2017—2021年泉州市食源性疾病暴发事件监测分析

目的 分析泉州市食源性疾病暴发事件流行特征,为预防食源性疾病暴发事件的发生提供依据。方法 用描述性流行病学方法分析2017—2021年泉州市食源性疾病暴发事件资料。结果 2017—2021年,泉州市共上报124起食源性疾病暴发事件,发病758人,住院294人,死亡1人。其中报告最多的是安溪县44起（35.5%）,其次是晋江市报告31起（25.0%）。主要发生在4～9月,共91起（占73.4%）,报告事件数最多为8月和9月,各占14.5%。引起暴发事件的致病因素主要为：细菌性32.3%、有毒植物及其毒素17.7%、真菌及其毒素（毒蘑菇）14.5%。暴发事件发生场所主要为：家庭52.4%,餐饮服务场所36.3%,校园7.3%。结论 食源性疾病暴发事件主要发生在夏秋季,致病因子主要为细菌性、有毒植物和毒蘑菇。应加强农村地区毒蘑菇等有毒植物的卫生宣教工作,加强餐饮环节的监管,督促餐饮从业人员养成良好的卫生习惯,减少食源性疾病暴发事件的发生。     

2012 - 2016年烟台市食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学特征分析

目的 探讨烟台市食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征,为制定食源性疾病防控措施提供科学依据。方法 对2012 - 2016年通过国家食源性疾病暴发报告系统上报的食源性疾病暴发事件进行整理分析。 结果 2012 - 2016年,烟台市共发生食源性疾病暴发事件232起,发病1 282人,以20～59岁人群为主（79.33%,1 017/1 282）,无死亡病例;食源性疾病暴发事件主要发生在市中心和主要旅游景点区域,高发季节为第三季度,报告起数、病例数占全年总数的68.10%（158/232）和62.25%（798/1 282）,以8月份最高（110/232）;饮食服务单位（53.45%,124/232）是发生食源性疾病暴发事件的主要场所,其次是家庭（30.17%,70/232）,加工不当与误食误用是主要引发因素（12.93%,30/232）,水产品（29.55%,26/88）和自采野生蘑菇（18.18%,16/88）是主要原因食品,主要致病因素是有毒动植物（25/232）和致病微生物（21/232）。结论 烟台市食源性疾病防控形势严峻,特别是夏秋季节容易多发,应针对不同场所、主要因素和致病菌制定有效防控措施。     

2011—2020年中国食源性疾病暴发的时空趋势

目的 了解食源性疾病暴发的流行病学特征和变化趋势。方法 收集2011—2020年中国食源性疾病暴发监测系统中上报的监测数据，计算报告患病率、单起事件累及人数和各类食源性疾病暴发事件构成比。结果 2011—2020年，中国30个省(自治区、直辖市)共上报食源性疾病暴发事件35 806起，累计患病人数266 968人。累计上报事件数和患病人数最多的是西部地区，其中云南省10年间上报的事件数和患病人数最多，分别占全国的17.70%和15.81%。10年间，毒蘑菇和微生物为我国主要的致病因素，其中由毒蘑菇引起的食源性疾病暴发事件数最多，占29.09%,由微生物引起的食源性疾病暴发事件相关患病人数最多，占35.69%,沙门菌和副溶血性弧菌是主要的致病菌。餐饮服务单位是食源性疾病暴发的主要场所，暴发事件数和患病人数占总数的49.31%和70.59%,其中单位食堂和宾馆饭店为主要暴发场所。结论 2011—2020年中国食源性疾病暴发报告事件数、患病人数呈上升趋势。     

2016—2020年江苏省副溶血性弧菌食源性疾病事件流行病学分析

目的 分析2016—2020年江苏省副溶血性弧菌食源性疾病事件流行病学特征,提出相关建议。方法 通过国家食源性疾病暴发监测系统,收集汇总2016—2020年江苏省副溶血性弧菌食源性疾病事件数据,并进行描述性流行病学特征分析。结果 2016—2020年江苏省共发生267起副溶血性弧菌食源性疾病事件,发病4807人,死亡0人,总罹患率为7.46%,5年罹患率为6.38%～8.39%,差异有统计学意义（x²=56.412,P＜0.010）。1月份和12月份未出现食源性疾病事件,第三季度高发,主要以8月份最明显,第三季度暴发事件数为180起（占67.42%）,发病人数为2955人（占61.47%）,罹患率为8.45%,大于1、2、4季度的平均罹患率（7.29%）,差异有统计学意义（x²=49.096,P＜0.010）;事件数最多的地区依次为苏州市、无锡市和南京市;暴发场所分布主要集中在宾馆饭店共114起（占42.70%）,其次集中在农村宴席和单位食堂,事件数分别为78起（占29.21%）和23起（占8.61%）;动物类食品是食源性疾病事件的主要原因食品（占45.69%）,其中以水产品为主（占31.09%）,其次为肉与肉制品（占14.23%）;加工不当是引发事件主要原因因素,事件数为108起（占40.45%）,其次分别为原料（辅料）污染或变质和交叉污染,事件数分别为37起（占13.86%）和35起（13.11%）。结论 全年中第三季度是副溶血性弧菌食源性疾病事件高发时间,水产品中副溶血性弧菌检出率高,为副溶血性弧菌食源性疾病事件的高风险食品,应加强对该类食品的日常监测与管理,进一步加强食源性疾病监测,增进群众食品安全方面知识的宣传教育,从而有效预防或减少副溶血性弧菌食源性疾病事件的发生。     

2010-2016年广西报告的食源性疾病暴发事件分析

目的 分析2010-2016年广西食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征,为政府决策提供依据。方法 对2010-2016年国家食源性疾病暴发监测系统和突发公共卫生信息报告管理系统上报的食源性疾病暴发事件进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2010-2016年广西共报告食源性疾病暴发事件346起,累计发病5492人,死亡58人,年平均发病率为1.66/10万。微生物性因素导致的暴发事件数和发病数最多,分别占48.53%（132/272）、70.45%（3197/4538）, 以沙门菌为主（23.48%,31/132）;有毒植物导致死亡人数最多,占66.67%（36/54）,以钩吻碱（21人）和毒蘑菇（11人）死亡构成较大。。结论 加大对微生物污染和有毒植物中毒的科普宣传,加强对重点环节的监管,建立完善的食源性疾病报告机制,减少暴发事件的发生。     

2016—2020年太原市食源性疾病暴发事件监测结果分析

目的 分析太原市食源性疾病暴发事件的致病因素、暴发场所、原因食品等分布情况，为开展食源性疾病监测和制定有效的防控措施提供科学依据。方法 对2016—2020年上报到国家食源性疾病暴发监测系统的太原市食源性疾病暴发事件进行统计分析。结果 2016—2020年太原市共上报食源性疾病暴发事件42起，累计发病311人，发病率为1.42/10万。其中，第三季度事件数最多，发生16起，罹患率最高，为20.43%;<10人的小规模事件最多，发生33起，占76.74%；发生场所主要为家庭的有16起，占38.10%；原因食品大多是多种或混合食品，发生14起，占33.33%。在明确致病因素的事件中，有毒动植物及其毒素、致病微生物及其毒素各占一半。结论建议加强对基层医疗机构医务人员进行业务技能培训，提高医务人员的诊疗敏感性和上报意识；相关部门要进一步加大经费支持力度，加强对人群进行食品安全知识宣教和对餐饮服务业等高风险点场所进行管理。     

2014-2020年青岛市黄岛区食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学特征分析

目的 分析2014-2020年青岛市黄岛区食源性疾病流行病学特点,探讨引起食源性疾病的相关食品、行为及环境等致病因素,为食源性疾病的防控和诊治提供科学依据。方法 对2014-2020年青岛市黄岛区上报的食源性疾病暴发事件,用描述性流行病学的方法对食源性疾病暴发事件进行统计分析。结果 2014-2020年青岛市黄岛区共报告食源性疾病事件52起,发病493例。25～64岁年龄段发病人数较高,占76.26%。不同年龄组间的罹患率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),儿童及老年人的罹患率较高。流动人口为主要发病人群,占65.92%。流动人口和常居人口的罹患率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。7-9月为食源性疾病发病高峰期,占61.54%,其中8月份发生的事件最多,共18起。食源性疾病暴发的主要场所是餐饮单位(占42.31%)、集体食堂(占25.00%)。在食源性疾病各致病因素中由副溶血弧菌引起的事件最多,共19起(占36.54%)。食源性疾病各病原体检出率以副溶血弧菌最高(37.95%)。在明确病因的食物种类中,以海鲜及水产品引起的疾病最多为38.46%,其次是混合食品为25.00%。...     

2004 — 2013年中国大陆食物中毒情况分析

  目的  了解山东省青岛市2011 — 2016年食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学特征,为今后及时快速处置食源性疾病暴发事件提供科学理论依据。  方法  收集青岛市食源性疾病暴发监测系统中2011年1月1日 — 2016年12月31日上报的277起食源性疾病暴发事件,对其流行病学特征进行分析。  结果  青岛市2011 — 2016年报告的277起食源性疾病暴发事件中,2011、2012、2013、2014、2015、2016年分别报告12、22、49、36、49、109起,发病数分别为228、285、446、474、377、503例;不明原因事件报告起数最多（164起,占59.21 %）,由微生物感染引起的事件报告起数次之（73起,占26.35 %）;微生物事件发病数最多（1 093例,占47.25 %）,其中副溶血弧菌为最常见的致病菌（24起,占32.88 %）;7 — 9月为食源性疾病的高发月份（196起,占70.76 %）;饮食服务单位和旅行团是食源性疾病暴发事件的常见发生场所,分别为70起（25.27 %）和65起（23.47 %）;饮食服务单位和集体食堂单位是常见责任单位,分别为100起（36.10 %）和64起（23.10 %）。  结论  青岛市2011 — 2016年食源性疾病暴发事件发生规模及严重程度居高不下,防控重点场所为饮食服务单位和游行团,重点类型为副溶血弧菌等常见微生物污染事件。     

2011—2016年温州市食源性疾病暴发事件监测资料分析

目的分析温州市2011—2016年食源性疾病暴发事件的暴发规律和流行趋势。方法采用描述性流行病学方法,对2011—2016年国家食源性疾病暴发监测系统食源性疾病报告资料进行回顾性分析,对暴发时间、致病因素、致病食品、就餐场所等进行归类统计。结果 2011—2016年温州市共上报食源性疾病暴发事件87起,累计发病数935例,年平均发病率为1.71/10万,死亡8例,病死率0.86%。已查明病因物质的事件62起,占71.26%,由微生物引起的食源性疾病事件和涉及人数最多,分别占总数的48.28%和58.40%,其中副溶血性弧菌(19.54%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(10.34%)和沙门菌(4.60%)是主要致病菌。家庭、宾馆饭店、学校是食源性疾病暴发事件的主要场所,共发生66起,占75.86%。水产品及其制品引起的暴发起数和病例数均居首位,分别占14.94%和22.67%。结论应完善食源性疾病监测体系建设,提高食源性疾病暴发监测与报告系统的效率和质量,开展针对性防控措施,降低食源性疾病负担。     

2014年山东省食源性疾病暴发监测资料分析

目的 了解山东省食源性疾病暴发事件流行病学特征,为制定食源性疾病预防控制措施提供依据。 方法 采用描述性流行病学方法,对2014年通过国家食源性疾病暴发报告系统上报的98起食源性疾病暴发事件进行整理分析。 结果 2014年共发生食源性疾病暴发事件98起,发病人数1 238人,死亡4人。5-9月是食源性疾病暴发高峰期,事件数和患病人数分别占总数的73.47%和83.28%;不明食品引起的暴发事件数最多,占总数的36.73%,在已经查明原因的暴发事件中,微生物是引起食源性疾病暴发事件数的主要因素;发生在餐饮服务场所的事件数最多,其次为家庭;在已经查明引发环节的暴发事件中,生产加工及误食误用是引起食源性疾病暴发事件的主要因素。63起事件由食源性疾病的哨点医院发现并报告,占全年事件报告总数的64.29%。 结论 加强对高发季节、高发因素、高发污染环节的监控;加强食源性疾病暴发事件的调查处置;加大防控食源性疾病暴发事件的宣传力度等,是预防和控制食源性疾病暴发事件的有效措施。     

Tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths were analyzed in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of TB (incidence and mortality) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age bracket, and clinical forms of the disease using databases from the Tuberculosis Information System of the Bahia State Health Secretariat and the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. TB spatial distribution was analyzed according to health district. Cases and deaths were predominantly in males in the 15 to 39 year group. The pulmonary form showed the highest incidence and mortality. The existing data did not corroborate the hypothesis that AIDS/TB co-infection might contribute to maintaining the high mortality rates. The greater occurrence of tuberculosis in certain health districts may be associated with population density and unfavorable living conditions.     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.     

Passive smoking in bars, restaurants, and discotheques in Florence, Italy

BACKGROUND: "Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure in a sample of European cities" is the first European multicentre project intended to measure ETS exposure in public places in a number of European cities. OBJECTIVES: To present results of measurements of nicotine concentration in a number of bars, restaurants and discotheques in Florence, Italy. METHODS: The ETS marker was vapour-phase nicotine sampled by passive monitors. At least two monitors were placed in each of seven bars (five in hospitals; one at an airport; one at a railway station), and seven restaurants (three with smoking and non-smoking sections), and left in place for several days. In each of four discotheques two nicotine passive monitors were used as personal samplers. RESULTS: The average nicotine concentration in discotheques, restaurants and bars was respectively 26.78 micro/m3, 2.32 microg/m3 and 0.83 microg/m3. In the smoking section of restaurants with separated areas for smokers and non-smokers the average nicotine concentration was 2.54 microg/m3, which was similar to that measured in non-smoking sections (2.14 microg/m3).     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.