东莞市农村小学生早餐饮食行为与质量

了解东莞市农村小学生早餐饮食行为、早餐质量及影响因素,为指导发达地区农村小学生营养教育提供依据.方法 用随机整群抽样法,抽取东莞市某镇四~六年级小学生452名进行早餐饮食行为问卷调查.结果 81.42%的小学生每天吃早餐;选择早餐食物品种主要依据包括营养又健康(44.47%),父母安排(21.90%),口味(21.24%);多数人早餐结构不合理,优、良者仅占12.17%,只有2.21%符合营养早餐4类食物要求;对营养早餐认知正确率仅7.96%;96.24%认为有必要每天吃早餐;88.50%家长要求子女每天都吃早餐,其子女每天吃早餐率高于没要求者(x2=29.519,P<0.01);营养知识得分多者早餐质量较高(x2 =9.977,P=0.041);对营养早餐认知水平较高者早餐质量也较高(x2=70.091,P<0.01).结论 东莞市农村小学生早餐质量不高,与学生对营养早餐认知度低有关;多数学生能每天吃早餐,建议对小学生及家庭开展针对性的营养教育.     

广州城区中小学生早餐与睡前加餐影响因素分析

了解广州市城区中小学生早餐及睡前加餐现状及其影响因素,为制定学校儿童青少年健康促进政策提供依据.方法 依托广州市中小学生常规体检工作平台,对广州市城区小学二年级、初一和高一年级的11 464名学生及其家长进行调查,收集学生吃早餐、睡前加餐、父母营养健康知识知晓情况等资料.结果 广州市中小学生经常不吃、不规律吃和经常吃早餐的构成比分别为4.90%,15.83%,79.27%.女生经常不吃/不规律吃早餐的报告率高于男生(X2=31.44,P<0.01),初一学生常不吃/不规律吃早餐的报告率高于其他年级学生(X2=257.16,P<0.01).60.80%的学生睡前加餐,女生睡前加餐的报告率高于男生(X2=15.95,P<0.01),学生睡前加餐报告率随年级升高而增加(X2=8.19,P<0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,父母学历越低(OR=1.68,95%CI=1.51 ~ 1.86)、父母营养健康知识得分越低(一般:OR=1.17,95%CI=1.04~ 1.32;不及格:OR=1.42,95%CI=1.26~ 1.60),学生吃早餐频次越少.结论 广州市仍有部分中小学生经常不吃或不规律吃早餐,而相当高比例的学生睡前有加餐.父母学历和营养健康知识知晓水平对学生早餐行为有重要影响.     

新疆牧区寄宿制学校哈萨克族中小学生营养状况

了解新疆牧区寄宿制哈萨克族中小学生营养状况,为制定有效的牧区学生营养干预计划提供理论支持.方法 采用整群抽样的方法,对新疆伊犁州新源县、特克斯县的2 686名哈萨克族寄宿制中小学生进行营养状况调查.结果 新疆牧区寄宿制学校哈萨克族中小学生营养不良检出率为37.45%,超重肥胖检出率为4.80%.牧区寄宿制哈萨克族中小学男生的营养不良检出率(42.38%)高于女生(31.38%),差异有统计学意义(x2=28.66,P<0.01);小学生营养不良率(22.51%)低于初中生(51.14%)(x2=234.52,P<0.01).哈萨克族男生超重率(3.67%)高于女生(2.04%)(x2=6.35,P<0.05);小学生超重率(0.86%)低于初中生(4.71%),差异有统计学意义(x2=35.69,P<0.01).结论 新疆牧区寄宿制学校哈萨克族中小学生的营养不良问题较为突出,应进一步采取干预措施改善该地区哈萨克族中小学生的健康状况.     

新疆哈萨克族小学生超重肥胖状况及营养知识态度行为

了解新疆哈萨克族城乡小学生超重肥胖现状及营养知识态度行为,为制定儿童肥胖防治的相关干预措施提供理论支持.方法 随机分层整群抽取阿勒泰地区6所小学二至五年级3 112名哈萨克族小学生,对其进行体质测试及有关营养知识、行为及态度方面的问卷调查.结果 哈萨克族城市小学生肥胖率为17.45%,乡村小学生为17.06%,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.08,P>0.05);城市小学生超重率为20.51%,乡村为18.42%,差异无统计学意义(x2=2.16,P>0.05).城市和乡村小学生对膳食宝塔知识知晓率分别为78.15%,71.34%,差异有统计学意义(x2=19.17,P<0.01).每天坚持吃早餐的乡村学生比例为84.4%,城市学生为92.4%,差异有统计学意义(x2=51.347,P<0.01).愿意不吃不健康食品的乡村学生占64.92%,城市占69.11%,差异有统计学意义(x2=7.464,P<0.01).结论 哈萨克族小学生超重率与全国具有相似的趋势,学生的营养知识较为缺乏.应对小学生加强引导教育,培养其良好的生活方式.     

绍兴市中小学生近视状况分析

了解绍兴市7~ 15岁中小学生近视状况,为制定干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,选取绍兴市4所小学和4所中学共2 911名学生采用室内灯箱式标准对数视力表测量双眼视力,裸眼视力≤4.9为视力不良;然后用1%阿托品进行散瞳检影验光,屈光范围<0.5 D为近视进行视力检测.使用统计方法主要有x2检验、t检验、方差分析等.结果 小学生近视检出率(25.1%)低于初中生(72.8%)(x2=592.626,P<0.01);小学生近视平均度数为(213.88±105.98),中学生近视平均度数为(305.44± 165.23),差异有统计学意义(t=-8.057,P<0.01).近视检出率和近视度数随着年级递增而升高(x2/F值分别为667.195,10.753,P值均<0.01),城市学生近视率高于农村学生(x2=42.224,P<0.01),重点学校学生近视率高于一般学校(x2=6.224,P<0.05).结论 绍兴市中小学生近视状况不容乐观.应加大近视高发态势的干预力度,培养健康和科学的用眼习惯.     

宁夏农村营养改善计划实施地区中小学生营养KAP现状

评价宁夏农村学生营养改善计划实施地区四~九年级学生营养KAP水平,为更有效实施计划提供依据.方法 选取2012-2014年宁夏中南部地区农村义务教育阶段实施营养改善计划后的中小学生6 318名作为调查对象,采用学生营养知识态度行为调查表进行调查.结果 营养改善计划实施后,2013年四至九年级学生的营养知识平均得分(12.28±2.44)高于2012年的(10.47±3.26)和2014年的(10.46±2.25)(F=26.511,P<0.05);2013年调查营养知识平均得分初中生高于小学生,女生高于男生(t值分别为10.531,1.548,P值均<0.05).营养态度得分方面部分问题的回答不足10%.3a中针对中小学生对于早餐重要性的了解程度均不足5%.营养行为方面在就餐地点、就餐频率等方面有较大改善.结论 营养改善计划的实施在一定程度上对中小学生产生了积极影响.但营养态度方面整体水平不高,需加强营养宣教.     

山东省城市中小学生运动与膳食现状及影响因素分析

了解山东省中小学生膳食与运动相关的知识、态度及行为现状,为有针对性地对中小学生进行膳食与运动健康教育提供理论依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对山东省3所城市部分中小学生6 161名进行饮食和运动情况问卷调查.结果 小学生每天吃早餐的报告率为85.0%,高于中学生的75.3% (x2=84.0,P<0.01),性别比较差异无统计学意义;小学生平均每天运动60 min及以上的报告率为41.2%,高于中学生的29.6% (x2=270.0,P<0.01),性别比较男生(39.2%)高于女生(28.7%)(x2=90.4,P<0.01).小学生运动与膳食知识的知晓率为44.4%,低于中学生的55.8%(x2=702.0,P<0.01),性别比较男生(50.4%)略低于女生(51.9%)(x22=12.4,P<0.01);每天早餐行为的影响因素分别为父母职业、母亲文化程度和知识总分;每天运动60 min及以上的影响因素分别为学生性别、父亲职业、母亲文化程度和知识总分(P值均<0.05).结论 对青少年加强合理饮食教育的同时,也应加强对其膳食行为的干预,家庭、学校及有关部门应通过多种形式采取切实可行措施确保体育锻炼的时间和强度.     

北京地区中小学生血压与油盐摄入量的关系

探讨中小学生血压与油盐摄入量的关系,为改善儿童青少年健康水平提供依据.方法 方便选取北京市城区、郊区各4所学校愿意配合的三~五年级小学生、七~八年级初中生共890名,应用“家庭1周油盐摄入估算法”调查中小学生油盐摄入量,并测量身高、体重、血压等体格指标.结果 筛查性高血压检出率为19.0%,其中中学生高于小学生(x2=42.656,P<0.01),郊区学生高于城区学生(x2 =0.185,P<0.01).随着食用油摄入水平的递增,学生高血压的检出率上升(x2=31.853,P<0.01);不同钠盐摄入水平学生高血压检出率不同,差异有统计学意义(x2 =42.965,P<0.01).控制性别、年龄和体质量指数的影响后,学生钠盐摄入量与筛查性高血压相关,回归系数=0.030(x2 =4.179,P<0.05),食用油摄入量与血压的相关无统计学意义.结论 中小学生血压水平与钠盐摄入量有关.应降低钠盐摄入水平,预防高血压等心脑血管疾病的发生.     

广州市小学生合理营养健康教育效果评价

了解广州市小学生合理营养知识现状及营养健康教育的效果,为促进小学生身心健康和完善营养健康教育策略提供依据.方法 选取广州市15所小学1 608名高年级小学生为研究对象,实施为期8周的营养健康教育,并于干预前、后进行合理营养知识调查.结果 干预前广州市小学生对合理营养知识的整体知晓率为62.74%;女生高于男生,六年级高于五年级和四年级,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为4.803,6.956,P值均<0.05).营养健康教育干预后小学生对合理营养知识的整体知晓率上升到75.81%,与干预前比较差异有统计学意义(x2=64.429,P<0.05).小学生对本次营养健康教育综合满意度满意情况为满意及以上的占85.64%.结论 广州市小学生对合理营养的认知和态度现状较差,营养健康教育能明显提高小学生的合理营养知识水平.     

北京市4区县中小学生营养与饮食行为状况

了解北京城乡中小学生营养和饮食行为状况,为制定干预策略提供依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,从北京市城区和农村各抽取2个区县,每个区县抽取若干小学、初中和高中,以班级为抽样单位,共抽取4 640名中小学生进行基本信息、营养及饮食行为、饮水状况、营养知识等内容的问卷调查.结果 中小学生肥胖检出率为10.0%,其中男生为12.8%,女生为6.8%,男生高于女生(x2=52.94.P<0.01);消瘦检出率为10.2%,其中男生为9.8%,女生为10.7%,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.96,P=0.33).小学生、初中生、高中生的肥胖检出率分别为10.9%,6.8%,8.2%;消瘦检出率分别为11.7%,8.2%,6.4%,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为14.74,22.94,P值均<0.01).城区学生肥胖率为8.5%,农村为11.0%,差异有统计学意义(x2=8.24,P<0.01).仅有57.2%的中小学生能够正确评价自身营养状况,仅1.5%的调查对象能全部回答正确9道营养知识题目.农村学生的早餐来自路边摊的比例为13.7%,城区学生为5.9%,差异有统计学意义(x2=79.56,P<0.01).农村学生深色蔬菜、粗杂粮、肉类、蛋类和奶类每天都摄入的比例均低于城区学生,且差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为9.50,24.71,28.42,38.04,30.84,P值均<0.01).结论 北京市中小学生在营养状况与饮食行为方面存在明显的城乡差距,农村中小学生的营养状况、早餐行为习惯和膳食结构有待改善,中小学生整体的营养知识水平有待提高.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries