嗅觉障碍与阿尔茨海默病的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)患者嗅觉系统病理改变与皮层退行性变的损害程度完全一致,而且嗅觉系统发生病变在时间上早于皮层病变。AD患者均有不同程度的嗅觉缺损,表现为嗅觉阈升高,嗅觉识别和嗅觉记忆减退。嗅觉缺损可见于AD的前期。是AD早期诊断的重要指标。嗅觉系统与大脑皮层许多部位有广泛联系,药物经嗅觉通路能被转运到脑内多个部位,通过嗅觉通路有可能找到治疗AD有效药物。     

嗅觉系统结构功能及经嗅觉给药通路的研究进展

嗅觉信号的感觉与传导包含:初级嗅觉系统、附属嗅觉系统、三叉神经系统和终神经系统。多种神经递质参与了嗅觉的形成及传导。嗅觉系统与大脑皮层许多部位有广泛联系。当气味受体被一种有气味的物质激活时,就会在嗅觉受体细胞触发一个电信号,经过神经轴突传递到大脑。嗅觉的脑通路可能成为中枢神经系统药物直接进入脑的一条新途径。     

精神分裂症的嗅觉缺陷

本文就与精神分裂症患者嗅觉缺陷的相关因素作了介绍。     

Isolation, culture, and purification of olfactory mucosa-derived olfactory ensheathing cells using modified differential attachment with low concentration serum*☆

BACKGROUND：Studies have demonstrated that olfactory mucosa can promote the regeneration and formation of axonal medullary sheath of injured neurons. To date, olfactory ensheathing cells （OECs） utilized in basic and clinical research arise primarily from the olfactory bulb mucosa. However, little is known regarding culture, purification, and biological properties of OECs .
OBJECTIVE： To isolate and culture OECs utilized modified, differential attachment in combination with neurotrophic factor 3 （NT3） and low concentration serum to explore an optimal in vitro culture method for OECs.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Single-sample observation was performed at the Medical Experimental Center of Stomatology College, Xi＇an Jiaotong University between March 2006 and December 2007. MATERIALS： Twelve samples from aborted embryos, 4-6 months, were used to isolate OECs; rabbit-anti-human p75NTR and glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） antibody were provided by Sigma, USA. METHODS： The differential time was six hours. This was repeated twice, based on Nash＇s differential attachment. Attached OECs were cultured in DMEM-F12 culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum （FBS） or 2.5% FBS and NT3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： OEC morphology was observed, and p75NTR and GFAP immunocyto-chemistry was used for identification and purity detection. RESULTS： Some cells attached after three days in culture. Several cells possessed short neurites with good refractivity. Some shuttle-shaped fibroblasts could be seen. On day six, more cells attached, exhibiting a three-dimensional appearance. Many cells appeared dipolar or tripolar, with slender neurites, and fibroblasts were clustered. On day nine, the number of dipolar or tripolar cell bodies with slender neurites was increased, and fibroblasts were clustered. On day 15, fibroblasts occupied the majority of the bottom of the culture bottle, with several OECs surviving at the upper layer. OECs were positive for P75NTR and GFAP expression, as identified by an im     

双相情感障碍患者嗅觉功能异常的研究进展

研究表明许多神经疾病和精神疾病患者均存在嗅觉功能异常。近年来关于双相情感障碍 嗅觉功能的研究越来越多,双相情感障碍病理机制所涉及的脑区与嗅觉系统所涉及的脑区在解剖学上 存在密切联系,对双相情感障碍嗅觉功能的研究,有助于了解其发病机制及早期识别。现对近年来有 关双相情感障碍患者嗅觉功能的研究进行归纳总结,并提出观点和建议。     

帕金森病与嗅觉障碍

帕金森病被认为是纯运动性疾病,近年来,越来越多的研究发现帕金森病患者存在感觉障碍,尤其是嗅觉障碍。帕金森病患者可出现嗅觉阀值增高,嗅觉辨别能力下降,嗅觉诱发电位潜伏期延长。嗅球、海马等部位神经元的破坏可能是导致嗅觉障碍的原因。嗅觉障碍的发生可能与遗传因素、病毒感染、环境因素或神经递质的改变有关。     

精神分裂症的嗅觉缺陷

本文就与精神分裂症患者嗅觉缺陷的相关因素作了介绍。     

帕金森病患者嗅觉减退的相关因素分析

目的 探讨帕金森病患者嗅觉减退的发生率以及相关因素。方法 收集463例帕金森病(PD)患者基本信息,并通过量表系统性评估运动及非运动症状, PD非运动量表“是否有嗅觉减退”项回答“是”者纳入嗅觉减退组,回答“否”者纳入非嗅觉减退组。结果 帕金森病患者嗅觉减退发生率为33.9%,86%的患者嗅觉减退出现在运动症状之前,并且与性别、年龄、起病年龄、运动症状、疾病严重程度无明显关系。伴有嗅觉减退患者的情绪障碍如焦虑、抑郁、淡漠较重,并且睡眠和认知功能较差。高质量的睡眠及吸烟是PD嗅觉减退的保护因素,淡漠是危险因素。结论 合并嗅觉减退患者可能合并更加严重的情绪、睡眠及认知障碍。