Dexmedetomidine during local anesthesia

The objective of our study was to assess the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine given in a small dose for a 1-h infusion as an adjuvant to local analgesia in ophthalmic operations. The study was double-blind prospective, randomized, and placebo controlled. We studied the effects of a small dose of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μ·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ for 10 min followed by 0.2 μ·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ for 50 min. Patients were divided randomly into two groups with 20 patients in each: group A was the study group and group B was the placebo group. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group than the placebo group. Bispectral index values were significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group than the placebo group. Also, intraocular pressure significantly decreased in the dexmedetomidine group compared to the placebo group. The study revealed that dexmedetomidine in the studied dose has a sedative effect, provides safe control of heart rate and blood pressure, and also decreases intraocular pressure during ophthalmic surgery under local anesthesia.     

Autologous fat injection laryngoplasty for unilateral vocal fold paralysis

Background: Fat injection laryngoplasty has been used at the Sydney Voice Clinic for selected cases of unilateral vocal fold paralysis since 1989. Methods: Forty‐five consecutive cases deemed suitable for treatment by this technique are presented in this paper. Results: Mean follow up for this group of patients was 33 months. Over the period of follow up, 39 of the 45 patients achieved normal or near normal voice, with four patients requiring additional surgical intervention. Conclusion: Fat injection laryngoplasty is a quick, simple, inexpensive and reliable procedure, with few complications and good long‐term results in suitable selected cases of unilateral vocal fold paralysis.     

Dexmedetomidine for awake fiberoptic intubation in a parturient with spinal muscular atrophy type III for cesarean delivery

Spinal muscular atrophy in pregnancy is rare and poses multiple problems for the anesthesiologist. The effects of dexmedetomidine on a parturient with spinal muscular atrophy have not previously been reported. There are also no in vivo data on placental transfer of dexmedetomidine and its effects on a human neonate. We report the hemodynamic, respiratory and sedative effects of dexmedetomidine on a parturient and neonate when used for awake fiberoptic intubation before cesarean section. A 35-year-old, gravida 4 para 0 aborta 3, 41-kg parturient at 35 weeks of gestation with spinal muscular atrophy presented for cesarean section. Dexmedetomidine was administered intravenously, total dose 1.84 μg/kg over 38 minutes, followed by fiberoptic endotracheal intubation. Dexmedetomidine was then discontinued and general anesthesia was induced. The baby was delivered 68 minutes after the dexmedetomidine infusion was discontinued at which time blood samples were obtained for measurement of dexmedetomidine. During administration of dexmedetomidine, maternal heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation remained stable. Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min were 6 and 8. The fetal concentration of dexmedetomidine (540 pg/mL) indicates significant placental transfer, but significant adverse neonatal effects were not observed. Dexmedetomidine alone provided adequate sedation for awake intubation without respiratory compromise in this patient.     

清醒气管插管气道局部麻醉技术的研究进展

对于术前评估为困难气道的患者应当采用清醒镇静表面麻醉下实施气管插管。实施清醒气管插管的关键技术是完善的气道局部麻醉。清醒气管插管是麻醉科医师必须掌握的技能之一。本文通过回顾近十年的文献,旨为麻醉科医师提供清醒气管插管气道局部麻醉技术相关理论参考。     

右美托咪定与芬太尼类药物在清醒气管插管患者麻醉诱导效果比较的Meta分析

目的采用Meta分析比较右美托咪定与芬太尼类药物在清醒气管插管患者中麻醉诱导的效果。方法检索Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、Embase、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、CNKI、维普、万方数据库,检索时间从1990年至2014年2月。收集清醒气管插管患者使用右美托咪定与常用芬太尼类药物(芬太尼、舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼)作为麻醉诱导的临床随机对照研究(RCT)。采用Cochrane协作网系统评价法评价纳入文献的质量,采用RevMan 5.0软件对收集的患者资料进行Meta分析评价。结果纳入10篇研究400例患者,其中右美托咪定组197例,芬太尼类药物组203例。在插管前即刻右美托咪定组患者的镇静效果(RSS评分)明显优于芬太尼类药物组(WMD1.29,95%CI 1.02~1.56),插管完成即刻右美托咪定组的镇静效果(RSS评分)同样优于芬太尼类药物组(WMD 1.41,95%CI 1.10~1.72)。右美托咪定组呛咳反射发生率明显低于芬太尼类药物组(OR 0.10,95%CI为0.03~0.31)。右美托咪定组高血压发生率明显低于芬太尼类药物组(OR0.25,95%CI 0.11~0.57)。右美托咪定组呼吸抑制发生率明显低于芬太尼类药物组(OR 0.33,95%CI 0.16~0.72)。右美托咪定组术后不良记忆发生率明显低于芬太尼类药物组(OR 0.50,95%CI 0.28~0.92)。结论与芬太尼类药物比较,右美托咪定用于清醒气管插管更具有优势。     

羟考酮联合右美托咪定在纤维支气管镜清醒气管插管中的应用

目的观察羟考酮复合右美托咪定在清醒气管插管中的镇痛镇静效果以及对呼吸和循环功能的影响。方法选择术前预计困难气道的择期手术患者40例,随机分为舒芬太尼组和羟考酮组。两组患者静脉泵注右美托咪定1μg/kg后以0.2μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)维持,舒芬太尼组静注舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg,羟考酮组静注羟考酮0.08mg/kg。监测患者用药及插管期间HR、MAP和SpO_2变化,并记录插管前Ramsay评分以及插管后PETCO_2和舒适度评分。结果两组患者用药及插管期间的血流动力学变化、镇静及舒适度差异无统计学意义。羟考酮组患者静注后SpO_2明显高于舒芬太尼组(P0.05),气管插管后PETCO_2明显降低(P0.05)。结论羟考酮复合右美托咪定可安全地用于清醒气管插管,镇痛、镇静效果良好,与舒芬太尼相比,呼吸抑制轻,不良反应少。     

不同剂量右美托咪定对视频喉镜清醒镇静插管时心血管反应的影响

目的观察不同剂量右美托咪定对视频喉镜清醒镇静插管时心血管反应的影响。方法择期气管插管全麻手术患者90例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,MallampatiⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为三组,D1组:右美托咪定0.8μg/kg+瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg;D2组:右美托咪定1.0μg/kg+瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg和D3组:右美托咪定1.2μg/kg+瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg。插管前15min三组患者分别按上述剂量缓慢静脉泵注右美托咪定(10min泵注完毕),插管前90s快速静注瑞芬太尼,并在气管完善表面麻醉的基础上,行视频喉镜插管。记录入室后安静10min(基础值,T0)、喉镜置入前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)时HR、MAP及Ramsay镇静评分;并记录插管时间、气管插管过程中躁动、呛咳、呼吸抑制、心血管不良反应的发生情况;术后随访患者对气管插管过程的知晓情况。结果 T1时三组HR明显慢于、MAP明显低于T0时(P0.05);T2时D1组HR明显快于、MAP明显高于D2、D3组(P0.05)。T1、T2时D1组Ramsay镇静评分明显低于D2、D3组(P0.05)。D1组高血压、心动过速、躁动、呛咳等不良反应的发生率明显高于D2、D3组(P0.05)。D3组心动过缓、呼吸抑制发生率明显高于D1、D2组(P0.05)。结论在完善的气道表面麻醉基础上,右美托咪定1μg/kg复合瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg可以明显抑制视频喉镜清醒镇静插管时的心血管反应,并且不良反应少,是较为合理的临床用药剂量。     

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚或不同剂量右美托咪定在清醒气管插管中的应用

目的 比较瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚或不同剂量右美托咪定在清醒气管插管中的安全性和有效性.方法 择期全麻手术患者60例,以随机数字表法分为三组:瑞芬太尼+丙泊酚2mg· kg-1·h-1组(P组)、瑞芬太尼+0.5 μg/kg右美托咪定组(D1组)和瑞芬太尼+1 μg/kg右美托咪定组(D2组),每组20例.入室后三组患者均以0.25 μg.kg-1· min-1泵注瑞芬太尼,同时泵注不同镇静药,给药后5 min,2％利多卡因进行气管内表面麻醉,给药后10 min行可视喉镜下气管插管.记录插管成功率、插管时间,并记录给药前(T0)、插管前(T1)、插管成功即刻(T2)及插管后3min(T3)时的MAP、HR、SpO2;记录T0～T2时RR及PETCO2;同时记录患者呼吸抑制、呛咳及插管知晓等不良反应.结果 P组、D1和D2组一次插管成功率分别为80％、85％和90％.与T0时比较,T1时D1、D2组HR均明显减慢(P＜0.01),而D2组MAP明显升高(P＜0.01);T2时P、D1组HR明显增快(P＜0.01),三组MAP均明显升高(P＜0.01);T3时P组MAP明显降低,且明显低于D1、D2两组(P＜0.01).与T0时比较,T1、T2时三组患者RR均明显减慢,PET CO2明显升高(P＜0.01),其中D1组RR明显快于,PET CO2明显低于P组和D2组(P＜0.05).P组患者呼吸抑制、呛咳及插管知晓等不良反应的发生率明显高于D1、D2组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 瑞芬太尼复合右美托咪定可安全地用于清醒气管插管,在维持血压稳定及减少不良反应方面优于复合丙泊酚.瑞芬太尼复合小剂量右美托咪定对呼吸抑制轻微,安全性较高.     

不同靶控浓度瑞芬太尼联合右美托咪定用于颈椎手术麻醉中经鼻清醒气管插管效果的比较

目的观察不同靶控浓度瑞芬太尼联合右美托咪定用于颈椎手术麻醉经鼻清醒气管插管的安全性和有效性,探讨临床适宜的瑞芬太尼靶控浓度。方法选择择期在全身麻醉下行颈椎手术患者60例,男40例,女20例,年龄18~68岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,按瑞芬太尼靶控浓度不同随机分为三组:A组:瑞芬太尼1.5ng/ml,B组:瑞芬太尼2.0ng/ml,C组:瑞芬太尼2.5ng/ml。三组患者均给予右美托咪定1μg/kg。观察并记录入手术室时(T_1)、插管前(T_2)、气管导管过鼻咽即刻(T_3)、气管导管过声门即刻(T_4)、导管套囊充气即刻(T_5)、导管进入气管后1min(T_6)的MAP、HR、SpO_2、RR;并记录插管时间、插管一次成功率、患者插管过程中呛咳、肢体运动及呼吸抑制等不良反应和知晓情况。结果与T_1时比较,T_3~T_5时A组MAP明显升高,HR明显增快(P0.05),B组、C组差异无统计学意义;与T_1时比较,T_4~T_6时C组SpO_2明显下降(P0.05),T_3~T_6时C组RR明显减慢(P0.05),A组、B组差异无统计学意义。A组呛咳、肢体运动发生率明显高于B组和C组(P0.05);A组、B组呼吸抑制发生率明显低于C组(P0.05)。结论 2.0ng/ml靶控浓度瑞芬太尼联合右美托咪定能有效抑制插管时的应激反应,减少呼吸抑制发生,适合用于颈椎手术患者电子插管软镜引导经鼻清醒插管。     

右美托咪定用于全身麻醉的临床研究

目的：探讨右美托咪定用于全身麻醉的临床效果。方法选取我院2011年5月～2013年5月期间收治的88例需要实施全身麻醉的患者,按照随机数字表法将其平均分成研究组与对照组两组,每组各44例,研究组采用右美托咪定辅助全身麻醉;对照组采用生理盐水辅助麻醉,比较两组在全身麻醉过程中患者 Ramsay 镇静评分、心跳、血压及使用异丙酚、芬太尼的剂量,不良反应率等。结果在给药5min 后,研究组 Ramsay 镇静评分稍高于对照组;在给予10min 后,研究组 Ramsay 镇静评分明显高于对照组,两组相比,差异有统计学意义（x2=6.13,P=0.002）。研究组在全身麻醉过程中用芬太尼、丙泊酚的剂量明显少于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义（t=5.54,P=0.02）;且两组的心率、血压相比,差异明显,有统计学意义（t=4.97,P=0.03）。但两组的气管插管、拔管前后所用时间、手术时间及术后清醒时间无明显差异,不具有统计学意义（P ＞0.05）。研究组与对照组均未发生肌肉颤动及躁动不安等相关不良反应症状。结论将右美托咪定用于全身麻醉,效果佳,安全系数高,且有明显的镇静功效,值得临床推广应用。     

Shikani喉镜与Airtraq喉镜用于颈椎活动受限患者清醒气管插管对比研究

目的 比较Shikani喉镜与Airtraq喉镜清醒气管插管在颈椎手术中的应用效果. 方法 选择ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,拟全身麻醉下行前路或后路颈椎内固定术患者60例.按随机数字表法分为Shikani喉镜组(S组)和Airtraq喉镜组(A组),每组30例.记录入室15 min麻醉诱导前(T1)、麻醉诱导后插管前(T2)、插管即刻(T3)、插管后1 min(T4)及插管后3 min(T5)时的MAP、HR、气管插管的成功率、插管时间,评估患者对气管插管的耐受性、配合程度及满意度,观察术后咽喉损伤情况. 结果 与T1比较,A组T3～T5时点MAP升高、HR增快(P＜0.05).A组T3～T5时点MAP高于S组,HR快于S组(P＜0.05).S组插管时间短于A组[(15±4)s比(22±5)s],插管成功率高于A组(100％比90％)(P＜0.05).与A组比较,S组气管插管耐受性及满意度优于A组(P＜0.05),咽喉损伤的发生率也较A组少(P＜0.05). 结论 颈椎手术清醒诱导插管中,与Airtraq喉镜比较,Shikani喉镜可减少气管插管时心血管应激反应,提高插管成功率及患者的舒适度,缩短插管时间,降低咽喉损伤的发生率.     

利多卡因雾化吸入用于纤维支气镜引导清醒气管插管患者的效果观察

目的 观察超声雾化吸入2%利多卡因气道表面麻醉用于经鼻纤维支气管镜(FOB)辅助清醒气管插管的临床效果.方法 择期颈椎手术患者42例,随机均分为两组,分别采用超声雾化吸人2%利多卡因行呼吸道表面麻醉(Ⅰ组)和1%丁卡因鼻拭子鼻腔表面麻醉,环甲膜穿刺及喉上神经阻滞的联合局部麻醉(Ⅱ组).记录插管的时间(FNIT),入室后5 min(基础值,T1)、气管导管过鼻腔(T2)、FOB过咽喉(T3)、FOB过声门进气管确认气管隆突位置(T4)、气管导管进入气管(T5)时患者的反应及血流动力学的变化;记录Ⅰ组患者局部麻醉药物的用量及两组患者局部麻醉药的不良反应;术后第1天随访患者对两种方法的评价.结果 与T1时比较,T2～T5时两组患者HR增快;T2～T5时Ⅰ组及T2、T3时Ⅱ组患者MAP均增高;T2～T4时Ⅱ组SPO2明显降低(P<0.05).Ⅰ组患者利多卡因的平均用量为4.86 mg/kg,最大用量为7.64 mg/kg.Ⅰ组患者对所接受的局部麻醉方法评价为((6.71±1.23)分,明显高于Ⅱ组(4.90±1.41)分(P<0.05).结论 超声雾化吸入2%利多卡因可为经鼻FOB清醒插管提供充分的表面麻醉,易于被患者所接受,值得在临床工作中推广.     

Dexmedetomidine versus nimodipine for controlled hypotension during spine surgery

BackgroundControlled hypotension is a technique that is used to limit intraoperative blood loss, improve operative field, decrease duration of surgery, and thus decrease the amount of blood transfused.ObjectiveThe aim of this double-blind, randomized, controlled study is to compare the effects of sevoflurane combined with dexmedetomidine (DEX) or nimodipine (NIMO) on blood loss in the surgical field, recovery time, and patient tolerability in spine surgery.MethodsForty-eight (48) patients, 20–50 years of age, ASA I-II, randomly divided into DEX group (n = 24) and NIMO group (n = 24). In the DEX group, a loading dose of DEX infused over 10 min at a rate of 1 μg/kg/h, followed by a maintenance rate of 0.4–0.8 μg/kg/h. In the NIMO group, the dose infused at 15 μg/kg/h for 2 h (approximately 1 mg/h). The infusion rates were titrated to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 60–65 mm. Hg. We recorded MAP, intraoperative blood loss, total recovery time, total fentanyl consumption, incidence of arrhythmia or ischemia, and postoperative nausea and vomiting.ResultsNo significant difference in the amount of blood loss between the two groups was observed. Total fentanyl consumption was significantly higher in the NIMO group (350 ± 8.9 μg) versus (200 ± 5.5 μg) in the DEX group (p = 0.002). Recovery time was shorter in the NIMO group (6.8 min) versus (8.9 min) in the DEX group (p = 0.001).ConclusionsDexmedetomidine and Nimodipine provided effective method of controlled hypotension limiting the blood loss, and NIMO was associated with significantly shorter extubation and recovery times compared with DEX.     

右美托咪定联合丙泊酚在面部整形手术患者中的麻醉效果

目的 探讨在面部整形手术中采用不同的麻醉方案所取得的效果。方法 选取2022年1月-2023年 3月于我院接受面部整形手术的150例患者作为研究对象,按治疗先后顺序分为对照组和试验组,各75例。 对照组采用丙泊酚联合舒芬太尼麻醉,试验组采用右美托咪定联合丙泊酚麻醉,比较两组不同时间段的生 命体征、并发症发生情况、手术过程中的舒芬太尼追加情况、麻醉效果、苏醒指标。结果 试验组收缩压 与舒张压波动幅度小于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;试验组并发症发生率为1.33%,低于 对照组的10.67%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;试验组舒芬太尼追加剂量为（3.02±0.23）μg,低 于对照组的（4.25±1.35）μg,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;试验组VAS评分及Ramsay评分均低于 对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;试验组术后苏醒时间及清醒时间均短于对照组,差异有统计 学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 面部整形手术中应用右美托咪定联合丙泊酚方案进行麻醉,能够获得更有效的 麻醉效果,患者疼痛程度较轻,且患者相关体征平稳,术后苏醒时间以及清醒时间均较短。     

Dexmedetomidine,morphine, propofol vs midazolam,morphine, propofol for conscious sedation in rhinoplasty under local anesthesia. A prospective,randomized study

BackgroundMonitored anesthesia care (MAC) has been proposed as one of the suitable techniques for rhinoplasty. In this study our aim was to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine with morphine and propofol vs benzodiazepines with morphine and propofol as adjuncts to local anesthesia – on analgesia, sedation, respiratory and hemodynamics variables and surgeon and patient satisfaction.MethodsIn this prospective, double-blind, comparative study, 60 patients undergoing rhinoplasty by local anesthesia randomly received intravenous sedation of either: dexmedetomidine (Dex group) or midazolam (Mid group) in combination with morphine and propofol. Level of sedation was assessed by using the Observer’s Assessment Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S). Pain on local anesthesia injection was assessed by a visual analog scale. Surgeon’s satisfaction also can be assessed by using a 3-grades score, the surgeon assessed the quality of surgical bleeding. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed and recorded. Patients’ satisfaction, visual analog scale for intraoperative pain, and total amount of propofol used intraoperatively. Adverse effects were also recorded.ResultsIn Mid group patients were earlier to reach adequate sedation level than in Dex group, but they felt more pain either on local anesthetic injection or during operation. Intraoperative mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in Dex group were lower than their baseline values and the corresponding values in Mid group. The total amount of propofol needed for Mid group was much higher than in Dex group. Patient satisfaction was higher in Dex group. Time of surgery was longer in Mid group. Both groups were similar in sedation recovery and ward discharge times, as well as, incidence of side effects.ConclusionDexmedetomidine sedation with morphine and propofol in rhinoplasty performed under local anesthesia was associated with shorter surgery time, greater patient and surgeon satisfaction, and lower pain scores with no adverse effects, when compared to midazolam sedation with morphine and propofol.     

丙泊酚联合右美托咪定在美容手术中的应用效果

目的 分析丙泊酚联合右美托咪定在美容手术中的应用效果。方法 选取2020年1月-2022年12月 于我院行美容手术的80例患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组40例。对照组采用丙泊酚联合 舒芬太尼进行麻醉,观察组采用丙泊酚联合右美托咪定进行麻醉,比较两组不良反应发生情况、血流动力 学指标[心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）]、应激反应指标[（皮质醇（Cor）、肾上腺素（NE）]及相关 疼痛介质指标[血清P物质（SP）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）、前列腺素E2（PGE2）]。结果 观察组不良反应发生 率为7.50%,低于对照组的25.50%（P＜0.05）;观察组T1~T3时Cor、HR、NE水平均低于对照组,MAP水 平高于对照组（P＜0.05）;两组术后24 h血清SP、5-HT、PGE2水平均高于麻醉诱导前,但观察组低于对 照组（P＜0.05）。结论 丙泊酚联合右美托咪定在美容手术中的麻醉效果确切,在发挥镇静镇痛作用的同 时,可有效改善患者的应激反应和血流动力学指标,且不会增加不良事件发生几率,值得临床应用。     

右美托咪定联合地佐辛在面部整形手术麻醉中的应用效果

探究在面部整形手术患者中应用右美托咪定联合地佐辛进行麻醉的效果。方法 选取我院2021年1月-2022年1月行面部整形的200例患者为本研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,各100例。对照组给予右美托咪定进行麻醉,观察组给予右美托咪定联合地佐辛进行麻醉,比较两组苏醒时间、清醒时间、术后镇痛、镇静情况及不良反应发生情况。结果 观察组苏醒时间、清醒时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）;观察组术后镇痛评分、镇静评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）;观察组不良反应发生率为1.00%,低于对照组的7.00%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 对面部整形手术患者实施右美托咪定联合地佐辛进行麻醉,能够有效提升镇痛与镇静效果,对于缩短患者术后苏醒时间与清醒时间具有积极作用,同时有利于降低不良反应发生几率,应用安全性较高。