Prevention of group B streptococci transmission during delivery by vaginal application of chlorhexidine gel

In a prospective study in 227 parturients, carriership of group B streptococci was established to be 25%. In carriers, transmission of streptococci to the newborn occurred in 50%. 10 ml of a chlorhexidine gel containing hydroxypropylmethylcellulose was introduced into the vagina during labor in 17 parturients, who were known to be carriers of group B streptococci from the first trimester of pregnancy. In none of the newborns from these mothers colonization by group B streptococci did occur. Vaginal application of chlorhexidine may prevent transmission of group B streptococci, and serve as an alternative to intrapartum prophylaxis using antibiotics. A large multicenter randomized controlled study should be performed to confirm this hypothesis.     

Limitations of the obstetric group B Streptococcus protocol

OBJECTIVE: To assess compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) screening-based protocol for obstetric group B Streptococcus (GBS) and to determine an acceptable threshold for protocol failure. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review was carried out for all deliveries performed through the resident-run community clinic from January through June 1999. Compliance with the CDC protocol was assessed by reviewing collected data from patient charts and comparing it to CDC requirements. Data were collected regarding patient demographics, antenatal GBS status, gestational age at screening, time of rupture of the membranes, time the antibiotic was given and time of delivery. RESULTS: A total of 248 charts were reviewed. Elective cesarean deliveries were excluded (25 charts). Unknown culture status was found for 22 (9.9%) patients. Cultures were collected before 35 weeks' gestation in 39 (17.5%) patients and at > 37 weeks' gestation in 28 (12.6%) patients. Of those with known positive GBS status, 4 (7.0%) were not treated, and antibiotics were given less than four hours before delivery in 13 (24.5%) patients. Of those with unknown status, six (27.2%) were not treated. Overall, there was 70% compliance with the culture collection arm of the protocol and 87% compliance with the treatment arm. CONCLUSION: Fulfillment of CDC guidelines in this community setting is imperfect. There are several areas beyond physician control, including precipitous delivery and patient non-compliance. However, perhaps an acceptable threshold for limitations of adherence to the protocol can be reached.     

Management of a pregnant woman with Streptococcus group B

The relative rarity (1 to 5 cases for 1,000 births) of neonatal infections secondary to B Streptococcus, the epidemiological characteristics of this germ, especially the unstable vaginal carriage, make it difficult to select a therapeutic approach. Systematic screening of B Streptococcus and the treatment of all carriers or only of high-risk patients, present several practical problems, are complex to implement but the cost/benefit ratio seems however acceptable. Prophylactic intrapartum antibiotic treatment of known carriers of B Streptococcus does not seem debatable any longer, at least the treatment of those presenting other risk factors: premature delivery, premature rupture of the membranes, fever occurring during delivery. Today, the best prophylaxis of neonatal infections seems to be the intrapartum antibiotic treatment (ampicillin) resulting in a spectacular decrease of the frequency of neonatal contamination.     

Cytokines enhance opsonophagocytosis of type III group B Streptococcus.

Neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-mediated killing is important to host defense against type III group B Streptococcus (GBS). In neonates, a qualitative and quantitative deficiency in PMN-mediated host defense may contribute to an impaired neonatal response to this pathogen. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) would enhance neonatal PMN-mediated killing of III GBS. STUDY DESIGN: PMNs from adults or neonates were incubated with TNF-alpha, G-CSF, or GM-CSF; next, PMN-mediated killing of III GBS was assessed in an in vitro opsonophagocytic assay. RESULTS: Treatment of PMNs with these cytokines for an interval of 5 minutes before addition of GBS to the reaction mixture enhanced opsonophagocytosis of bacteria both by adult PMNs and neonatal PMNs. The effect was statistically significant for TNF-alpha- and GM-CSF-treated adult PMNs and for GM-CSF-treated neonatal PMNs. The enhanced killing of III GBS by GM-CSF-treated PMNs was reduced by monoclonal antibody blockade of FcRIII. CONCLUSION: G-CSF enhances the neonatal PMN-mediated killing of III GBS in vitro. These studies suggest that use of FcRIII receptors may be one mechanism by which GM-CSF augments the PMN-mediated killing of III GBS. The addition of purified immunoglobulin G containing III GBS-specific antibody facilitated opsonophagocytosis by GM-CSF-treated PMNs. We speculate that the administration of GM-CSF alone or in combination with intravenous immunoglobulin may improve the neonatal host response to III GBS.     

Anaphylaxis to cefazolin during labor secondary to prophylaxis for group B Streptococcus: a case report

BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis is an uncommon event during pregnancy, but if it does arise, it can lead to serious fetal consequences even if there are no serious long-term maternal complications. CASE: A parturient developed anaphylaxis in the labor unit shortly after intravenous cefazolin chemoprophylaxis had begun for perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Prompt treatment for anaphylaxis commenced, involving the administration of epinephrine and glucocorticoids, and an emergency cesarean section spared the mother serious morbidity, with a favorable perinatal outcome for the fetus. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first reported one of anaphylaxis to cefazolin in pregnancy secondary to prophylaxis against for B Streptococcus. The case demonstrates that a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction can occur at any time during pregnancy and that all staff in a maternal unit should be familiar with the management of perinatal anaphylaxis.     

Association between colonization with group B streptococci during pregnancy and preterm delivery among Danish women

OBJECTIVE: We studied the relationship between group B streptococcal colonization and preterm delivery. STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective study at a single hospital in Odense, Denmark, cervicovaginal cultures were obtained at < or = 24 weeks' gestation from all the women, at delivery from women with preterm deliveries, and from a random sample of women delivering at term. RESULTS: In 2846 singleton births, there was no significant association between group B streptococcal colonization at 相似文献   

Mother with post-partum group B Streptococcus meningitis and cerebellar abscess

We report the case of a 25-year-old Malay woman, admitted for preterm delivery at 35 weeks' gestation. Vaginal swab did not isolate any organism. She delivered a baby girl who developed respiratory distress syndrome, requiring ventilation. Although chest radiograph showed hyaline membrane disease with pneumonia, septic workout was negative. The mother was discharged on the next day. Seven days postpartum, the mother presented with fever and fits and was diagnosed to have meningo-encephalitis. Lumbar puncture isolated group B Streptococcus (GBS) and MRI revealed a superior cerebellar abscess. She was treated and survived the episode. This case illustrates the uncommon situation where GBS infection was confirmed via maternal septic workout rather than neonatal, although both presented with severe disease.     

Late antenatal carriage of group B Streptococcus by New Zealand women

OBJECTIVES: To determine in New Zealand women the prevalence of group B Streptococcus (GBS) carriage late in pregnancy and to identify GBS colonisation risk factors, antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. SETTING: Community and hospital antenatal clinics in Wellington and Auckland during 1998-1999. SAMPLE: Convenience sample of 240 women between 35-37 weeks gestation. METHODS: Sociodemographic data, obstetric details and anogenital swabs were collected from each subject. Swabs were inoculated into selective media. GBS isolates underwent serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility testing. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty women (9% Maori, 11% Pacific) aged 15-41 years were recruited. Fifty-two (22%; 95% CI 17, 27) were colonised by GBS. Carriage was independently associated with younger age (59% < or = 30 years; adjusted OR 3.25; 95% CI 1.53, 6.95) and least social deprivation (57% NZ Dep 96 score +/- 3; adjusted OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.06,1.39). All GBS isolates were penicillin-susceptible, but resistance to clindamycin (15%) and erythromycin (7.5%) was detected and associated with serotype V strains. Predominant serotypes were: III (29%), Ia (21%), Ib (20%) and V (20%). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 20% of New Zealand women carry GBS late in pregnancy, with young age a major risk factor. Increased risk in the socially advantaged, development of resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin, and emergence of new GBS serotypes are findings with important implications for prevention strategies requiring further confirmation.     

Management of group B Streptococcus in pregnant women with penicillin allergy

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether group B Streptococcus (GBS)-colonized pregnant women who report a history of penicillin allergy can safely undergo diagnostic evaluation to rule out or confirm the potential for an IgE-mediated (allergic) reaction to penicillin. STUDY DESIGN: Over 18 months, all pregnant women with GBS-positive vaginal/rectal cultures and a history of penicillin allergy were referred to the Department of Allergy and Immunology for a history and possible skin testing. Patients who had experienced anaphylaxis were advised to continue avoiding penicillin and were not skin tested. Women without such a history underwent immediate hypersensitivity (percutaneous and intradermal) testing using 2 penicillin reagents with controls. If skin testing was negative, intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis with intravenous penicillin was administered. RESULTS: Of 28 patients with both GBS colonization and "penicillin allergy," 25 (89%) had negative skin testing to penicillin and received intrapartum penicillin for GBS prophylaxis without adverse reactions. Skin testing was positive in 2 patients, and intrapartum penicillin was not administered. Penicillin skin testing was not performed on 1 patient due to a history of anaphylaxis from penicillin. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that most pregnant women reporting penicillin allergy undergo negative skin tests and are able to safely receive intrapartum penicillin GBS prophylaxis.     

Evidence for In utero hematogenous transmission of group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Background: The presumed ascending route of group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GBS) infection from the colonized maternal genital tract is well accepted. This case report proposes a hematogenous, selective infection of one unruptured amniotic sac over the other ruptured amniotic sac in a twin gestation in a patient with known GBS vaginal colonization.Case: This is a case report of GBS sepsis in twin B with intact membranes. Twin A, with 28 h of ruptured membranes, failed to show any signs of infection. The pathology of the placenta confirmed chorioamnionitis in twin B and the absence of infection in twin A.Conclusion: The presence of culture-positive GBS sepsis in the twin with the unruptured amniotic sac, as well as the absence of GBS infection in the twin with the ruptured sac, suggests an alternative means of infection for GBS infection, such as hematogenous transplacental transmission.     

Sexual transmission and reinfection of group B streptococci between spouses.

OBJECTIVE: To study how GBS infection takes place between pregnant GBS-carriers and their husbands. METHODS: Pregnant women in whom GBS infections could be detected during 26 to 30 weeks of pregnancy and their husbands were studied during the two periods of August 1994 through May 1995 (Period A, 243 couples) and June through September 1997 (Period B, 141 couples). A urine sample was collected from a husband in the same morning when the vagina of his wife was tested for GBS. GBS were also classified according to their serotypes in 34 couples during Period A and B. RESULTS: In the two periods, GBS was detected in 18.1 and 19.3% of the wive's vaginal cultures, and in 19.1 and 17.0% of husbands' urinary cultures, respectively. There were no significant differences of the rate of GBS detection between the spouses, and also between the two trials. A high possibility of GBS infection was found in a couple when either of the spouses was possible to GBS. The serotypes of 31 of the 34 couples (91.2%) were identical. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that GBS can be sexually transmitted, and cause reinfection between spouses in spite of antepartum medication.     

不同分娩方式对乙型肝炎病毒母婴垂直传播的影响

目的:探讨不同分娩方式对乙型肝炎病毒母婴垂直传播的影响。方法:收集在暨南大学附属第一医院正规产检并且足月分娩的乙肝表面抗原阳性孕妇68例(乙肝组)及同期分娩的乙肝表面抗原阴性孕妇64例(对照组)。乙肝组分别检测不同分娩方式临产前母血乙肝病毒标记物、胎盘型碱性磷酸酶、HBV-DNA含量;同时采集脐带血检测胎盘型碱性磷酸酶及HBV-DNA含量,采集新生儿出生后1天内外周血检测乙肝病毒标记物及HBV-DNA含量。对照组分别在临产前及分娩后采集孕妇外周血及脐带血定量检测胎盘型碱性磷酸酶。结果:乙肝组和对照组的选择性剖宫产胎儿脐血中胎盘型碱性磷酸酶含量均低于顺产组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。乙肝组不同分娩方式的新生儿外周血HBV-DNA、HBsAg均为阴性,HBeAg阳性率差异无统计学义(P0.05)。结论:选择性剖宫产比顺产更能减少母血向胎儿血的渗透量。     

Comparison of early-onset neonatal sepsis caused by Escherichia coli and group B Streptococcus

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare maternal characteristics and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates that are associated with early-onset neonatal sepsis that is caused by group B Streptococcus and Escherichia coli. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective review of newborn infants with a positive blood culture (and/or cerebrospinal fluid) that was positive for either E coli or group B Streptococcus during the first week of life. Data were abstracted from maternal and neonatal medical records. RESULTS: Among 28,659 deliveries during the study period, 102 episodes of early-onset neonatal sepsis were identified, 61 of which were caused by group B Streptococcus and 41 of which were caused by E coli. E coli sepsis cases had a lower birth weight, a higher percentage with 5-minute Apgar score <7, and a longer stay in the hospital neonatal intensive care unit and required mechanical ventilation more frequently. Death after early-onset neonatal sepsis with E coli was also more frequent. CONCLUSION: Early-onset sepsis with E coli is associated with more morbidity and a higher mortality rate compared with early-onset group B Streptococcus.     

孕妇B族溶血性链球菌带菌与母婴预后的关系

目的 调查孕妇Ｂ族溶血性链球菌（ＧＢＳ）带菌率。探讨ＧＢＳ带菌与产科不良妊娠结局的关系。方法 对１０３９便孕妇于不同时期孕２０周前;孕２０－２８周：孕３４周以后）的阴道分泌物及产时标本（新生儿咽、耳、脐、胎盘、母血）,用３％ＴＨ肉汤选择性增菌培养基进行ＧＢＳ培养。结果 （１）１０３９例孕妇中ＧＢＳ带菌率１１．０７？％。筛查３次的ＧＢＳ阳性率为２９．７３％,显著高于筛查２次者（１５．５０％,Ｐ〈０．     

Biodegradable microspheres containing group B Streptococcus vaccine: immune response in mice.

OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to show the feasibility of producing a group B Streptococcus (GBS) vaccine, which is capable of producing both a local IgA immune response at the mucosal surface where GBS is colonized and a humoral IgG response, which is capable of transplacental passive immunization. STUDY DESIGN: Inactivated GBS antigen was microencapsulated in poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLG) with a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion technique. Immunostimulatory synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs were coencapsulated as a potent adjuvant. The ICR strain of mouse was used in these studies. Female mice with normal immune systems were immunized with the PLG microparticles containing GBS type III polysaccharide (GBS PS) vaccine and CpG adjuvant (PLG/GBS/CpG) via the oral, vaginal, or nasal routes or by the intramuscular or intraperitoneal routes. Booster doses were administered 4 weeks after the initial immunization. Vaginal washings and blood samples were obtained 3 weeks after the booster dose and examined for both IgG and secretory IgA (sIgA) GBS antibodies with the use of an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay method. RESULTS: PLG/GBS/CpG microparticles elicited a significantly higher GBS antibody response when compared with nonencapsulated GBS antigen or PLG-encapsulated GBS PS vaccine without the addition of the CpG adjuvant. IgG and secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies to GBS antigen were documented in both the vaginal washings and blood samples. CONCLUSION: Preliminary findings indicate that this novel PLG/GBS/CpG vaccine elicited both IgA and IgG antibody responses to the GBS PS antigen studied. This antibody response may provide both protection against maternal GBS colonization and passive transplacental immunization for the fetus and neonate.