新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间居民人际信任对心理健康的影响

目的:考察新冠疫情期间,人际信任对心理健康的影响和作用机制,以期为新冠疫情期间民众的心理建设提供一定参考.方法:采用人际信任量表、社会支持量表、简易应对方式问卷及SCL-90量表对710名民众进行调查.结果:控制无关变量后,中介效应检验表明,人际信任显著负向预测心理健康(β=0.18,P＜0.001);社会支持和积极应对方式在人际信任与心理健康之间起链式中介作用(BootSE=-0.01,BootCI=-0.02,-0.01).结论:人际信任不仅直接影响个体的心理健康,还通过社会支持,影响个体对积极应对方式的采用,进而影响个体的心理健康.     

大学生积极情绪与心理健康的关系:个人资源的中介效应

目的:探讨大学生积极情绪、个人资源与心理健康水平之间的关系,使用结构方程模型进行验证。方法:采用方便取样,选取陕西师范大学877名大学生,运用正性情感和负性情感检核表(PA-NAS)、自编积极体验问卷,及个人资源问卷,如自编心理弹性问卷、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)、人际信任问卷(ITS)、社会支持知觉量表(PSSS)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行调查。结果:积极心境、积极体验、心理弹性、积极应对方式、人际信任、社会支持知觉得分与SCL-90总分及各因子分均呈负相关(r=-0.52~-0.11,P<0.05或0.01)。回归分析表明,积极体验、心理弹性、人际信任、社会支持知觉得分与SCL-90总分相关(β=-0.32、-0.38、-0.19、-0.21;均P<0.01)。路径分析表明,积极情绪对心理健康总症状的直接效应不显著(路径系数为-0.01),而对个人资源的直接效应显著(路径系数为0.79,P<0.01);个人资源对心理健康总症状的直接效应显著(路径系数为-0.44,P<0.01)。结论:个人资源在积极情绪与心理健康之间起完全中介作用,积极情绪能够通过建设个人资源而促进个体心理健康水平。     

大学生网络受欺负、领悟社会支持与孤独感的关系

目的:探讨大学生网络受欺负、领悟社会支持与孤独感的关系。方法:采用UCLA孤独感量表、领悟社会支持量表和网络受欺负量表对815名大学生进行调查。结果:1在网络受欺负的经历上,男生显著多于女生(t=6.82,P<0.01),低年级生显著多于高年级生(t=3.82,P<0.01),理工类学生显著多于文史类学生(t=3.84,P<0.01);2女生的领悟社会支持要显著高于男生(t=2.99,P<0.01);3上网时间较少的学生的孤独感显著低于上网时间较长的学生(F=3.13,P<0.05);4网络受欺负与领悟社会支持呈显著负相关(r=-0.17,P<0.01),和孤独感呈显著正相关(r=0.20,P<0.01)。孤独感和领悟社会支持呈显著负相关(r=-0.45,P<0.01);5领悟社会支持在大学生网络受欺负和孤独感之间具有部分中介效应,中介效应量为0.07。结论:网络受欺负既能直接影响大学生的孤独感,又能通过领悟社会支持间接影响孤独感。     

大学生应对方式对羞耻感与抑郁的中介作用研究

目的探讨应对方式对羞耻感和抑郁的中介作用,为高校心理健康教育提供科学依据。方法采用应对方式问卷(CSS)、羞耻感量表(ESS)和Beck抑郁自评量表(BDI)对457名大学生进行调查。结果①羞耻感与抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.372,P<0.01);应对方式与羞耻感、抑郁呈显著相关,其中不成熟应对和混合型应对因子与羞耻感和抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.313,0.135,0.256,0.163;P<0.01);成熟应对因子与羞耻感和抑郁呈显著负相关(r=-0.191,-0.272;P<0.01);②回归分析表明羞耻感(β=0.372,P<0.001)、应对方式(β=0.209,P<0.001)对抑郁有显著的预测作用,不成熟应对方式在羞耻感与抑郁间的作用为部分中介作用(P<0.001)。结论羞耻感、应对方式对抑郁有显著预测作用,高羞耻易感性可能导致不成熟应对方式的运用,使个体更易陷入抑郁。     

高校大学生社会支持和人际信任的研究

目的探讨大学生人际信任与社会支持的特点及关系,为高校心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用人际信任量表、社会支持量表对广州某高校402名大学生进行问卷调查。结果①不同性别大学生在对父母信任(t=-2.138,P<0.05)和对支持利用度(t=-3.22,P<0.01)上差异显著;②不同专业大学生在社会支持总分(t=-2.243,P<0.05)和主观支持(t=-3.235,P<0.01)上差异显著;③不同生源地大学生在社会支持总分(t=-2.80,P<0.01)、主观支持(t=-2.22,P<0.01)和对支持利用度(t=-2.75,P<0.01)上差异显著;④不同年级大学生在客观支持上差异显著(t=3.30,P<0.01);⑤不同社会支持水平在对父母信任(F=11.893,P<0.01)、对无关者信任(F=3.321,P<0.05)和人际信任总分(F=9.964,P<0.01)上差异显著;⑥人际信任与社会支持成显著负相关(t=-0.229,P<0.01)。结论大学是个体人际信任形成的重要阶段,相关部门应该把握这一时机,对大学生的人际交往进行社会干预,提高人际信任。     

中学生人际关系及其与自尊、人际信任的关系

目的:探讨中学生人际关系的特点及其与自尊、人际信任的关系。方法:采用自尊量表、人际信任量表和人际关系综合诊断量表对951名中学生进行测查。结果:1女生的人际关系显著好于男生(F=8.71,P0.01),高中的人际关系显著好于初中(F=5.53,P0.05);2自尊和人际信任均与人际关系呈显著正相关(r=0.30~0.45,P0.001);3人际信任在自尊与人际关系之间起显著中介作用,中介效应值为0.051。结论:中学生自尊、人际信任和人际关系三者之间密切相关,人际信任在自尊和人际关系之间起显著中介作用。     

大学生自尊、拒绝敏感性、人际信任与社会焦虑的关系

目的:了解自尊、拒绝敏感性、人际信任和社会焦虑的关系。方法:采用Rosenberg自尊问卷、拒绝敏感性问卷、信任问卷和交往焦虑问卷测量了411名大学生。结果:自尊与人际信任呈正相关(r=0.147,P=0.003),与拒绝敏感性(r=-0.238,P<0.001)和社会焦虑(r=-0.170,P<0.001)呈负相关;人际信任与拒绝敏感性(r=-0.206,P<0.001)和社会焦虑呈负相关(r=-0.224,P<0.001);拒绝敏感性与社会焦虑呈正相关(r=0.223,P<0.001)。分层回归分析表明,当拒绝敏感性进入回归方程时,自尊对人际信任的预测效应从0.147降为0.104,自尊对社会焦虑的预测效应从-0.170降为-0.124。结论:自尊以拒绝敏感性为部分中介影响着人际信任和社会焦虑。     

青少年智能手机成瘾和人际适应的关系:情绪调节效能感和认知失败的中介作用

目的:考察智能手机成瘾和人际适应之间的中介作用。方法:采用智能手机成瘾量表简版、情绪调节自我效能量表、认知失败问卷和人际关系适应量表对湖南省4所中学1350名初、高中学生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)手机成瘾与认知失败呈显著正相关(r=0.41,P0.01),与情绪效能感、人际适应(r=-0.24,-0.14;P0.01)呈显著负相关;情绪自我效能感与人际适应呈显著正相关(r=0.41,P0.01),与认知失败呈显著负相关(r=-0.30,P0.01);认知失败与人际适应呈显著负相关(r=-0.31,P0.01);(2)在手机成瘾对人际适应预测中,情绪调节效能感发挥了中介作用,占总效应的39.69%,认知失败也发挥了中介作用,占总效应的36.64%。结论:智能手机成瘾不仅能够直接影响人际适应,还通过情绪调节效能感和认知失败的中介作用对人际适应产生间接影响。     

安全感与幸福感:爱与归属感的中介作用和恋爱的调节作用

目的探讨爱与归属感在大学生安全感与幸福感之间的中介作用,以及恋爱状态在这三者关系模型中的调节作用。方法采用安全感量表、情感和社交孤寂量表以及幸福感指数量表调查1177名大一学生。结果恋爱组的人际安全因子得分高于非恋爱组,而非恋爱组情感孤寂与社交孤寂上的得分均高于恋爱组(均P0.05);安全感的两个因子(即人际安全和控制感)和幸福感呈正相关(r=0.50,0.49;P0.01);爱与归属感的两个因子(即情感孤寂和社交孤寂)与安全感的两个因子呈负相关(-0.55≤r≤-0.31,P0.01),与幸福感呈负相关(r=-0.34,-0.50;P0.01)。爱与归属感在安全感与幸福感之间起部分中介作用(中介效应为0.45,P0.01)。恋爱状态在爱与归属感到幸福感这一路径之间起到了调节作用(r恋爱组=-0.22,r未恋爱组=-0.40;P0.01)。结论安全感既可直接影响幸福感,也可通过爱与归属感来影响幸福感;恋爱状态在这三者中起调节作用。     

大学生自尊与幸福感的关系:社会支持的中介作用

目的探讨大学生自尊水平对其幸福感的直接效应,以及通过社会支持的中介作用所起产生的间接效应。方法以202名大学生为被试,用社会支持评定量表、缺陷感量表和牛津幸福感量表修订版进行问卷调查。结果①幸福感与自尊(r=0.57,P<0.001)和社会支持(r=0.56,P<0.001)均呈显著正相关;自尊与社会支持也呈显著正相关(r=0.35,P<0.001);②社会支持在自尊与幸福感之间的关系中起部分中介作用,其中介效应为β=0.28,P<0.01。结论自尊既能直接影响幸福感,也能通过社会支持的中介作用间接影响幸福感。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.