,P值均<0.01).结论 昌平区中小学生烟草使用情况较为严峻,二手烟暴露较为突出.应加大控烟力度,加强烟草知识宣教,开启家庭、学校、社区的综合控烟模式.     

信息动态

目的 比较北京市延庆区2011年、2013年青少年的尝试吸烟水平,分析两年间青少年尝试吸烟状况的变化趋势及目前尝试吸烟影响因素,为学校控烟工作提供理论和实践支持.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,分别抽取辖区内1 566名、543名学生进行匿名自填式问卷调查,将两年调查数据进行比较,分析2年间辖区青少年尝试吸烟的变化情况.结果 两年青少年的尝试吸烟率分别为33.14％、36.09％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),男生(45.24％、50.26％)高于女生(22.87％、19.45％);职高生尝试吸烟率最高,且2013年职高生的尝试吸烟率比2011年增高了8.42个百分点(x2=3.24,P=0.07);首次吸烟年龄为14 ～ 15岁的所占比例最高(25.31％、21.45％);对于烟草相关知识及态度的正确持有率中,与2011年相比,2013年青少年对烟草危害的认识整体虽无统计学差异,但对烟草危害的正确认识水平有所上升,总体女生高于男生(P＜0.05);影响青少年尝试吸烟的因素很多,其中,男生、父亲及父母双方均吸烟、模仿明星吸烟、同伴中2名及以上吸烟的青少年尝试吸烟的风险较高.结论 全区内青少年的尝试吸烟行为、烟草相关认知状况不容乐观,且影响因素广泛,全社会应共同参与,引导他们拒绝烟草.     

四川省某医学院校学生吸烟行为及相关因素分析

目的了解医学院学生吸烟现状及影响因素。方法采用由中国控烟中心统一制作的问卷对四川某医学院校学生进行抽样调查。在描述性分析的基础上,采用χ2检验和Logistic回归探讨医学院校学生吸烟的影响因素。结果共调查176名大学生,其尝试吸烟率为32.39%,吸烟率为13.64%;男生吸烟率为30.56%,女生吸烟率为1.92%;吸烟者平均吸烟量为3.4支/天。单因素分析表明性别、学习成绩、饮酒对大学生尝试吸烟行为的影响具有统计学意义,性别、饮酒对大学生吸烟行为的影响具有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析表明性别、饮酒对大学生尝试吸烟行为的影响具有统计学意义,性别对大学生吸烟行为具有统计学意义。在烟草认知上有20%学生不知道吸烟对健康的危害。结论该校学生对烟草危害知识缺乏,控烟能力薄弱,开展控烟健康教育以提高控烟能力迫在眉睫。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.