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目的：探讨合并肝硬化的大肝癌病人行肝切除术时肝血供阻断方法的选择。方法：观察分析21例大肝癌病人行肝切除术时选用不同的入肝血流阻断对手术的影响及病人后恢复的情况。结果：21例病人中行常规肝门阻断8例,选择性半肝血流阻断11例,综合性肝门阻断2例,全部病人肿瘤均获完整切除,术手恢复良好,结论：对合并肝硬化的大肝癌病人,根据肝硬化的程度,术前肝功能等级术中探查结果等综合判断,选择一种合适的肝血流阻断法是保证手术成功,术后病人的顺利恢复的关键。     

Pringle's maneuver and selective inflow occlusion in living donor liver hepatectomy.

While inflow occlusion techniques such as Pringle's maneuver are accepted methods of reducing bleeding without inducing liver injury during liver surgery, donor hepatectomy for living donor liver transplantation is currently performed without inflow occlusion for fear that injury to the graft may result. We have performed donor hepatectomy for 12 years using selective intermittent inflow occlusion, a technique in which the portion used to form the graft is perfused during hepatectomy. Starting in November 2000, we applied intermittent Pringle's maneuver to donor hepatectomy in 81 cases of living donor liver transplantation. We reviewed our experience with Pringle's maneuver and selective inflow occlusion techniques in donor hepatectomy in living donor liver transplantation. The quality of the grafts was assessed and compared by determining maximum postoperative aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values. Neither primary nonfunction nor dysfunction occurred. Maximum AST values in the recipients were the same whether the liver segments that formed the grafts were totally ischemic during dissection (total ischemia), partially ischemic (partial ischemia), perfused only with arterial blood flow (portal ischemia), or not ischemic at all (no ischemia). Maximum ALT values in the recipients of the total ischemia group was lower, albeit not significantly, than in other groups. Total inflow occlusion can be applied to living donor hepatectomy without causing graft injury. In conclusion, because the transection surface is blood-free, there is decreased risk to the donor during living donor liver transplantation surgery, and surgeons should not hesitate to apply this technique because it contributes to donor safety.     

Complete versus selective portal triad clamping for minor liver resections: a prospective randomized trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, efficacy, amount of hemorrhage, postoperative complications, and ischemic injury of selective clamping in patients undergoing minor liver resections. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Inflow occlusion can reduce blood loss during hepatectomy. However, Pringle maneuver produces ischemic injury to the remaining liver. Selective hemihepatic vascular occlusion technique can reduce the severity of visceral congestion and total liver ischemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty patients undergoing minor hepatic resection were randomly assigned to complete clamping (CC) or selective clamping (SC). Hemodynamic parameters, including portal pressure and the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), were evaluated. The amount of blood loss, measurements of liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and postoperative evolution were also recorded. RESULTS: No differences were observed in the amount of hemorrhage (671 +/- 533 mL versus 735 +/- 397 mL; P = 0.54) or the patients that required transfusion (10% versus 15%; P = 0.55). There were no differences on postoperative morbidity between groups (38% versus 29%; P = 0.38). Cirrhotic patients with CC had significantly higher ALT (7.7 +/- 4.6 versus 4.5 +/- 2.7 mukat/L, P = 0.01) and AST (10.2 +/- 8.7 versus 4.9 +/- 2.1 mukat/L; P = 0.03) values on the first postoperative day than SC. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that high central venous pressure, HVPG >10 mm Hg, and intraoperative blood loss were independent factors related to morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Both techniques of clamping are equally effective and feasible for patients with normal liver and undergoing minor hepatectomies. However, in cirrhotic patients selective clamping induces less ischemic injury and should be recommended. Finally, even for minor hepatic resections, central venous pressure, HVPG, and intraoperative blood loss are factors related to morbidity and should be considered.     

Effects of hepatovenous back flow on ischemic- reperfusion injuries in liver resections with the pringle maneuver

BACKGROUND: Experimental findings have demonstrated a beneficial role of retrograde blood flow from hepatic veins that takes place during the Pringle maneuver in liver resections. The cytoprotective effect of hepatovenous back-perfusion has not been evaluated in humans. A randomized prospective study was designed to compare the response of liver cells to ischemic-reperfusion injury during the application of two different ischemic procedures: inflow versus inflow plus outflow vascular occlusion of the liver. STUDY DESIGN: Forty patients were randomly allocated to undergo liver resection using the continuous Pringle maneuver (n = 20) or inflow plus outflow vascular occlusion of the liver by selective hepatic vascular exclusion (n = 20). Liver function was assessed on postoperative days 1 to 6. Response of liver cells to I/R injury was evaluated by measuring interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 at 3, 12, 24, and 48 hours after reperfusion. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde levels. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable regarding ischemic time, operative time, and extent of liver resection. Patients in whom retrograde blood flow to the liver took place during the Pringle maneuver showed better liver function postoperatively and less severe hepatic I/R injuries compared with those undergoing liver resection using both inflow and outflow vascular occlusion. Oxidative stress was significantly lower in the Pringle maneuver group compared with the inflow plus outflow vascular occlusion group (mean [+/- SD] malondialdehyde 8 +/- 2.1 micromol/L in the Pringle group versus 14.7 +/- 1.8 micromol/L in the selective hepatic vascular exclusion group 30 min after reperfusion, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Back perfusion via hepatic veins contributes to attenuation of I/R damage during the Pringle maneuver and should be preferred if possible during liver resection.     

大肝癌手术切除术中不同肝血流阻断方法的临床研究

目的：比较大肝癌手术切除术中3种不同的入肝血流阻断法的临床效果。
　　方法：回顾性分析2011年1月—2013年3月期间218例大肝癌（>5cm）手术患者的临床资料,术中88例采用Pringle法间断阻断全肝血流（肝门阻断组）,51例行选择性的半肝血流阻断（半肝阻断组）,79例行肝下下腔静脉阻断联合Pringle法阻断入肝血流（联合阻断组）。比较3组患者的术中与术后的相关指标。
　　结果：3组患者的术前情况、手术时间、入肝血流阻断时间及肝切除量的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;半肝阻断组与联合阻断组的术中出血量、输血量、输血率均明显低于肝门阻断组,且联合阻断组的输血量、输血率明显低于半肝阻断组（均P<0.05）;3组患者术后第1天肝功能指标差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,但半肝阻断组与联合阻断组第3、7天的转氨酶和总胆红素水平均明显低于肝门阻断组（均P<0.05）;3组术后并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。
　　结论：大肝癌切除术术中采用肝下下腔静脉阻断联合Pringle法阻断入肝血流不仅能够有效减少术中失血量,而且有利于术后肝功能的恢复。     

肝癌切除时肝血流阻断方法的选择

目的 探讨肝癌患者行肝切除术时肝血流阻断方法的选择。方法 观察分析65例肝癌患者行肝切除术时选用不同的肝血流阻断对手术及患者术后恢复的影响。结果 65例肝癌患者中行常规肝门阻断16例,选择性半肝血流阻断26例,肝内双向血流阻断22例,全肝血流阻断1例。全部患者肿瘤均获完整切除,除1例死亡外,其余术后恢复良好。结论 肝切除时肝血流阻断方法的选用应根据病变的位置、范围大小及手术类型和肝硬化程序等因素综合考虑而定。选择性半肝血流阻断法更适用于肝硬化病人的肝切除。     

A prospective evaluation of ultrasound-directed transparenchymal vascular control with linear cutting staplers in major hepatic resections

BACKGROUND: We prospectively evaluated a novel ultrasound-directed technique of major hepatic resection using transparenchymal application of vascular staplers intending to minimize blood loss, operative time, and hepatic warm ischemia time. METHODS: Beginning in 1998 many major hepatic resections for hepatic tumors were performed with ultrasound-directed transparenchymal application of vascular linear cutting staplers. An endoscopic flexible neck vascular linear cutting stapler was used for control of the hepatic veins. RESULTS: From December 1998 to April 2003, 346 patients undergoing hepatic resection using this technique were identified from a prospective hepatobiliary tumor surgery database. Records were reviewed for blood loss, transfusion requirement, inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) time, overall operative time, and perioperative and postoperative complications. The average blood loss for all patients was 396 +/- 28.4 mL. The inflow occlusion time was 13.7 +/- .64 minutes with a total operative time of 140.7 +/- 3.7 minutes. Additional liver-related procedures were performed in 52% of the patients. The overall complication rate was 29.5% with a 90-day mortality rate of 1.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-directed transparenchymal application of vascular staplers to control inflow and outflow during major liver resection minimizes blood loss, warm ischemia time, and operative time compared to published reports of patients undergoing resection using other techniques.     

Liver resection under total vascular isolation. Variations on a theme.

Total vascular isolation (TVI) of the liver was employed during parenchymal transection in 16 patients undergoing hepatic resection for large tumors (mean diameter, 10.7 cm) located near hilar structures, hepatic veins, or the inferior vena cava (IVC). In 14 cases, TVI was achieved by clamping the suprahepatic and infrahepatic IVC and the porta hepatis, with or without aortic occlusion; in two, selective hepatic vein clamping was possible, obviating IVC occlusion. Procedures included standard and extended right and left lobectomies and caudate lobe resections. Concomitant resection and reconstruction of the portal vein (one case), IVC (one case), and bile duct (three cases) was required. Postoperative hepatic and renal failure did not occur. Mean intensive care unit and hospital stays were 2.8 +/- 1.9 and 12.5 +/- 5.2 days, respectively. There were two perioperative deaths. Total vascular isolation permits safe resection of large, critically located tumors that would otherwise present prohibitive operative risks.     

肝门区肿瘤切除中肝脏血流阻断方法的探讨

目的 探讨肝脏血流阻断技术在肝门区肿瘤切除中的合理应用.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2008年3月采用第一肝门阻断法(Pringle法)和常温下全肝血流阻断技术(NHVE)相结合切除16例肝门区肿瘤的临床资料,分析肿瘤和肝门区血管的毗邻关系、阻断次数、阻断时间、术中出血量、输血量、术后并发症等指标.结果 本组16例患者采用Pringle法与NHVE相结合技术切除肿瘤,Pringle法平均阻断(3.8±1.6)次,平均阻断时间(46.6±28.8)min;NHVE平均阻断(1.6±0.4)次,平均阻断时间(23.5±8.2)min;术中出血量平均(1250±320)ml,输血量平均(860±245)ml;术中修补下腔静脉损伤4例,肝静脉损伤2例,门静脉主干损伤2例;术后均有肝脏酶学指标、胆线素不同程度的升高,经保肝等治疗后恢复正常,未发牛肝功能衰竭等严重并发症.结论 Pringle法与NHVE技术分步结合使用可减少全肝血流阻断时间、增加肝门区肿瘤切除的安全性.     

腹腔镜肝切除术治疗肝血管瘤22例临床分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝切除术治疗肝血管瘤的技术要点和疗效.方法 回顾分析第三军医大学西南医院2007年3月1日至2008年2月29日22例肝血管瘤病人行腹腔镜肝切除术的临床资料.结果 22例中2例中转开腹,20例完成全腹腔镜肝切除术.规则性肝叶(段)切除14例,其中左半肝切除5例,左外叶切除5例(其中1例联合右肝血管瘤射频消融术),Ⅵ段切除4例;不规则肝切除8例.10例在区域性半肝血流阻断条件下手术,7例行间歇性第一肝门血流阻断,5例未行人肝血流阻断.平均手术时间209 min,平均术中出血量360 ml.全组无手术死亡及并发症发生.术后恢复顺利,平均术后住院时间6 d.随访2～14个月,无症状再发及肿瘤复发.结论 腹腔镜肝切除术治疗肝血管瘤具有手术安全、并发症少和术后恢复快等优点,其技术要点是选择恰当适应证和手术入路,有效控制入肝血流和妥善处理肝断面,肝实质离断沿瘤体周围0.5～1 cm正常肝实质内进行或直接行荷瘤肝叶(段)规则性切除.     

Simplified hepatic resection utilizing absorbable polyglycolic acid-based tape and other ligature apparatus

Hepatic resection has been increasing in frequency in the management of metastatic or primary neoplasms of the liver. Although mortality for this procedure has steadily decreased, the associated morbidity remains high. Morbidity is mainly associated with operative time and blood loss, especially in jaundiced and cirrhotic patients. During hepatic resection, control of bleeding from various sources is the most important problem faced by surgeons. During conventional lobectomy, despite prior control of hepatic artery and portal vein to that lobe, bleeding still occurs from the opposite lobe or back flow from hepatic veins. We usually apply Pringle's maneuver for hemostasis, but consequently there is postoperative hepatic dysfunction. We have previously investigated methods for vascular occlusion at the site of liver resection. We developed a new absorbable polyglycolic acid-based tape (breadth, 3 mm; length, 70 cm) for use in hepatic mass ligation, as well as two types of ligature apparatus. Hemostasis was achieved with these devices, and all lobar, segmental, and non-anatomic resections were performed without prior control of the portal venous system, hepatic arterial inflow, and hepatic venous outflow before parenchymal resection. This significantly shortened the operative time, as well as decreasing the blood loss during hepatic resection, with consequent reduction of postoperative morbidity. The use of this absorbable tape may reduce the incidence of local infection, abscess formation, and septicemia. Received for publication on March 26, 1997; accepted on Jan. 28, 1998     

选择性肝血流阻断肝切除术的应用

目的探讨选择性肝血流阻断肝切除术的安全性和可行性。方法回顾性分析我院2002年3月至2006年10月行肝切除术65例,分为选择性肝血流阻断组（HVC,n=28）和第一肝门阻断组（Pringle,n=37）;比较两组病人术中出血量、手术时间、术后肝功能的恢复、术后两天的平均引流量以及术后并发症。结果两组病人术中出血量和手术时间均无显著性差异;HVC组术后3天和7天的血清谷丙转氨酶明显低于Pringle组,术后两天的平均引流量HVC组明显少于Pringle组;Pringle组有两例出现肝功能衰竭,其中1例死亡,HVC组没有肝功能衰竭及死亡病例。结论选择性肝血流阻断肝切除术安全、可行,较第一肝门阻断更有利于肝功能的恢复,减少肝功能衰竭的发生。     

区域性肝血流阻断在肝切除术中的应用

目的：总结区域性肝血流阻断行盱切除的经验。方法：回顾分析46例区域性肝血流阻断行肝切除的临床疗效。左半肝切除6例,左肝外侧叶切除17例,右半肝切除4例,右肝多肝段联合切除6例,肝段或不规则肝段切除13例。区域性肝血流阻断的方式包括导尿管束扎法18例,肠钳夹压法22例,经肝后隧道绕肝带束扎提拉法6例。结果：本组病例无死亡。术中输血3例,平均出血量210mL;术后并发膈下感染1例,胆瘘2例．胸腔积液2例,切口感染3例。结论：区域性肝血流阻断下进行肝切除是一种简便、安全且有效的方法,能有效控制术中肝脏出血,减轻术后肝功能损害。     

Rescue of liver grafts from hepatic artery occlusion in living-related liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation remains a significant cause of graft loss and death. Retransplantation is a difficult option after living-related liver transplantation in Japan. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients underwent living-related liver transplantation with left-sided liver grafts donated from their relatives. The hepatic artery was anastomosed end to end under a surgical microscope. Anticoagulant therapy was maintained for 2 weeks after operation. Routine post-transplant Doppler ultrasonography together with serum blood tests were performed twice a day during the first 2 weeks. RESULTS: Three patients developed hepatic artery occlusion, which was identified by routine Doppler ultrasonography before the serum transaminase values increased on days 7, 7 and 3 after surgery respectively. In two of the three patients, no apparent arterial thrombosis was recognized and vasospasm was therefore considered to be the cause of the occlusion. Arterial patency was restored by urgent revascularization with reanastomosis in all patients, but one patient with a functional graft died from a cerebral haemorrhage on day 47. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis of hepatic artery occlusion by routine Doppler ultrasonography and revascularization of the graft is an indispensable strategy for preventing graft loss after living-related liver transplantation.     

肝脏血流阻断方法及评价

Hepatectomy is the main option of treatment for liver cancer,and how to control the blood loss is an important issue for the recovery of patients.Continuous hepatic vascular occlusion(Pringle maneuver)is the oldest and simplest way for vascular occlusion and still used in clinical practice.But continuous hepatic vascular occlusion often gives rise to postischemic reperfusion injury due to clamping the portal vein and the hepatic artery in the hepatic pedicle.So intermittent clamping or hemihepatic vascular occlusion is recommended in complex liver resections or for patients with liver cirrhosis.Total hepatic vascular exclusion has the advantages of occlusion of vascular inflow and outflow of the liver,and is mainly used for patients with tumors invading the caval veins.Major hepatic veins and limited inferior vena cava reconstruction has been also achieved under inflow occlusion with extraparenchymal control of major hepatic veins.It is crucial to know how to select the optimal methods of hepatic vascular occlusion according to the specific conditions.Focusing on this issue,we have reviewed and evaluated various methods and relevant researches in this paper.     

Occlusion of hepatic blood inflow for complex central liver resections in cirrhotic patients: a randomized comparison of hemihepatic and total hepatic occlusion techniques

BACKGROUND: Intermittent occlusion of hepatic blood inflow by means of a hemihepatic or total hepatic occlusion technique is essential for reducing operative blood loss. Central liver resection to preserve more functioning liver parenchyma is mandatory for centrally located liver tumors in patients with cirrhosis, but it requires a longer overall hepatic ischemic time because of a wide transection plane. No controlled comparison has been performed for the 2 techniques in these operations. HYPOTHESIS: Hemihepatic inflow occlusion may be beneficial in cirrhotic patients who undergo complex central hepatectomy with a wide liver transection plane. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized study. SETTING: University hospital and tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: During liver parenchymal transection, 58 cirrhotic patients who underwent complex central liver resections with a wide transection plane were prospectively randomized into 2 groups. In the group undergoing total hepatic inflow clamping (group T; n = 28), occlusion of hepatic blood inflow was performed for 15 minutes with declamping for 5 minutes. In the group undergoing selective clamping of ipsilateral blood inflow (group H; n = 30), clamping was performed for 30 minutes with declamping for 5 minutes. INTERVENTION: Comparison of patient backgrounds, operative procedures, and early postoperative results. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Operative blood loss, need for blood transfusion, and postoperative morbidity. RESULTS: The patients' backgrounds, operative procedures, and area of liver transection plane were not significantly different between the 2 groups. In all patients, the liver transection areas were greater than 60 cm(2) and overall liver ischemic times were greater than 60 minutes. The amount of operative blood loss and incidence of blood transfusion were significantly greater in group T because of greater blood loss during declamping. Overall liver ischemic and total operative times, postoperative morbidity, and postoperative changes in liver enzyme levels were not significantly different between groups. No in-hospital deaths occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent hemihepatic and total occlusion of hepatic blood inflow are safe in cirrhotic patients with an overall ischemic time of greater than 60 minutes. However, for complex liver resections with an estimated liver transection plane of greater than 60 cm(2), hemihepatic occlusion of blood inflow, if feasible, may be recommended in cirrhotic patients to reduce operative blood loss and the incidence of blood transfusion under our defined occlusion time.     

Role of ischemic preconditioning in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Background

Investigation into less traumatic method of vascular occlusion during liver resection is the actual problem in hepatic surgery because of high level of complications such as liver failure. In this connection, the goal of our study was to determine the optimal model of vascular clamping. The research showed that vascular occlusion with ischemic preconditioning in the mode 5/10/15 the most delicate technique.

Methods

Forty white giant rabbits were divided randomly into four groups (n=10 in each group). In group I we used continuous Pringle maneuver by 30 min. In group II we used intermittent Pringle maneuver: 15 min of clamping/5 min of unclamping (reperfusion)/15 min of clamping. In group III we used intermittent Pringle maneuver with ischemic precondition: 5 min of ischemia/5 min of reperfusion, 10 min of ischemia/5 min of reperfusion/15 min of ischemia. Group IV (control group) is without hepatic ischemia. All animals were performed a liver biopsy at the end of the surgery. Five rabbits from each group underwent re-laparotomy on day 3 after surgery with biopsy samples being taken for studying reparative processes in liver parenchyma.

Results

Results of morphometric analysis were the best to illustrate different level of liver injury in the groups. Thus, there were 95.5% damaged hepatocytes after vascular occlusion in hepatic preparations in group I, 70.3% damaged hepatocytes in group II, and 42.3% damaged hepatocytes in group III. There were 5.3% damaged hepatocytes in the control group.

Conclusions

Vascular occlusion with ischemic preconditioning in the mode 5/10/15 the most delicate technique that does not involve major structural injuries and functional disorders in the remnant liver. Thus, it is amenable to translation into clinical practice and may improve outcomes in liver resection with inflow vascular occlusion.     

Hepatic vascular occlusion: which technique?

Each vascular occlusion technique has a place in major and minor hepatic resectional surgery, based on the tumor location, presence of associated underlying liver disease, patient cardiovascular status, and experience of the operating surgeon. Understanding of the potential application of different techniques, anticipation of the expected and potential hemodynamic responses, and knowledge of the limitations of each technique are fundamental to appropriate surgical planning adapted to each patient. Experience with the various clamping methods enables an aggressive but safe approach to surgical treatment of hepatobiliary diseases, with acceptable blood loss and transfusion requirements. In all cases, surgical strategy should be defined with the anesthesiologist, particularly in regard to hemodynamic monitoring, in order to optimize perioperative patient management and to minimize the risk for complications such as bleeding and air embolism. Importantly, randomized study has shown that the added dissection, operative, and postoperative risks associated with HVE are not balanced by decreased blood loss compared with hepatic pedicle clamping, except in exceptional cases when tumors involve the major hepatic veins or vena cava. In addition, dissection in preparation for clamping may be used as safe approach techniques to tumors in difficult locations, even when eventual clamping is not performed. Similarly, the liver-hanging maneuver enables resection without mobilization, compression, and manipulation of large tumors. In the future, renewed interest in the impact of hepatic ischemia and reperfusion may reveal that some clamping methods, in particular inflow occlusion, act as a means of preconditioning before a period of prolonged hepatic ischemia, for complex hepatic resection or for graft harvest from a living donor. Finally, the addition of infrahepatic caval clamping may add a new, simple, effective technique to the armamentarium of the liver surgeon, particularly as more routine hepatic surgery moves from the specialized center to the community.     

肝门血流阻断在腹腔镜肝切除术的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜肝切除术中肝门血流阻断技术应用的技术要点及可行性。方法回顾性分析广西医科大学第一附属医院微创外科2005年5月至2011年6月期间95例行肝门血流阻断的腹腔镜肝切除术病例的临床资料。结果腹腔镜肝左外叶切除21例,左半肝切除13例,右半肝切除4例,肝段切除17例,局部性肝切除24例,血管瘤切除5例,中转开腹手术11例。39例应用间断性Pringle法行全入肝血流阻断,阻断时间为(30.84±9.51)min;56例行选择性入肝血流阻断,包括14例经Glisson鞘一并阻断肝蒂,42例打开Glisson鞘,分离并阻断鞘内动脉及门静脉。12例于断肝前阻断肝静脉,包括7例缝扎肝左静脉,4例分离肝左静脉,1例分离肝右静脉;其余病例则在断肝过程中于断面内处理肝静脉。手术时间(236.80±95.97)min,术中出血(551.55±497.41)ml,输浓缩红细胞(2.60±2.23)U,血浆(211.90±179.29)ml。术后并发症包括肝断面出血4例,胸腔积液4例,肺部感染3例,腹水7例,胆瘘2例,死亡1例。术后住院时间(12.47±4.18)d。截止2012年2月29日,72例肝癌获随访,随访时间(24.14±16.62)个月(5～81个月),1年生存率为68.4%(54/79),3年生存率为21.5%(17/79)。结论在腹腔镜肝切除术中应用肝门血流阻断技术是可行的。     

Prolonged continuous or intermittent vascular inflow occlusion during hemihepatectomy in pigs

OBJECTIVE: To assess ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in a hemihepatectomy model in pigs after prolonged continuous or intermittent vascular inflow occlusion in the liver. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Massive intraoperative blood loss during liver resections can be prevented by temporary vascular inflow occlusion, consequently leading to ischemia and reperfusion injury in the remnant liver. Previously, in a pig liver resection model in which only limited I/R injury was induced during brief (90 min) vascular inflow occlusion, the authors demonstrated reduced I/R injury after continuous (CNT) occlusion, compared to intermittent (INT). This liver resection study on pigs was undertaken to assess I/R injury after prolonged (120 min) CNT or INT occlusion. METHODS: In pigs (37.0 +/- 1.5 kg), liver ischemia during 2 hours was CNT (n = 6) or INT (n = 6) (eight subsequent periods of 12 min ischemia and 3 min recirculation), followed by 6 hours of reperfusion. A left hemihepatectomy (45.5% +/- 1.4%) was performed within the first 12 minutes of ischemia. No hepatic pedicle clamping or liver resection was performed in control experiments (n = 6). Microvascular damage was assessed by hyaluronic acid (HA) uptake capacity of the liver (parameter of early sinusoidal endothelial cell damage) and restoration of intrahepatic tissue pO2 during reperfusion. Hepatocellular damage was tested by plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). RESULTS: Hyaluronic acid uptake after 6 hours of reperfusion, compared to preischemic uptake, was unaltered in the control group, but was significantly reduced in both resection groups. However, more HA was taken up after INT occlusion, compared to CNT (60.4% +/- 5.6% and 39.5% +/- 3.7%, respectively; ANOVA: p = 0.001). Intrahepatic tissue pO2 distribution after 6 hours of reperfusion more closely returned to preischemic configuration in the INT group than in the CNT group, indicating reduced microcirculatory disturbances after INT occlusion. Release of AST and LDH after 6 hours of reperfusion was significantly increased in both CNT and INT groups. Lower AST levels, however, were found after INT occlusion than after CNT occlusion (267.0 +/- 74.7 U/l and 603.3 +/- 132.4 U/l, respectively; p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent hepatic vascular inflow occlusion during prolonged liver ischemia in pigs resulted in less microcirculatory and hepatocellular injury, compared to continuous occlusion. Intermittent clamping is preferable when prolonged periods of vascular inflow occlusion are applied during liver resections.