肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素6基因启动子区多态性与精神分裂症的相关性研究

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)基因启动子区-308G/A、-857C/T和-1031T/C位点,白细胞介素6(interleukin-6)基因启动子-174G/C和-572C/G多态性与精神分裂症发生的相关性.方法 采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析方法检测346例精神分裂症患者、323名健康对照各个多态性位点的基因型,采用SPSS 13.0进行统计学分析.结果 TNF-α基因-857C/T位点的基因型及等位基因频率分布在精神分裂症组与正常对照组均存在统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中,-857T的等位基因的频率在精神分裂症组均显著高于对照组(x2=9.414,P=0.002,OR=1.511,95%CI:1.160～1.969).-857C/T位点不同基因型患者之间的阳性和阴性症状量表总分及阴性症状差异存在显著性,且TT基因型的分值显著高于CC基因型(P＜0.05).结论 TNF-α基因-857C/T位点可能与精神分裂症的发病存在关联,其中,-857T等位基因可能是易感基因,并且-857C/T位点与阳性和阴性症状量表评分中阴性症状存在关联.     

肿瘤坏死因子-α基因启动子多态性与慢性乙型肝炎易感性的关系

目的探讨湖北汉族人肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)基因启动子多态性及其与慢性乙型肝炎易感性之间的关系。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析方法(RFLP),检测126名正常对照者和131例慢性乙型肝炎患者TNF-α基因启动子多态性。结果共发现12种启动子基因型,以GG.GG.CC.CC、GG.GG.CC.CA、GG.GG.CT.CC和GG.GA.CC.CC基因型多见,约占85%;通过对TNF-α基因启动子4个位点基因型分析发现,慢性乙型肝炎患者和正常对照者TNF-α基因启动子-238G/A、-857C/T位点基因型分布频率差异无显著性,而-308G/A、-863C/A位点基因型分布频率差异有显著性。结论湖北汉族人慢性乙型肝炎易感性与TNF-α基因启动子-308G/A、-863C/A位点多态性有关,其中TNF-α-308GA、-863CA基因型携带者患慢性乙型肝炎风险相对较小。     

中国汉族人群TNF-α基因启动子区的多态性研究

目的：研究中国汉族人群TNF-α基因启动子区的基因多态性。方法：采用PCR-SBT（PCR Sequencing Based Typing）方法进行TNF-α基因启动子区的多态检测。结果：采用PCR-SBT方法可以成功获得TNF-α基因启动子区的多态性结果并能够发现新的多态性位点；本次研究发现中国汉族人群TNF-α基因启动子区的多态性位点有：-1031、-863、-857、-572、-308、-238、-204和-163，其中-572和-204的多态性位点为首次报道；我国汉族人群该区域的核酸差异性为（11.00±0.46）×10-4，低于非洲人群；与Malawi人群相比，我国汉族人群-1031C、-308A、-238A出现频率较低，而-857T的频率却较高；与Gambian人群相比，-863A和-857T出现频率较高，-308A出现频率较低；我国汉族人群TNF-α基因启动子区的-1031C、-863A、-857T与-572C、-308A、-238、-204C、-163C有相关性。结论：采用PCR-SBT方法可以成功对TNF-α基因启动子区的基因多态性进行研究，我国汉族人群TNF-α基因启动子区的基因多态性可能存在独特的特点。     

贵州三个主要民族人群TNF-α基因启动子区单核苷酸多态性分析

目的：了解贵州汉族、苗族、布依族人群肿瘤坏死因子α（Tumour necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α）基因启动子区的基因多态性。方法：采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）和序列特异性引物-聚合酶链反应（SSP-PCR）方法,对贵州汉族、苗族、布依族人群中TNF-α基因启动子区已知的5个多态性位点进行基因分型检测,并用统计学方法分析各位点基因型、等位基因频率和单倍型及其组间差异。结果：贵州汉族人群中TNF-α基因启动子区5个位点的等位基因频率分别为-238（G,96%;A,4.0%）、-308（G,92%;A,8%）、-857（C,65.0%;T,35.0%）、-863（C,80.0%;A,20.0%）、-1031（T,48.0%;C,52.0%）,其单倍型以GG-GG-CC-CC-TC和GG-GG-TT-CC-TC为主,分别占32.0%和28.0%;苗族人群中TNF-α基因启动子区5个位点的等位基因频率分别为-238（G,85.0%;A,15.0%）、-308（G,94.0%;A,6.0%）、-857（C,74.0%;T,26.0%）、-863（C,96.0%;A,4.0%）、-1031（T,50.0%;C,50.0%）,其单倍型以GG-GG-CC-CC-TC和GG-GG-TT-CC-TC为主,分别占50.0%和24.0%;布依族人群中TNF-α基因启动子区5个位点的等位基因频率分别为-238（G,86.0%;A,14.0%）、-308（G,92.0%;A,8.0%）、-857（C,89.0%;T,11.0%）、-863（C,84.0%;A,16.0%）、-1031（T,50.0%;C,50.0%）,其单倍型以GG-GG-CC-CC-TC占54.0%,AA-GG-CC-CC-TC和GG-GG-CC-AA-TC各占12%。结论：贵州汉族、苗族、布依族人群中TNF-α基因启动子区单核苷酸多态性具有独特的特征,这为TNF-α基因多态性与疾病的相关性研究提供了基础资料。     

广西壮族与汉族人群的转化生长因子-β1基因多态性

目的研究转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)基因-509C/T位点多态性在广西壮族与汉族人群中的分布.方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术(PCR-RFLP)检测180名壮族人和170名汉族人的TGF-β1基因-509C/T位点多态性,比较两组人群TGF-β1基因型和等位基因的分布频率.结果在壮族人中CC基因型占41.1%、CT基因型占46.1%、TT基因型占12.8%;在汉族人中CC基因型占28.9%、CT基因型占52.9%、TT基因型占18.2%.两组人群TGF-β1基因型的分布频率差异有显著性.结论壮族与汉族人群TGF-β1基因多态性分布频率差异有显著性.     

肿瘤坏死因子-α基因多态性与安徽地区汉族人群Graves病易感性及患病早期TRAb水平的关联

目的 检测肿瘤坏死因子-a(tumour necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)基因启动子区的—863C/A、—857C/T、—238G/A等3个位点的单核苷酸多态性与格雷夫斯氏病(Graves disease,GD)与安徽地区汉族人群中发病的相关性,以探讨与GD有关的遗传背景.方法 应用聚合酶链式反应-序列特异性引物法(polymerase chain reaction and sequence specific primers,PCR-SSP)检测254例Graves病患者和212名正常对照TNF-α基因启动子区—863C/A、—857C/T、—238G/A三个位点的单核苷酸多态性,比较GD患者组与正常对照组、不同性别的GD患者之间的等位基因和基因型频率的分布情况.同时采用放射性免疫法测定早期GD患者的促甲状腺激素受体抗体(thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody,TRAb)水平,比较不同TRAb水平患者TNF-α基因这3个多态位点等位基因及基因型的频率分布情况.结果 (1)GD组—863 C/A位点A等位基因频率(16.73％)高于正常对照组(11.79％)(P＜0.05,OR=1.503);GD组AA+CA基因型频率(32.68％)明显高于正常对照组(23.58％) (P＜0.05,OR=1.573).—857 C/T、—238G/A位点等位基因及基因型频率在GD组与正常对照组间的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)将GD组按性别分组比较,结果显示3个位点的基因型及等位基因频率在男、女性间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)将早期GD患者按TRAb水平分组比较,结果显示3个位点的等位基因和基因型频率差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 TNF-α基因—863C/A单核苷酸多态性可能与安徽地区汉族人群GD的发病具有相关性,而—857C/T、—238G/A位点的单核苷酸多态性与之无相关性;患者早期TRAb水平和GD患者的性别与TNF-α基因—863C/A、—857C/T、—238G/A三个位点的单核苷酸多态性无关联.     

IL-18受体α链基因多态性与重庆汉族人结核病易感性的关系

目的:探讨重庆地区汉族人群白细胞介素18受体α链(IL-18Rα)基因多态性与结核病易感性的关系.方法:采用序列特异性引物多聚酶链反应(PCR-SSP)分析重庆汉族人群中427例结核病患者和469名健康对照的IL-18Rα基因的-69C/T,-638C/T位点多态性,统计分析基因多态性与结核病易感性的关系.结果:IL-18Rα基因启动子-69和-638位点核苷酸均存在C、T二态性,都表现为CC纯合、TT纯合、CT杂合三种基因型;-69C/T位基因型分布频率在结核组与对照组间差异有统计学意义,对照组CC基因型频率(41.6%)明显高于结核组(30.4%)(χ2=13.011,P=0.001),结核组的等位基因T频率(44.8%)明显高于对照组(36.6%)(χ2=11.2,P=0.001);T等位基因在结核组与对照组比较,优势比OR=1.41.-638C/T位基因型和等位基因分布频率分别在结核组与健康对照组间的分布差异均没有统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:重庆汉族人IL-18Rα基因的-69C/T多态性与结核易感性相关,携带-69T等位基因的人群更易患结核病,而-638位C/T多态性与结核病易感性无明显相关性.     

中国北方汉族人群TNF-α、VDR基因间交互作用与HBV感染结局相关

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和维生紊D受体(VDR)基因多态位点交互作用与2型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染慢性化的关系.方法 391例慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者为病例组和212例乙型肝炎病毒自限性感染者为对照组,应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测TNF-α基因启动子区-238G/A、-857C/T、-863C/A、VDR-TaqⅠT/C和FokⅠC/T位点的基因型,采用相乘模型分析基因-基因问的交互作用.结果 TNF-α-238 GA与VDR-FokⅠCT/CC(ORint=4.04)、TNF-α-863 CC与-857CC(ORint=1.26)、VDR-FokⅠCT/CC与TNF-α-857CC的基因间(ORint=1.37)均为正交互作用,增加HBV感染发展为慢性乙型肝炎的风险;TNF-α-238 GA与-857 CC(ORint=0.92)、VDR-FokⅠCT/CC与TNF-α-863 CC基因间(ORint=0.95)为负交互作用,降低HBV感染发展为慢性乙型肝炎的风险.结论 TNF-α和VDR基因间交互作用可能影响HBV感染结局.     

贵州三个主要民族人群TNF-a基因启动子区单核苷酸多态性分析

目的了解贵州汉族、苗族、布依族人群肿瘤坏死因子a(Tumour necrosis factor alpha,TNF-a)基因启动子区的基因多态性.方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)和序列特异性引物-聚合酶链反应(SSP-PCR)方法,对贵州汉族、苗族、布依族人群中,INF-a基因启动子区已知的5个多态性位点进行基因分型检测,并用统计学方法分析各位点基因型、等位基因频率和单倍型及其组间差异.结果贵州汉族人群中TNF-a基因启动子区5个位点的等位基因频率分别为-238(G,96%;A,4.0%)、-308(G,92%;A,8%)、-857(C,65.0%;T,35.0%)、-863(C,80.0%;A,20.0%)、-1031(T,48.0%;C,52.0%),其单倍型以GG-GG-CGCC.TC和GG-GG-TT?-CC-TC为主,分别占32.0%和28.0%;苗族人群中TNF-a基因启动子区5个位点的等位基因频率分别为-238(G,85.0%;A,15.0%)、-308(G,94.0%;A,6.0%)、-857(C,74.0%;T,26.0%)、-863(C,96.0%;A,4.0%)、-1031(T,50.0%;C,50.0%),其单倍型以GG-GG-CC-CC-TC和GG-GG-TT-CC-TC为主,分别占50.0%和24.0%;布依族人群中TNF-a基因启动子区5个位点的等位基因频率分别为-238(G,86.0%;A,14.0%)、-308(G,92.0%;A,8.0%)、-857(C,89.0%;T,11.0%)、-863(C,84.0%;A,16.0%)、-1031(T,50.0%;C,50.0%),其单倍型以GG-GG-CC-CG-TC占54.0%,AA-GG-CC-CC-TC和GG-GG-CC-AA-TC各占12%.结论贵州汉族、苗族、布依族人群中TNF-a基因启动子区单核苷酸多态性具有独特的特征,这为TNF-a基因多态性与疾病的相关性研究提供了基础资料.     

肿瘤坏死因子α基因启动子区域-1031T/C多态与不稳定性心绞痛的相关性

目的 研究肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)基因启动子区域-1031T/C多态与汉族不稳定性心绞痛的相关性.方法 采用MALDI-TOF质谱检测方法,在299例不稳定性心绞痛患者和202名健康对照者中,对TNF-α基因启动子区域的T-1031C多态进行基因分型,并采用酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法测定其血清浓度.结果 -1031T/C多态的基因型分布及其等位基因频率在两组间相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).但在男性不稳定性心绞痛患者中,其CC、TC和TT基因型分布与对照组相比有统计学意义(P=0.032),男性CC+TC携带者,不稳定性心绞痛的发病危险是TT携带者的1.66倍(95%CI:1.040～2.659).其等位基因频率在两亚组间相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).不稳定性心绞痛组的血清TNF-α浓度明显高于对照组(P=0.028,尤其男性亚组P=0.013),TC基因型的血清TNF-α浓度高于其他基因型,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 TNF-α基因启动子区域的-1031T/C多态可能与男性不稳定性心绞痛的发生相关,尤其是男性C等位基因携带者.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.