准分了激光原位角膜磨镶术术角膜瓣下角膜上皮内生的治疗

目的：探讨准分子激光治疗性角膜切削术（phototherapeutic keratectomy,PTK）治疗准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（laser in situ keratomileusis,LASIK）术后角膜瓣下角膜上皮内生的疗效。方法：对LASIK术后发生角膜瓣下角膜上皮内生患者6例（6只眼）行PTK，术中重新掀开角膜瓣，刮除植入的角膜上皮组织，采用直径7mm光斑，以5－10个脉冲切削角膜瓣基质面和基质层表面，层间冲洗，复位角膜瓣，采用直径3mm光斑，以50－75个脉冲沿角膜瓣边缘进行切削。术后随访时间5－12个月。结果：5只眼表现为颞侧角膜瓣边缘下出现匍行性灰白色物质，局部角膜瓣边缘水肿和融解；1只眼表现为角膜瓣下局限性灰白色团块状物质，角膜瓣下基质层局部融解。全部术眼PIK术后无角膜瓣下角膜上皮内生复发；除1只眼残留轻度角膜瘢痕外，余5只眼角膜恢复透明；术后视力均达到LASIK术前最佳矫正视力。结论：采用PTK治疗LASIK术后角膜瓣下角膜上皮内生，不仅效果良好，而且可有效防止复发。     

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术后角膜瓣下角膜上皮内生的治疗

目的　探讨准分子激光治疗性角膜切削术 (phototherapeutickeratectomy ,PTK)治疗准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术 (laserinsitukeratomileusis,LASIK)术后角膜瓣下角膜上皮内生的疗效。方法对LASIK术后发生角膜瓣下角膜上皮内生患者 6例 (6只眼 )行PTK ,术中重新掀开角膜瓣 ,刮除植入的角膜上皮组织 ,采用直径 7mm光斑 ,以 5～ 10个脉冲切削角膜瓣基质面和基质层表面 ,层间冲洗 ,复位角膜瓣 ,采用直径 3mm光斑 ,以 5 0～ 75个脉冲沿角膜瓣边缘进行切削。术后随访时间 5～ 12个月。结果　 5只眼表现为颞侧角膜瓣边缘下出现匍行性灰白色物质 ,局部角膜瓣边缘水肿和融解 ;1只眼表现为角膜瓣下局限性灰白色团块状物质 ,角膜瓣下基质层局部融解。全部术眼PTK术后无角膜瓣下角膜上皮内生复发 ;除 1只眼残留轻度角膜瘢痕外 ,余 5只眼角膜恢复透明 ;术后视力均达到LASIK术前最佳矫正视力。结论　采用PTK治疗LASIK术后角膜瓣下角膜上皮内生 ,不仅效果良好 ,而且可有效防止复发     

LASIK术后角膜上皮植入的原因及分型

目的分析准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（LASIK）后角膜上皮植入的原因及分型。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象45例LASIK术后角膜上皮植入处理后随诊半年以上患者共49眼。方法分析北京协和医院门诊收治的外院转来时角膜上皮植入患者,上皮植入时间6～31天,最佳矫正视力为手动-0．6,除眼部刺激症状外,多数患者伴有不同程度的角膜瓣水肿、混浊、融解。掀开角膜瓣治疗43眼。根据上皮植入的位置、发展速度进行分类。按上皮植入距角膜中央的距离和范围分为周边型、旁中央型、中央型,分别为7眼、32眼、10眼。按照发展的速度分为进展性、稳定性、静止性,分别为31眼、4眼、4眼。主要指标LASIK术后角膜上皮植入手术史、视力、角膜瓣对合、伤口愈合情况。结果引起上皮植入的主要原因：（1）角膜上皮水肿、剥脱;（2）角膜瓣状况不良;（3）角膜瓣对合异常,分别为15眼、21眼、13眼。对视力影响程度由重到轻依次为中央型〉旁中央型〉周边型;进展的旁中央和中央型上皮植入超过1周者,92％可导致角膜瓣基质融解,严重影响视力。治疗方案：密切观察,原瓣掀开刮除植入上皮29眼,上皮刮除联合治疗性角膜屈光手术（PTK）14眼,非掀瓣保守观察治疗6眼。角膜瓣再次掀开者角膜伤口均一期愈合,未见再次植入病例。34眼达到了术前预期视力,7眼低于术前视力1行以内,8眼低于术前预期视力2行及其以上。结论角膜上皮和角膜瓣水肿是导致LASIK术后角膜上皮植入的主要原因,92％进展的中央型和旁中央型的上皮植入者,1周左右可致角膜瓣融解,严重影响视力。积极掀瓣刮除植入上皮和局部PTK治疗是使患者恢复视力的首选治疗手段。     

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术后角膜瓣下上皮细胞植入伴瓣融解免疫组化及临床研究

目的 探讨准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（excimer laser in situ keratomileusis,LASIK)后角膜瓣下上皮细胞植入伴瓣融解的免疫组化、临床特点及其处理方法。方法 对LASIK术后14例（15只眼）患者角膜瓣下上皮细胞植入的临床特点及处理方法进行分析,同时将其中部分瓣融解的4只眼角膜植入组织的刮除物,用4种单克隆抗体进行免疫组化和TUNEL法染色方法进行观察。结果 角膜瓣下上皮细胞植入后,角膜瓣最远端层间混浊,且逐渐扩大、浓密,角膜瓣缘缺损呈月食状,术后约3个月时病灶不再 扩大,刮除植入组织后角膜透明。植入组织HE染色、免疫组化染色及TUNEL法染色示：植入层内可见空泡样退行性变病灶,空泡内可见溶菌酶,植入层细胞具有自身凋亡的趋势,空泡内细已全部凋亡。结论 LASIK术后角膜瓣下的植入过程可分为上皮内生、角膜瓣部分消溶和自限3个时期。植入物的早期为有形膜状物质,晚期多为无结构物质,主要由细胞凋亡所致;角膜瓣的融解也可能是因细胞凋亡所致。对上皮植入葡匐性进展者,应尽早清除。     

LASIK术后角膜瓣下上皮植入的处理

目的:探讨LASIK术后角膜瓣下上皮植入的发生及处理。方法:回顾分析2633例5134眼LASIK术后角膜瓣下上皮植入的19例32眼的处理及预后情况,对上皮植入范围超过2mm,角膜瓣边缘荧光素染色阳性的9例15眼,在手术显微镜下去除角膜瓣边缘1mm范围的上皮,清除瓣下植入上皮,BSS液瓣下冲洗,展平角膜瓣,覆盖透氧角膜接触镜。结果:手术处理的15眼角膜瓣复位良好,患者视力较LASIK术后无下降。结论:及时正确地治疗,可以避免严重的并发症并获得良好的视觉结果。     

飞秒激光制瓣LASIK术后角膜层间上皮植入

目的探讨飞秒激光制瓣准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（LASIK）后角膜上皮植入的发生率及防治。方法回顾性系列病例研究。选择天津爱尔眼科医院2013年10月至2014年7月接受飞秒激光制瓣LASIK手术患者1 122例（2 236眼）。术前最佳矫正视力（BCVA）均＞1.0。应用60 kHz的Intralase飞秒激光制作角膜瓣,常规基质切削后完成手术,数码摄像机记录手术全程,术后随诊3个月。结果术后1个月15例（28眼,1.25%）发生角膜层间上皮植入。其中18眼（0.81%）为Ⅰ级上皮植入;8眼（0.36%）为Ⅱ级上皮植入,未出现局部角膜瓣融解及不规则散光;2眼（0.09%）于术后1 d发生Ⅱ级弥漫性层间角膜炎,应用1%醋酸泼尼松龙滴眼液点眼4次/d,1周后消失,但在术后1个月时发生Ⅲ级角膜层间上皮植入伴角膜瓣边缘融解。结论飞秒激光术后上皮植入发生率低,术前严格筛查、规范手术操作,术后密切观察及时处理,是防治角膜层间上皮植入的有效手段。     

激光治疗性角膜切削术治疗LASIK术后角膜上皮内生

目的 探讨激光治疗性角膜切削术(PTK)治疗LASIK术后角膜上皮内生的方法和效果,方法 LASIK术后较严重的角膜瓣下角膜上皮内生4例(4眼),进行内生的上皮刮除和PTK治疗后戴接触镜3～5天,随访10～24个月,结果 4例均治愈,随访期内无复发,视力均恢复至术前最佳矫正视力.眼部刺激症状、眩光消失.结论 LASIK术后瓣下角膜上皮内生,进行角膜瓣后面和角膜床表面的角膜上皮刮除及PTK术,术后戴角膜接触镜,是治疗LASIK术后瓣下角膜上皮内生的有效方法.     

丝裂霉素C在LASIK术后外伤致角膜上皮植入患者手术治疗中的应用

目的探讨丝裂霉素C（MMC）在准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（LASIK）术后外伤致角膜上皮植入患者的手术治疗中应用的临床疗效。方法在LASIK术后外伤致角膜上皮植入21例（21眼）手术治疗中应用0．02％MMC,观察术后裸眼视力及角膜瓣愈合情况。结果术后裸眼视力平均为0．82±0．26,较术前明显提高（P〈0．05）。绝大部分患眼角膜瓣愈合良好,3眼角膜瓣边缘部分融解,但中心视力无明显影响。结论在LASIK术后外伤致角膜上皮植入手术治疗中应用0．02％MMC可以取得良好的临床疗效。     

激光角膜原位磨镶术后外伤致角膜瓣皱褶的处理

目的探讨外伤致准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（LASIK）后角膜瓣皱褶的处理方法。方法表麻下掀开已发生皱褶的角膜瓣,冲洗角膜床和角膜瓣床面,清除增生的上皮组织,展平角膜瓣的皱褶,使之覆贴于角膜床,边缘对齐。10例（10眼）手术处理后观察6个月。结果（1）视力术后1d10眼中9眼裸眼视力≥0．6;术后6个月,裸眼视力0．6～1．2（0．8±0．16）;另1例合并黄斑出血,视力0．2。（2）裂隙灯检查：术后1d,2例角膜瓣破损挫伤处,角膜瓣基质水肿,对位良好。3例边缘部有上皮植入,上皮轻度水肿,再次手术处理上皮植入后,角膜瓣对位良好。术后6个月,所有患眼角膜瓣皱褶均展平。结论LASIK术后外伤致角膜瓣的损伤和皱褶,通过及时妥善的处理,可以展平角膜瓣皱褶,不会对视力造成严重影响。     

LASIK术后角膜上皮植入的发生及处理

目的探讨LASIK术后角膜上皮植入的发生、影响因素、处理方法和效果.方法回顾性分析由同一位医生所行LASIK术后随访6个月以上并有完整记录的所有病例.结果共633例病人1 240只眼,其中61眼曾行二次LASIK手术.有10人10眼(0.81%)发生角膜上皮植入.其中,1眼为二次手术后发生(1.6%);6眼有戴接触镜史;5眼术中发生瓣或上皮异常游离瓣1眼、上皮缺损2眼、上皮松解2眼;6眼术后1天时发现荧光素染色阳性(5眼)或角膜瓣皱折(1眼);9眼上皮植入发生于角膜瓣的边缘,4眼见于原上皮缺损或易脱落方向.除1眼待术外,其余9眼(5眼药物治疗,4眼手术治疗)的最终裸眼视力为0.72±0.32(0.02～1.0),最佳矫正视力为0.93二0.1(0.8～1.0),球镜为-0.31±0.97D(-2.25～1.5D),柱镜为0.61±0.50D(0～1.25D),无异物感、眩光、荧光素着染等,上皮植入消失5眼,变小1眼,静止3眼.结论术者应通过提高手术操作技能和完善各手术步骤尽可能地减少此并发症的发生.发现后恰当处理,可获得很好效果.     

Changes in Bruch's membrane in experimental hypercholesteremia in rats

PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of high cholesterol diet for the aging changes in Bruch's membrane of rats. METHODS: After feeding a 4% cholesterol diet for 15 weeks to three young rats 3 months old and four aged rats 23 months old, we observed the morphological changes of Bruch's membrane by electron microscopy, and made a comparison with rats fed an ordinary diet. RESULTS: In one young rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris formed multiple folds separated from the plasma membrane of the endothelium and showed lamellar thickening and crack in some areas. The elastic fiber layer in Bruch's membrane disappeared partly and some new microfibrils appeared. In one aged rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris showed more lamellar thickening with lumps in some parts. Compared with rats fed an ordinary diet, rats fed a high-cholesterol diet showed thickening of the basement membrane and the changes were more severe. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated that high-cholesterol diet might promote age-related changes of Bruch's membrane.     

Advances in imaging in oculoplastics

Color Doppler imaging, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are the most precious imaging tools for the clinician in the field of oculoplastics. Orbital and facial vasculature, with its dynamic changes and flow velocities seen in orbital varices, carotid-cavernous fistulas, and dural cavernous arteriovenous malformations, is best detected by Color Doppler imaging. Computed tomography remains the dominant imaging modality in the evaluation of orbital trauma. Helical CT axial scanning with multiplanar reconstruction and three-dimensional CT imaging are most helpful in assessing iatrogenic, traumatogenic, and teratogenic orbital abnormalities. Despite its poor histologic specificity, MR imaging provides superior soft tissue contrast, and contrast-enhanced MR imaging has an established role regarding soft tissue tumor infiltration. The greatest value of MR studies in the evaluation of orbital and palpebral tumors is that it has the capacity to show the precise relation between lesions and adjacent structures before the clinician contemplates a surgical approach. Finally, contrast-enhanced MR imaging proved to be a valuable vascularization indicator based upon the extent of relative enhancement within porous orbital implant in anophthalmic socket.     

Follow-up studies in pattern VECP in demyelinating diseases in children

Spectral sensitivity functions and the transient decrease of sensitivity to short wavelengths after the offset of yellow light (transient tritanopia) were measured by increment threshold techniques in patients suffering from hereditary macular degenerations. Color vision defects were determined by arrangement tests and the anomaloscope. Central areolar choroidal dystrophy was found to produce a mild protan defect and to reduce foveal spectral sensitivity throughout the visible spectrum by a factor of 100; it also abolishes transient tritanopia. Electroretinogram (ERG) was normal, electrooculogram (EOG) subnormal. Stargardt's disease, despite numerous fluorescent macular spots, does not abolish transient tritanopia nor does it reduce spectral sensitivity, although scotopic matches were performed on the Nagel anomaloscope. Only in severe, advanced cases was transient tritanopia reduced and spectral sensitivity found to follow the absorption spectrum of rods. Routine ERGs and EOGs were normal. Vitelliform macular degeneration, despite the ophthalmoscopically pronounced dystrophic macula, produced only very small changes in spectral sensitivity and transient tritanopia, although a widened matching range on the Nagel anomaloscope and electrophysiological abnormalities were found. Apparently damage of the retinal circuit which connects long and short wavelength-sensitive cones, caused by hereditary conditions, is different from that caused by retinotoxic drugs.     

Refractive error in children in a rural population in India

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of refractive error and related visual impairment in school-aged children in the rural population of the Mahabubnagar district in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. METHODS: Random selection of village-based clusters was used to identify a sample of children 7 to 15 years of age. From April 2000 through February 2001, children in the 25 selected clusters were enumerated in a door-to-door survey and examined at a rural eye center in the district. The examination included visual acuity measurements, ocular motility evaluation, retinoscopy and autorefraction under cycloplegia, and examination of the anterior segment, media, and fundus. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refractive error of at least -0.50 D and hyperopia as +2.00 D or more. Children with reduced vision and a sample of those with normal vision underwent independent replicate examinations for quality assurance in seven clusters. RESULTS: A total of 4414 children from 4876 households was enumerated, and 4074 (92.3%) were examined. The prevalence of uncorrected, baseline (presenting), and best corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in the better eye was 2.7%, 2.6%, and 0.78%, respectively. Refractive error was the cause in 61% of eyes with vision impairment, amblyopia in 12%, other causes in 15%, and unexplained causes in the remaining 13%. A gradual shift toward less-positive values of refractive error occurred with increasing age in both boys and girls. Myopia in one or both eyes was present in 4.1% of the children. Myopia risk was associated with female gender and having a father with a higher level of schooling. Higher risk of myopia in children of older age was of borderline statistical significance (P = 0.069). Hyperopia in at least one eye was present in 0.8% of children, with no significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Refractive error was the main cause of visual impairment in children aged between 7 and 15 years in rural India. There was a benefit of spectacles in 70% of those who had visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in the better eye at baseline examination. Because visual impairment can have a significant impact on a child's life in terms of education and development, it is important that effective strategies be developed to eliminate this easily treated cause of visual impairment.     

Vitrectomy in traumatic cataracts and in the complications of surgery in congenital cataract in children

Vitrectomies were carried out in 35 children with traumatic cataracts and complications of surgery for cataracts, caused by injury to the posterior lenticular capsule and incorporation of its fragments to the vitreous. Complete removal of lenticular rudiments rapidly eliminated phacogenic iridocyclitis and improved visual acuity. Improvement of visual functions was attained in 66.6% cases; in 33.4% cases visual acuity did not change. Hemorrhages to the vitreous cavity occurred in 4 cases with pronounced iridocyclitis; therefore, a corneal approach is preferable for cases with pronounced iridocyclitis.     

Refractive error in children in an urban population in New Delhi

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of refractive error and related visual impairment in school-aged children in an urban population in New Delhi, India. METHODS: Random selection of geographically defined clusters was used to identify a sample of children 5 to 15 years of age. From December 2000 through March 2001, children in 22 selected clusters were enumerated through a door-to-door survey and examined at a local facility. The examination included visual acuity measurements, ocular motility evaluation, retinoscopy and autorefraction under cycloplegia, and examination of the anterior segment, media, and fundus. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refractive error of at least -0.50 D and hyperopia as +2.00 D or more. Children with reduced vision and a sample of those with normal vision underwent independent replicate examinations for quality assurance in four of the clusters. RESULTS: A total of 7008 children from 3426 households were enumerated, and 6447 (92.0%) examined. The prevalence of uncorrected, baseline (presenting), and best corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in the better eye was 6.4%, 4.9%, and 0.81%, respectively. Refractive error was the cause in 81.7% of eyes with vision impairment, amblyopia in 4.4%, retinal disorders in 4.7%, other causes in 3.3%, and unexplained causes in the remaining 5.9%. There was an age-related shift in refractive error from hyperopia in young children (15.6% in 5-year-olds) toward myopia in older children (10.8% in 15-year-olds). Overall, hyperopia was present in 7.7% of children and myopia in 7.4%. Hyperopia was associated with female gender. Myopia was more common in children of fathers with higher levels of education. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced vision because of uncorrected refractive error is a major public health problem in urban school-aged children in India. Cost-effective strategies are needed to eliminate this easily treated cause of vision impairment.