应对方式对基层官兵状态焦虑的影响:自我和谐调节方式的中介作用

目的:探讨基层官兵应对方式、自我和谐和状态焦虑之间的关系。方法:采用自行设计一般项目调查表、状态焦虑分量表(SAI)、应对方式问卷和自我和谐量表(SCCS)对162名基层官兵进行调查。结果:解决问题、求助与状态焦虑水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.499,-0.242;P均0.01);自责、幻想、退避、合理化、自我和谐总分与状态焦虑水平呈显著正相关(r=0.378,0.343,0.306,0.329,0.503;P均0.01);解决问题与自责、自我和谐总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.416,-0.355;P均0.01);与求助呈显著正相关(r=0.430,P0.01);自责与求助呈显著负相关(r=-0.297,P0.01),与幻想、退避、合理化、自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.572,0.479,0.531,0.285;P均0.01);幻想与退避、合理化、自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.616,0.587,0.236;P均0.01);退避与合理化、自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.492,0.326;P均0.01);合理化与自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.257,P0.01);自我和谐在解决问题、求助、自责、幻想、退避、合理化与状态焦虑之间均具有部分中介效应。结论:基层官兵的状态焦虑可以通过自我和谐策略来采用应对方式。     

不同性别不孕症患者的情绪和应对方式

目的:探讨不同性别不孕症患者的情绪和应对方式特点及其相关性。方法:对就诊拟行辅助生殖技术助孕的不孕症患者164人(不孕症女性95名,不孕症男性69名,其中包括69对夫妻)进行问卷调查,包括一般情况调查表,抑郁自评量表(SDS)和焦虑自评量表(SAS),应付方式问卷。结果:女性SDS、SAS总分高于男性。应付方式问卷评分中仅幻想因子评分女性高于男性(P<0.05)。女性和男性的SDS得分与应付方式问卷中解决问题因子得分呈负相关(r=-0.30,-0.25;Ps<0.05),与自责、幻想、退避和合理化因子得分呈正相关(r=0.28～0.47,P<0.05);女性的SAS得分与自责、幻想、退避和合理化因子得分呈正相关(r=0.33～0.41,P<0.05);男性的SAS得分与求助因子得分呈负相关(r=-0.24,P<0.05),而与自责、退避和合理化因子得分呈正相关(r=0.20～0.31,P<0.05)。多元逐步回归分析显示,解决问题因子得分与女性和男性的SDS总分呈负相关(β=-0.33,-0.31,P<0.05),自责因子得分与女性的SDS、SAS总分呈正相关(β=0.29,0.25;P<0.05),合理化因子分与男性的SDS、SAS总分呈正相关(β=0.49,0.18;P<0.05)。结论:本研究发现提示不孕症女性采取不成熟的应对方式,而不孕症男性采取的是混合型的应对方式,不孕症女性心理状况可能要比不孕症男性差。     

老年人慢性疾病、应对方式与总体幸福感的关系

目的:探讨老年人总体幸福感与慢性疾病、应对方式的关系。方法:采用一般状况调查表、总体幸福感量表(GWB)、应对方式问卷对554名老年人进行问卷调查,采用SPSS 19.0对数据进行描述和分析。结果:1有无慢性疾病在老年人总体幸福感得分上有显著差异(t=-2.295,P0.05);2有无慢性疾病的老年人在应对方式各因子上均不存在显著差异(t=-0.398,0.502,-0.630,-1.554,-0.178,-0.828;P0.05),不同年龄段老年人在应对方式中的解决问题、退避、合理化因子上存在显著差异(F=9.330,4.396,5.333;P0.01),不同文化程度的老年人在应对方式中的解决问题、求助、幻想、退避、合理化因子上存在显著差异(F=7.547,2.930,4.611,5.329,8.562;P0.05);3慢性疾病与总体幸福感呈显著负相关(r=-0.097,P0.05),总体幸福感与应对方式中的解决问题、求助因子均呈显著正相关(r=0.422,0.257;P0.01),与自责因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.216,P0.01);4慢性疾病、解决问题、自责、求助能预测老年人的总体幸福感。结论:解决问题、自责、求助等应对方式的慢性疾病是老年人总体幸福感的影响因素。     

基层战士情绪与应付方式的关系

目的研究部队基层战士情绪与应付方式的基本状况及二者之间的关系,为培养战士有效应对压力事件、改善情绪状态、维护心理健康提供理论依据。方法采用积极情绪消极情绪量表(PANA S)、应付方式问卷测量216名战士的情绪及应付方式。结果①战士的积极情绪与消极情绪的比例约为1.5:1,未达到临界点;②战士的总体应付方式主要表现为解决问题-求助型与退避-幻想型;③战士的积极情绪与解决问题、求助有极其显著的正相关(r=0.481,0.360;P<0.01),与合理化、自责、幻想及退避有极其显著的负相关(r=-0.373,-0.336,-0.412,-0.469;P<0.01);消极情绪与解决问题、求助有极其显著的负相关(r=-0.442,-0.223;P<0.01),与合理化、自责、幻想及退避有极其显著的正相关(r=0.331,0.490,0.425,0.437;P<0.01)。结论可通过培养战士成熟的应付方式、减少不成熟的应付方式来调整战士的情绪状态,维护其心理健康。     

以被害妄想为主的精神分裂症患者自尊、应对方式及其与精神症状的关系

目的探讨精神分裂症被害妄想患者的自尊及应对方式的特点,及其与精神症状间的关系。方法采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、自尊量表(RSES)、应对方式问卷及Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS),分别对82例精神分裂症被害妄想患者及50名正常对照进行评估。结果①被害妄想患者的自尊与问题解决及求助应对方式显著低于对照组(t=8.951,4.167;P<0.001;t=3.083,P<0.01),而逃避、自责及幻想应对显著高于对照组(t=3.175,5.426;P<0.001;t=6.797,P<0.01);患者抑郁情绪显著高于对照组(t=4.569,P<0.001);②患者的自尊与问题解决及求助呈正相关(r=0.326,0.341;P<0.01),而与自责及逃避呈负相关(r=-0.274,-0.321;P<0.01);③患者的被害妄想症状与自尊呈负相关(r=-0.282,P<0.05)。结论精神分裂症被害妄想患者持有低自尊及消极应对特点,低自尊容易产生被害妄想。     

D型人格对新兵应付方式和疲劳的影响

目的探讨D型人格与非D型人格新兵在应付方式和疲劳方面的差别。方法采用自行设计一般项目调查表、D型人格量表(DS14)、疲劳评定量表(FIA)和应付方式问卷对409名新兵进行调查。结果 D型人格组的疲劳严重程度分值、疲劳环境特异性和疲劳结果分值均显著高于非D型人格组(t=-6.30,-3.85,-6.67;P<0.001),D型人格组的解决问题和求助分值均显著低于非D型人格组(t=4.95,5.57;P<0.001),而自责、幻想、退避、合理化分明显高于非D型人格组(t=-8.39,-8.03,-7.83,-7.08;P<0.001)。相关分析表明,社交压抑和消极情感两种人格特质均与自责、幻想、退避、合理化呈显著正相关(r=0.404,0.374,0.338,0.320,0.585,0.498,0.421,0.384;P<0.01),而与解决问题、求助呈显著负相关(r=-0.316,-0.393,-0.242,-0.283;P<0.01);按标准回归系数绝对值大小计算,影响疲劳严重程度的因素由强到弱依次为社交压抑、幻想、自责(t=5.067,2.766,2.26,P<0.001、P<0.01和P<0.05);影响疲劳环境的特异性和影响疲劳结果的因素均为幻想、消极情感(t=3.587,3.379,5.917,4.508;P<0.001);而影响疲劳对休息、睡眠的反应则为社交压抑(t=-2.754,P<0.01)。结论 D型人格的新兵常以"退避","自责"和"幻想"等应对方式应付困难和挫折,其情绪和行为均缺乏稳定性,容易出现疲劳。     

The Relationship between Emotions and Coping Styles of Rank-and-file Soldiers

目的 研究部队基层战士情绪与应付方式的基本状况及二者之间的关系,为培养战士有效应对压力事件、改善情绪状态、维护心理健康提供理论依据.方法 采用积极情绪消极情绪量表(PANAS)、应付方式问卷测量216名战士的情绪及应付方式.结果 ①战士的积极情绪与消极情绪的比例约为1.5.1,未达到临界点;②战士的总体应付方式主要表现为解决问题一求助型与退避一幻想型;③战士的积极情绪与解决问题、求助有极其显著的正相关(r=0.481,0.360;P＜0.01),与合理化、自责、幻想及退避有极其显著的负相关(r=-0.373,-0.336,-0.412,-0.469;P＜0.01);消极情绪与解决问题、求助有极其显著的负相关(r=-0.442,-0.223;P＜0.01),与合理化、自责、幻想及退避有极其显著的正相关(r=0.331,0.490,0.425,0.437;P＜0.01).结论 可通过培养战士成熟的应付方式、减少不成熟的应付方式来调整战士的情绪状态,维护其心理健康.     

青少年罪犯应付方式的特点及其与自尊、社会支持的关系

目的:探讨青少年罪犯应付方式的特点,以及其与自尊、社会支持的关系。方法:采用应付方式问卷、自尊量表和社会支持量表对110名青少年罪犯进行了调查。结果:(1)与一般青少年相比,青少年罪犯在应付方式问卷解决问题因子上的得分显著更高,在求助因子上的得分显著更低,在退避、合理化因子上的得分显著更高(P0.05);不同入所时长、不同学历青少年罪犯人在应付方式问卷上的得分均有差异(P0.05);(2)青少年罪犯在自尊量表、社会支持量表上的得分均与在应付方式问卷的得分有显著相关。自尊与解决问题、求助因子显著正相关(r=0.203,0.403;P0.05),与自责、退避因子显著负相关(r=-0.253,-0.215;P0.05);社会支持与求助因子显著正相关(r=0.214,P0.05),与自责因子显著负相关(r=-0.198,P0.05)。结论:与一般青少年相比,青少年罪犯有更不成熟的应付方式;青少年罪犯一些应付方式的使用频率与自尊、社会支持显著相关,尤其是退避与自尊负相关,求助与自尊、社会支持正相关,提示可以通过提升自尊和社会支持水平改善青少年罪犯不良的应付方式。     

女员工婚姻质量与自我和谐、应对方式的相关研究

目的考察邯郸市某公司女员工婚姻质量、自我和谐程度以及应对方式的基本情况,探讨婚姻质量与自我和谐、应对方式的关系。方法采用Olison婚姻质量问卷、自我和谐量表(SCCS)及特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)对邯郸市某大型商场82名女性销售员工进行问卷调查。结果①婚姻满意度、夫妻交流、解决冲突的方式因子得分均低于常模,具有显著性统计学意义(t=-6.4296,P<0.01;t=-4.1643,P<0.01;t=-6.6874,P<0.01);②婚姻满意度与自我和谐呈负相关(r=-0.280,P<0.05),与自我的灵活性呈显著正相关(r=0.303,P<0.01),与自我的刻板性呈负相关(r=-0.228,P<0.05),与消极应对呈负相关(r=-0.240,P<0.05);夫妻交流与自我和谐呈负相关(r=-0.297,P<0.05),与灵活性呈显著正相关(r=0.298,P<0.01)。结论婚姻质量与自我和谐之间存在一定联系,婚姻质量与应对方式关系较为复杂。     

县城医疗机构医护人员的人格特征和应对方式

目的研究县城医护人员人格特征和应对方式状况以及相关关系。方法使用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和肖计划的应对方式问卷对河南省沈丘县的4所医院共390位医护人员进行调查,有效问卷365份。结果①不同性别和不同职位的医护人员在L因子上存在显著差异(t=-2.336,P<0.05;t=-2.995,P<0.01);②不同性别的医护人员在自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子上存在显著差异(t=-2.044,-2.519;P<0.05;t=-2.816,P<0.01;t=2.484,P<0.05);不同年龄层的医护人员在解决问题、合理化因子上存在差异(t=2.205,2.043;P<0.05);不同职位的医护人员在解决问题、自责、幻想、退避因子上存在显著差异(t=2.902,-2.671,-2.872,-3.288;P<0.01);不同婚姻状况的医护人员在合理化因子上存在差异(t=2.280,P<0.05);③解决问题、自责、求助、幻想、退避各因子与P因子显著相关(r=-0.285,0.212,-0.149,0.234,0.146;P<0.01);解决问题、自责、求助各因子与E因子存在显著相关(r=0.270,-0.151,0.314;P<0.01);解决问题、自责、幻想、退避、合理化各因子与N因子存在显著相关(r=-0.199,0.409,0.502,0.354,0.245;P<0.01);自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子与L因子存在显著相关(r=-0.171,-0.223,-0.144,-0.240;P<0.01)。结论该县的医护人员中≥30岁的男性医生更多地采用积极的应对方式;而女性、<30岁护士更多地采用自责幻想退避的消极应对方式;人格特征和应对方式之间存在密切的关系。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.