大、中学生社交网站使用强度、自尊和抑郁的关系:好友数量的中介作用和性别的调节作用

目的:为了探究大、中学生社交网站使用强度、自尊和抑郁的关系。方法:本研究采用了社交网站使用强度量表、自尊量表(SES)以及流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D)3个量表随机选取1179名大、中学生进行调查,运用SPSS 18.0对数据进行描述性统计、t检验、方差分析、相关分析及回归分析等,并对结果进行讨论分析。结果:(1)大、中学生社交网站使用强度与抑郁(r=0.076,P0.1)呈显著负相关,和自尊的相关不显著;(2)自尊和抑郁水平(r=-0.497,P0.01)呈显著负相关;(3)好友数量在社交网站使用强度对抑郁的正向预测作用中起到部分中介作用;(4)不同自尊水平的大、中学生其社交网站使用强度对抑郁的预测作用存在差异,即低自尊水平的人,其抑郁水平更容易受到社交网站使用强度的影响;(5)自尊水平对抑郁的预测作用存在性别差异,即低自尊的女生比男生更容易抑郁。结论:(1)好友数量在社交网站使用强度对抑郁的正向预测作用中起到部分中介作用;(2)低自尊水平的人,其抑郁水平更容易受到社交网站使用强度的影响。低自尊的女生比男生更容易抑郁。     

生活事件、自尊和抑郁对大学生自杀意念的影响

目的:探讨生活事件、自尊和抑郁对大学生自杀意念的影响,为大学生自杀预防提供依据。方法:采用青少年生活事件量表、自尊量表、症状自评量表—抑郁分量表、贝克抑郁自评量表—"自杀想法"条目对2802名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:自杀意念检出率为16.95%,有自杀意念组的生活事件各因素得分及总分、抑郁总分显著高于无自杀意念组,人际关系(t=-17.039,P0.001)、学习压力(t=-13.000,P0.001)、受惩罚(t=-11.000,P0.001)、丧失(t=-8.800,P0.001)、健康适应(t=-15.631,P0.001)、其他(t=-12.240,P0.001)、生活事件总分(t=-16.060,P0.001)、抑郁总分(t=-29.821,P0.001),有自杀意念组的自尊总分(t=-3.92,P0.001)显著低于无自杀意念组;生活事件、抑郁与自杀意念呈显著正相关(r=0.179,0.638,P0.01),自尊与自杀意念呈显著负相关(r=-0.259,P0.01);生活事件通过自尊和抑郁的中介效应间接影响自杀意念(中介效应值分别为0.054和0.255),生活事件通过自尊作用于抑郁,又通过抑郁间接影响自杀意念(中介效应值为0.112)。结论:减少负性生活事件,消除抑郁情绪,提高自尊水平,能够有效降低大学生自杀意念的发生率。     

医学高职生手机成瘾影响因素的配比病例对照

目的:探讨医学高职生手机成瘾影响因素,为制订手机成瘾干预措施提供理论依据。方法:将120名医学高职生手机成瘾者与同期非手机成瘾者进行1:1对照研究,运用条件logistic回归方法分析数据。结果:多因素条件logistic回归分析显示,对医学高职生手机成瘾有统计学意义的影响因素是每天使用手机时间(OR=1.290,95%CI=1.821~7.246,P0.01)、交往焦虑(OR=2.144,95%CI=1.227~3.748,P0.01)、自尊(OR=0.289,95%CI=0.122~0.686,P0.01)、孤独(OR=3.597,95%CI=1.843~7.019,P0.01)。结论:每天使用手机时间、交往焦虑、孤独、自尊是医学高职生手机成瘾影响因素。     

大学生错失焦虑与社交媒体使用和自尊的关系

目的:探讨大学生错失焦虑与社交媒体使用、自尊的关系。方法:选取山东某高校大学生732名,采用错失焦虑量表(FoMOs)、社交媒体使用强度量表(SNSIS)、自尊量表(SES)进行测查。结果:来自城市的大学生的FoMOs、SNSIS得分均高于来自农村的大学生(均P<0.05)。回归分析表明,在控制了居住地和年级后,社交媒体使用与自尊的交互作用负向预测大学生的错失焦虑(β=-0.02)。简单斜率分析表明,高自尊的个体(B=0.22)能够缓解社交媒体使用带来的错失焦虑,低自尊的个体(B=0.38)在使用社交媒体时,其错失焦虑水平会提高。结论:自尊在社交媒体使用和错失焦虑的关系中起调节作用。     

大学生被动性社交网站使用与抑郁的关系：一项交叉滞后分析

目的:探讨大学生被动性社交网站使用与抑郁的因果关系。方法:采用被动性社交网站使用量表和抑郁量表对哈尔滨市两所大学的325名学生进行为期5个月的两阶段追踪调查,使用AMOS23.0进行交叉滞后回归分析。结果:被动性社交网站使用与大学生抑郁在两阶段的测量中均呈显著正相关(T1r=0.34; T2r=0.41, Ps0.01);大学生最初的抑郁水平能够预测5个月后的被动性社交网站使用水平(β=0.16,P0.001),但最初的被动性社交网站使用水平不能预测5个月之后的抑郁水平(β=0.01,P0.05)。结论:抑郁是大学生被动性社交网站使用的原因,而不是被动性社交网站使用导致的结果。     

大学生内隐自尊、外显自尊与社交焦虑的关系

目的:探讨大学生内隐、外显自尊状况与社交焦虑的关系,为大学生心理健康辅导提供理论依据。方法:选择新乡医学院在校大学生67名,对其施测内隐联想测验(IAT),测评其内隐自尊水平;并分别采用Leary交往焦虑量表(IAS)、Rosenberg自尊量表(SES)评价大学生社交焦虑水平和外显自尊水平。结果:筛选出有效被试58名,有效率为86.6%。大学生外显自尊与社交焦虑水平存在显著的负相关(r=-0.427,P0.01),内隐自尊与社交焦虑无显著相关,内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离程度(ZIAT-ZSES)与社交焦虑水平之间有显著正相关(r=0.375,P0.01)。结论:大学生内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离程度对社交焦虑有重要影响,外显自尊对社交焦虑有缓冲作用。可以通过提高大学生外显自尊水平对社交焦虑进行干预。     

哈萨克族大学生自我接纳、社交焦虑与自尊三者间的相关性

目的:了解哈萨克族大学生社交焦虑、自我接纳与自尊间的关系,为哈萨克族大学生心理健康干预、身心健康发展提供支持。方法:在新疆4所高校随机抽取1006名哈萨克族大学生采用自我接纳问卷、自尊量表和社交回避与苦恼量表进行问卷调查,并对结果进行统计分析。结果:哈萨克族大学男生的自我接纳和自尊得分高于女生,并且存在统计学差异(t=3.569,4.267;P0.01)。社交苦恼、社交回避和社交焦虑总分男生均低于女生,并且也存在统计学差异(t=-2.162,-2.258,-2.417;P0.01)。城市哈萨克族大学生自尊得分低于农村学生,社交回避和社交焦虑总分农村学生高于城市学生得分,并且均存在统计学差异(t=-8.49,-2.58;P0.05)。年级方面除了自尊不同年级学生得分存在统计学差异外(t=10.99,P0.01),其他方面得分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。哈萨克族大学生自我接纳与自尊存在正相关关系(r=0.593,P0.01);社交苦恼和社交焦虑总分与社交回避呈现正相关关系(r=0.692,0.918;P0.01)。回归方程显示,自尊在自我接纳与社交焦虑总分及各维度间存在中介作用。结论:哈萨克族大学生社交焦虑、自我接纳、自尊间存在密切联系,并且自尊在社交焦虑和自我接纳之间起到中介作用。     

自尊、自我效能和自我概念的关系及对抑郁的作用

目的:探讨自尊、自我效能和自我概念三者之间及其与抑郁的关系。方法:应用自尊量表、一般自我效能感量表、Wallace自我概念量表和贝克抑郁自评量表等对732名大学生进行测查。结果:以抑郁为因变量,自尊、自我效能和自我概念共同作为自变量进行多元线性回归分析时,只有自尊(β=-0.300,P=0.000)和自我概念(β=-0.244,P=0.000)进入回归方程。自尊在自我效能与抑郁的关系中起完全中介作用。结论:自尊和自我概念对抑郁具有独立预测作用,自我效能通过自尊的完全中介效应对抑郁产生作用。     

胆囊炎患者腹腔镜术前焦虑抑郁的发生率及相关因素

目的研究胆囊炎患者腹腔镜术前焦虑抑郁的发生率及其相关因素,为早期干预提供依据。方法通过调查2013年1-12月我院收治的择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的胆囊炎患者65例,采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和自行设计的一般情况问卷调查,了解其焦虑抑郁发生情况,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归对焦虑抑郁发生的影响因素进行分析。结果共调查65名行LC的胆囊炎患者,焦虑/抑郁的发生率为26.2%;男性焦虑/抑郁的发生率为14.7%,显著低于女性患者35.3%(χ2=4.84,P0.05)。单因素logistic回归分析,焦虑/抑郁与非焦虑/抑郁患者在性别(OR=1.709)、文化程度(OR=1.436)、病程(OR=1.889)、职业(OR=1.924)、经济收入(OR=2.018)、家庭支持(OR=2.465)、伴随疾病(OR=1.587)、医疗费用支付情况(OR=2.076)8个因素差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素非条件logistic回归分析,女性(OR=1.99)、病程(OR=1.71)是腹腔镜术前焦虑/抑郁发病的危险因素,文化程度(OR=-0.27)、经济收入(OR=-0.32)是保护因素(P0.05)。结论胆囊炎患者腹腔镜术前心理健康水平普遍较为低下,适当进行心理疏导及抗抑郁治疗对顺利渡过围手术期,改善术后生活质量有积极意义。     

白癜风患者抑郁情绪相关影响因素的Logistic回归分析

目的:了解白癜风患者抑郁情绪的发生及相关影响因素。方法:使用自编调查问卷和流调中心抑郁自评量表,对来我院门诊的167名白癜风患者进行调查;使用卡方检验、方差分析及SNK法组间两两比较、logistic回归进行统计学分析。结果:白癜风患者CES-D平均得分为(15.29±2.73),CES-D得分≥16的有64人,抑郁检出率为38.32%;白癜风患者抑郁的发生率在性别(χ~2=5.23,P0.05)、年龄(χ~2=24.62,P0.01)、疾病分类(χ~2=35.93,P0.05)及病程维度分布(χ~2=41.97,P0.05)均有差异;不同类型白癜风患者抑郁情绪(F=14.03,P0.01)、积极兴趣(F=3.68,P0.05)和躯体症状(F=11.77,P0.01)差异均有统计学意义。方差分析SNK检验对组间两两比较进一步分析发现,重度白癜风患者在抑郁情绪和躯体症状得分高于轻度和中度患者(P0.05);logistic回归分析发现,病程长(OR=4.01,95%CI=1.46～11.05)和病情严重(OR=6.63,95%CI=2.23～19.78)是白癜风患者抑郁的主要危险因素。结论:白癜风患者抑郁的检出率相对较高;在临床实践中,皮肤科医生尤其要关注女性、年龄较大、病程长及病情较重的患者,除了常规物理和药物治疗外,要重视门诊心理健康教育干预。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.