江门地区1912例孕妇TORCH-IgM抗体检测结果分析

目的了解江门地区孕妇TORCH(TOX、CMV、HSVⅠ、HSVⅡ及RUV)感染情况及规律。方法对产前检查的1912例孕妇采用ELISA方法进行TORCH-IgM抗体的检测。结果TOX、CMV、HSVⅠ、HSVⅡ及RUV的阳性检出率分别为6.86%、2.46%、3.29%、7.37%及3.61%;每年11月~次年1月和2~4月份分别为TOX和CMV感染的相对高发期,HSVⅠ、HSVⅡ及RUV的感染无明显的季节差异;TOX和HSVⅡ为江门地区孕妇TORCH感染首犯。结论妊娠妇女对TORCH存在一定的原发感染和继发感染。应对其进行适当的预防性的治疗,并可以考虑把早妊期尽量避开TORCH感染相对高发期,以提高优生优育质量。     

孕妇TORCH感染的检测与分析

目的:了解长沙地区孕妇TORCH(TOX、RUV、CMV、HSVⅠ、HSVⅡ)感染情况。方法:用ELISA法对1 530例孕妇进行TORCH-IgM抗体的检测。结果:TOX-IgM、RUV-IgM、CMV-IgM、SHVⅠ-IgM、及HSVⅡ-IgM的阳性率分别为7.19%、2.16%、2.29%、5.10%及1.83%。结论:孕妇应进行TORCH感染的检测与预防,以提高生育质量。     

吉安市孕妇TORCH感染检测与优生优育探讨

目的:调查分析吉安市孕妇TORCH(TOX、RUV、CMV、HSVⅠ、HSVⅡ)感染检测特点,为孕妇保健和计划生育提供实验依据。方法:采用ELISA法,对自愿接受检测的产前孕妇1716例进行TORCH-IgM抗体检测和分析。结果:TOX、RUV、CMV、HSVⅠ、HSVⅡ的阳性检出率分别为6.88%、2.27%、2.10%、2.16%、1.98%。TOX感染率最高,与其他4项比较差异有显著性(P<0.01),且TORCH感染率市郊显著高于市区(P<0.01)。结论:孕妇应进行TORCH感染检测,以避免出现先天畸形、弱智、流产、死胎、发育迟缓等综合征,对少生优生、搞好计划生育工作意义重大。     

张家港市2686例孕妇TORCH感染检测与分析

TORCH是一组可引起孕妇宫内感染导致胚胎发育异常的致畸微生物，T是指弓形虫（Toxoplasma，TOX），R是指风疹病毒（Rubella Virus，RUV），C是指巨细胞病毒（Cytomegalo Virus，CMV）。H是指单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型（Herpessimplex Virus—Ⅰ，HSV—Ⅰ）和单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（Herpessimplex Virus—Ⅱ，HSV—Ⅱ），O是指其他如柯萨奇病毒、梅毒螺旋体。     

孕妇TORCH感染检测结果分析

目的了解来本院就诊孕妇TORCH(TOX、RUV、CMV、HSVⅡ)感染情况。方法用酶联免疫法对20 754例孕妇进行TORCH—IgM及IgG抗体的检测。结果TOX-IgM、RUV-IgM、CMV-IgM及HSV-IgM的阳性率分别为2.19%、1.94%、1.18%及0.24%;TOX-IgG、RUV-IgG、CMV-IgG及HSV-IgG的阳性率分别为5.64%、89.74%、80.35%及1.53%。结论孕妇应进行TORCH感染的检测与预防,以提高生育质量。     

2760例孕妇和婴幼儿TORCH感染情况分析

目的:了解本地区孕妇及婴幼儿TORCH感染情况,为妇幼保健提供参考依据。方法:ELISA法对2010年1月-2011年4月来我院产前筛查孕妇与婴幼儿血清进行TORCH病原体IgG和IgM检测。结果:显示孕妇的TOX、RUV、CMV、HSV-Ⅰ、HSV-Ⅱ的病原体IgG阳性率分别为1.54%、84.02%、97.38%、86.18%、3.28%;其活动性感染病原体IgM阳性率分别为0.46%、0.79%、3.49%、2.25%、1.12%。婴幼儿TOX、RUV、CMV、HSV-Ⅰ、HSV-Ⅱ病原体IgG阳性率分别为0.56%、59.38%、97.76%、5.32%、1.96%。婴幼儿病原体IgM阳性率为0%、0.28%、6.72%、0.56%、0.84%。结论:CMV是孕妇及婴幼儿感染的主要病原体,进行TORCH检测对预防宫内感染,及时发现高危因素,采取对症治疗措施,对优生优育及提高人口质量具有重大意义。     

张家港市2 686例孕妇TORCH感染检测与分析

TORCH是一组可引起孕妇宫内感染导致胚胎发育异常的致畸微生物，T是指弓形虫（Toxoplasma，TOX），R是指风疹病毒（Rubella Virus，RUV），C是指巨细胞病毒（Cytomegalo Virus，CMV）。H是指单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型（Herpessimplex Virus—Ⅰ，HSV—Ⅰ）和单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（Herpessimplex Virus—Ⅱ，HSV—Ⅱ），O是指其他如柯萨奇病毒、梅毒螺旋体。[第一段]     

孕妇TORCH感染筛查结果分析

目的探讨孕妇TORCH感染血清学指标,为孕妇保健管理提供参考。方法选择2013年10月-2014年9月1 034例孕妇,实施酶联免疫吸附分析方法检测血清抗-TORCH IgM与IgG指标,并分析IgM抗体指标在不同季节、不同年龄孕妇阳性率。结果 IgM检测中单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)Ⅰ/Ⅱ阳性110例,阳性率10.64%,明显高于弓形虫(TOX)、风疹病毒(RV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV),TOX阳性率最低,仅有0.77%,阳性率对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);IgG检测中,TOX阳性率最低为1.06%,CMV、HSVⅠ/Ⅱ、RV阳性942、754、833例,阳性率分别为91.10%、72.92%、80.56%,阳性率对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);<35岁孕妇中TOX、CMV阳性率分别为0.41%、1.80%,明显低于≥35岁孕妇的1.61%、5.47%,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),<35岁孕妇HSVⅠ/Ⅱ阳性率为12.72%,明显高于≥35岁孕妇的5.79%,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),RV阳性率两个年龄段孕妇对比差异无统计学意义;不同季节TORCH感染IgM阳性率对比差异无统计学意义。结论孕前或孕期积极检测TORCH感染,有利于预防新生儿先天性TORCH感染,改善新生儿结局。     

孕妇TORCH感染及血清中白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α水平的变化

目的了解孕妇弓形虫（TOX）、风疹病毒（RV）、巨细胞病毒（cMv）及单纯疱疹病毒（HSV）感染（TORCH感染）情况及其血清IL-6、TNF—α的变化。方法采用ELISA法进行血清TORCH-IgM检测，同时采用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定孕妇血清IL-6及TNF—α。结果853例早期孕妇中TORCH-IgM阳性78例，占9．14％，其中CMV—IgM阳性31例，占3．63％，TOX-IgM阳性21例，占2．46％，RV-IgM阳性14例，占1．64％，HSV—IgM阳性12例，占1．41％。TORCH—IgM阳性孕妇血清IL-6和TNF—α分别为（67．25±13．24）ndL和（278．13±81．03）ng/L，对照孕妇分别为（28．62±10．23）ng／L和（173．21±41．17）ng/L，TORCH—IgM阳性孕妇血清IL-6和TNF—α均较对照孕妇明显升高（P〈0．01）。结论孕妇TORCH感染以CMV为主；TORCH感染后，孕妇血清中免疫细胞因子失衡，提示免疫调节失衡是TORCH感染后各脏器进一步损伤的重要因素之一，在临床上TORCH感染治疗中，除抗病原体治疗外，还应重视免疫调节治疗。     

不良妊娠结局与TORCH感染相关性的临床研究

目的:探讨不良妊娠结局与妊娠期感染弓形体(TOX)、其他(OTH)、风疹病毒(RUV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV)、单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-Ⅱ)(TORCH)系列病原体的关系。方法:应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),检测48例有不良妊娠史的妇女(试验组)及48例正常孕妇(对照组)母血及胎儿脐血TORCH感染情况。结果:①试验组TORCH-IgG感染率分别为:TOX-IgG 14.58%,RUV-IgG 47.91%,CMV-IgG 45.83%,HSVⅡ-IgG 35.41%。②试验组TORCH-IgM感染率分别为:TOX-IgM 33.33%,RUV-IgM 52.08%,CMV-IgM 54.16%,HSVⅡ-IgM 58.33%。③试验组TORCH-IgG、IgM双项阳性发生率为:TOX 12.50%,RUV 37.50%,CMV 31.25%,HSV-Ⅱ18.75%。以上3个指标,试验组均显著高于对照组(P<0.01),不良妊娠结局发生率试验组亦显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:TORCH系列病原体活动感染对围生儿预后会产生严重的不良影响,是导致妇女不良妊娠结局的重要原因之一,TORCH筛查应作为产前检查的常规项目。尤其对有不良妊娠结局史的妇女,行TORCH筛查对防止出生缺陷的发生是完全必要。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.