核素显像心肌灌注缺损与CTCA冠状动脉不同狭窄程度的关系分析

目的通过分析核素显像心肌灌注缺损与CTCA示冠状动脉（简称冠脉）不同狭窄程度间的关系,探讨和评价CTCA预测心肌灌注缺损的诊断效能。方法回顾性分析同期行CTCA和MPI患者478例。按目测法将CTCA所示冠脉管腔狭窄程度分成无狭窄、轻度狭窄、中度狭窄、重度狭窄和管腔闭塞,将MPI结果分成灌注正常和灌注缺损,分别在病例和血管水平统计各组灌注缺损的发生率。以MPI为参考标准,将CTCA预测心肌灌注缺损的冠脉狭窄程度判定界值设为≥50％或≥75％,在病例水平和血管水平上确定该方法的诊断效能。计数资料统计分析采用χ^2检验、χ^2分割法和Fisher确切概率法。结果478例患者中58例出现MPI灌注缺损。无论按病例水平还是血管水平分析,各组灌注缺损发生率有随冠脉狭窄程度增加而升高趋势（χ^2=116．62和483．83,P均〈0．05）。在病例水平上分析,当判定界值为≥50％或≥75％时,CTCA预测心肌灌注缺损的诊断灵敏度、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性分别为62．1％（36／58）或34．5％（20／58）（χ^2=8．84,P〈0．05）、84．5％（355／420）或97．1％（408／420）（χ^2=40．16,P〈0．05）、35．6％（36／101）或62．5％（20／32）（χ^2=7．19,P〈0．05）、94．2％（355／377）或91．5％（408／446）（χ^2=2．18,P〉0．05）、81．8％（391／478）或89．5％（428／478）（χ^2=11．66,P〈0．05）;在血管水平上分析,判定界值为≥50％或≥75％时,CTCA预测心肌灌注缺损的诊断灵敏度、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性分别为58．8％（40／68）或30．9％（21／68）（χ^2=10．73,P〈0．05）、95．9％（1768／1844）或99．0％（1826／1844）（χ^2=36．72,P〈0．05）、34．5％（40／116）或53．8％（21／39）（χ^2=4．59,P〈0．05）、98．4％（1768／1796）或97．5％（1826／1873）（χ^2=4．14,P〈0．05）、94．6％（1808／1912）或96．6％（1847／1912）（χ^2=10．31,P〈0．05）。结论心肌灌注缺损的发生率随冠脉狭窄程度增加有升高趋势。CTCA预测心肌灌注缺损的诊断特异性和阴性预测值较佳。当判定界值为≥75％时,其阳性预测值较判定界值为≥50％时有明显提高。     

ATP负荷^99Tc^m—MIBI门控心肌灌注显像在评价冠状动脉支架植入术后再狭窄中的应用价值

目的探讨ATP负荷^99Tc^m-MIBIG—MPI在评价冠状动脉（简称冠脉）支架植入术后再狭窄中的应用价值。方法选择71例冠脉支架植入术后3个月以上且伴有典型心绞痛症状的患者[男56例,女15例,年龄37～83（60．2±9．5）岁]进行前瞻性研究,于1个月内分别行ATP负荷^99Tc^m-MIBIG—MPI和CAG检查。以CAG作为“金标准”,评价ATP负荷^99Tc^m-MIBIG．MPI诊断冠脉支架植入术后再狭窄的诊断效能。应用SPSS17．0软件,采用Fisher确切概率法进行组间比较。结果71例患者中5例患者出现新发狭窄,予以剔除;66例患者共99支冠脉接受支架植入术,其中39例患者的45支冠脉出现再狭窄。39例中心肌梗死19例,非心肌梗死20例;另27例无再狭窄者中心肌梗死16例,非心肌梗死11例。ATP负荷^99Tc^m-MIBIG—MPI诊断冠脉支架植入术后再狭窄的Se、sp、Ac、PPV及NPV分别为：85％（33／39）、89％（24／27）、86％（57／66）、92％（33／36）及80％（24／30）;诊断心肌梗死组的相应效能为：79％（15／19）、88％（14／16）、83％（29／35）、88％（15／17）、78％（14／18）,非心肌梗死组为：90％（18／20）、91％（10／11）、90％（28／31）、95％（18／19）、83％（10／12）,2组间差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论ATP负荷^99Tc^m-MIBIG—MPI在评价冠脉支架植入术后再狭窄中具有较高的诊断效能,是一种安全价廉的检查方法。     

^18F-FDG符合线路显像与^99Tc^m—MDP骨显像对恶性肿瘤探测效率的对比分析

目的比较^18F—FDG符合线路显像和^99Tc^m-MDP骨显像对恶性肿瘤及其转移灶的诊断效能。方法临床明确的恶性肿瘤患者71例,3周内先后行^18F—FDG和^99Tc^m-MDP显像,以手术或穿刺病理、其他影像学方法和随访等结果为标准,对比2种显像方法在成骨性、溶骨性和混合性骨转移灶的诊断差异（χ^2检验）,计算其诊断灵敏度、特异性、准确性、假阳性率、假阴性率、阳性和阴性预测值。结果（1）71例患者共发现包括原发、转移和良性病灶350个,其中恶性病灶286个（81．7％）。^18F—FDG发现141个（40．3％）,^99Tc^m-MDP发现209个（59．7％）,χ^2=25．65,P〈0．01;两者共同发现恶性病灶（全为转移）65个（18．6％）^99Tc^m-MDP单独发现恶性病灶144个,^18F-FDG单独发现76个（χ^2=29．76,P〈0．01）。（2）^18F—FDG对65个和^99Tc^m-MDP对88个（144个中可区分类型的骨转移灶）骨转移病灶探查,成骨性、溶骨性和混合性病灶数前者分别为11（16．9％）、12（18．5％）和42（64．6％）,后者为48（54．5％）、7（8．0％）和33（37．5％）,χ^2=20．78,2．89,9．94,P均〈0．05。（3）^18F—FDG和^99Tc^m-MDP诊断27例有随访最终诊断者骨转移灶的灵敏度、特异性、准确性、假阳性率、假阴性率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为11．72％（15／128）、91．67％（22／24）、24．34％（37／152）、8．33％（2／24）、88．28％（113／128）、88．24％（15／17）、16．30％（22／135）和53．91％（69／128）、75．00％（18／24）、57．24％（87／152）、25．00％（6／24）、46．09％（59／128）、92．00％（69／75）、23．38％（18／77）,其中灵敏度、准确性、假阴性率、阳性预测值差异有统计学意义（χ^2=32．70～46．21,P均〈0．01）;两法合计的诊断指标分别为60．94％（78／128）、70．83％（17／24）、62．50％（95／152）、29．17％（7／24）、39．06％（50／128）、91．76％（78／85）、25．37％（17／67）,与^18F—FDG法相比,除特异性、假阳性率和阴性预测值外,余诊断指标差异均有统计学意义（χ^2=43．50—59．55,P均〈0.01）。与^99Tc^m-MDP法相比,均无统计学意义（χ^2=0～0．92,P均〉0．05）。结论对软组织和骨恶性病灶的发现能力、骨转移灶类型的诊断差异,各种诊断指标上^99Tc^m-MDP和^18F—FDG各有优势,但两者结合可相互补充,提高诊断效能。     

ATP介入心肌灌注断层显像诊断冠心病的临床价值

目的 探讨三磷酸腺苷介入心肌灌注断层图像（ATP－MPI）诊断冠心病（CAD）的临床价值。方法 ATP－MPI 278例，其中51例行冠状动脉造影（CAG），并与运动心肌灌注断层显像（ST－MPI，73例，均行CAG）对照。结果 ①不良反应：有11种不适症状（发生率1．4％－24．5％）；Ⅰ－Ⅱ度Ⅱ型房屋传导阻滞和Ⅱ度Ⅱ型窦房传导阻滞各10例和2例。所有患者均未中途停药，仅作对症处理。②ATP－MPI诊断CAD的灵敏度和特异性分别为97．1％和82．4％，探查冠状动脉血管狭窄宾灵敏度和特异性分别为91．0％和94．7％。③对非心肌梗死患者，ATP－MPI诊断心肌缺血的灵敏度和特异性与ST－MPI相比差异无显著性。结论 ATP－MPI诊断CAD的准确性较高，诊断价值与ST－MPI相同；安全性好，尤其适合无法运动和高血压患者。     

^99Tc^m—MDP全身及断层骨显像对颈椎病变的诊断价值

目的探讨^99Tc^m-亚甲基二膦酸盐（MDP）全身及断层骨显像对颈椎良恶性病变的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析随访资料完整且临床最终诊断明确的颈椎退行性变患者19例、转移瘤患者76例,以23名无颈椎及全身其他部位病变的健康者作为对照组,分析^99Tc^m—MDP全身骨显像及颈椎骨断层显像检查结果及图像特点,用,检验评价其诊断效能。结果颈椎断层显像对颈椎退行性变的诊断灵敏度（73．7％,14／19）明显高于全身骨显像（36．8％,7／19;χ^2=5．216,P〈0．05）,颈椎断层显像诊断颈椎转移瘤的灵敏度和准确性分别为84．2％（64／76）和83．8％（83／99）,明显高于全身骨显像[56．6％（43／76）和61．6％（61／99）,χ^2=13．9和12．3,P均〈0．01]。结论对临床怀疑颈椎病变的患者同时行全身骨显像及颈椎断层显像,可进一步提高颈椎病变的检出率,亦可为颈椎良恶性病变的鉴别提供更多的信息。     

新型心肌灌注显像剂^99Tc^m-N-DBODC5诊断冠心病的临床价值

目的 探讨[二（二甲氧丙基膦基乙基）-乙氧乙胺]-[二（氧-乙氧乙基）二硫代氨基]锝氮配合物（^99Tc^m-N-DBODC5）对可疑冠心病患者的临床诊断价值.方法 将2010年10月至2012年10月间46例可疑冠心病患者[男31例,女15例,平均年龄60岁]按就诊先后顺序编号,同一患者随机分配进行^99Tc^m-N-DBODC5和^99Tc^m-MIBI运动-静息MPI检测冠心病及病变血管,2种显像剂的MPI在1周内完成,并在4周内行CAG.以CAG结果为“金标准”,^99Tc^m-N-DBODC5和^99Tc^m-MIBIMPI结果分别与其进行一致性检验,不同显像剂诊断效能的比较行χ^2检验.结果 46例可疑冠心病患者中,CAG阳性29例,阴性17例.^99Tc^m-N-DBODC5和^99Tc^m-MIBI MPI诊断冠心病的灵敏度均为86％ （25/29）,特异性分别为88％（15/17）和65％（11/17）,两者诊断冠心病效能差异无统计学意义（χ^2=2.62,P＞0.05）;138支冠状动脉血管中,CAG阳性48支,阴性90支.^99Tc^m-N-NDBODC5与^99Tc^m-MIBI MPI诊断病变血管效能差异也无统计学意义（χ^2=3.79,P＞0.05）.诊断冠心病方面,^99Tc^m-N-DBODC5 MPI与CAG结果的一致性较好（Kappa=0.73）,^99Tc^m-MIBI MPI与CAG结果的一致性中等（Kappa=0.52）.结论 ^99Tc^m-N-DBODC5对冠心病患者具有一定诊断价值,可作为心肌灌注显像剂应用于临床.     

^99Tc^m—MIBI心肌灌注显像评价代谢综合征患者心肌血流

目的应用MPI评价代谢综合征（MS）患者心肌血流灌注情况。方法选择确诊或疑似冠心病患者342例行常规门控运动＋静息MPI;根据代谢指标异常情况分为4组,组1：无代谢指标异常;组2：具有1个代谢指标异常;组3：具有2个代谢指标异常;组4：具有3个或3个以上代谢指标异常。分析代谢指标异常数量与MPI的关系。对符合中华医学会糖尿病分会MS诊断标准、在显像前后1个月内行CAG检查的103例患者的MPI结果,以CAG结果为标准,分析2种方法间诊断的一致性。采用SPSS13．0软件,组间心肌灌注异常的发生率比较采用x。检验,方法间的一致性分析用Kappa检验。结果（1）与CAG比较,MPI诊断冠心病的灵敏度为80．5％（33／41）,特异性85．5％（53／62）,阳性预测值78．6％（33／42）,阴性预测值86．9％（53／61）,诊断准确性为83．5％（86／103）,惭值为0．657,P〈0．001。（2）随代谢指标异常数量增加,心肌灌注异常的发生率增加：组1为23．3％（10／43）,组2为32．9％（26／79）,组3为54．4％（56／103）,组4为57．3％（67／117）,X2：23．22,P〈0．001。结论MPI可以应用于IS患者的心肌血流评估;代谢指标异常数量增加,心肌灌注异常的发生率增加。     

盐酸去甲乌药碱负荷99Tcm-MIBI心肌灌注显像在冠心病诊断中的价值

目的 评估盐酸去甲乌药碱(HG)负荷MPI对冠心病的诊断价值.方法 62例疑诊冠心病患者行HG负荷-静息99Tcm-MIBI MPI和CAG.以CAG结果为“金标准”,计算HG负荷显像诊断冠心病的灵敏度、特异性准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值.结果 以冠状动脉(简称冠脉)主支或其一级分支狭窄≥50％作为诊断标准,62例患者中CAG阳性38例(61.3％),阴性24例(38.7％);阳性者中单支病变24例,双支病变9例,三支病变5例.CAG阳性者中HG负荷显像异常22例;阴性者中HG负荷显像正常者22例.HG负荷显像诊断冠心病的灵敏度为57.9％(22/38),特异性为91.7％(22/24),准确性为71.0％(44/62),阳性预测值为91.7％(22/24),阴性预测值为57.9％(22/38).62例患者显像时发生不良反应22例(35.5％),但均能在短时内缓解,完成检查.结论 盐酸去甲乌药碱负荷99Tcm-MIBI心肌显像对冠心病的诊断价值尚可,不良反应较少;该药有望成为MPI新型负荷药物.     

^99Tc^m—tetrofosmin与^99Tc^m—MIBI心肌显像的对比研究

目的 评价^99Tc^m-1,2－双[双－2－乙氧乙基膦]乙烷（tetrofosmin）诊断冠心病的临床价值。方法 经冠脉造影、病历资料完整的53例患者,其中行^99Tc^m-tetrofosmin心肌灌注显像27例,行^99Tc^m-MIBI心肌灌注显像26例。运动负荷试验按Bruce方案进行。tetrofosmin显像于给药后30min行心肌断层显像,间隔24h后作静息心肌断层显像,运动－静息一日法则在4h后作静息心肌断层显像;MIBI显像于给药后1－2h行心肌断层显像,48h后作静息心肌断层显像。冠脉造影采用Judkins法。结果 ^99Tc^m-tetrofosmin心肌灌注显像,运动,静息显像以及运动－静息一日法心肌显像均获得了清晰的心肌断层图像,均未发现邻近器官有明显的放射性干扰。Tetrofosmin诊断冠心病的灵敏度为90％,MIBI的诊断灵敏度为94％,两者间差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。Tetrofosmin的检测效率为85．2％,MIBI的检测效率为88．5％,两者间差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。Tetrofosmin和MIBI的阳性预测值分别为90．0％和89．5％,诊断特异性分别为71％和75％。结论 Tetrofosmin心肌显像对冠心病心肌缺血具有较高的诊断价值,且适用于运动－静息一日法心肌显像。     

^99Tc^m—MIBISPECT结合定位CT显像诊断功能亢进异位甲状旁腺的价值

目的评价^99Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）SPECT结合定位CT显像对功能亢进异位甲状旁腺的定位诊断价值。方法回顾性分析28例功能亢进异位甲状旁腺患者的手术、病理及影像资料。28例均行常规CT检查,其中25例先行双时相^99Tc^m-MIBI显像,对甲状腺外存在异常放射性浓聚灶患者,随即进行SPECT结合定位CT采集,经计算机处理得到二者融合图像,对放射性浓聚灶进行精确定位。以手术及病理检查结果为检查“金标准”,所有患者均按4个甲状旁腺计算,经手术及病理检查证实的为阳性,其余判为阴性。CT检查与核医学显像结果的比较采用四格表,检验。结果手术中28例患者共摘除28个异位病灶,均为单发。病理检查结果均为腺瘤。28例患者常规CT检查共发现22个阳性病灶,其中真阳性17个,假阳性5个,另假阴性11个,真阴性79个;25例^99Tc^m-MIBISPECT结合定位CT显像发现阳性病灶23个,无假阳性,另假阴性2个,真阴性75个。常规CT检查与核医学显像对检出病理性甲状旁腺的灵敏度分别为61％（17／28）、92％（23／25）,特异性为94％（79／84）、100％（75／75）,准确性为86％（96／112）、98％（98／100）,阳性预测值为77％（17／22）、100％（23／23）,阴性预测值为88％（79／90）、97％（75／77）;两者间比较差异有统计学意义,灵敏度：χ^2=6．98,P〈0．01,特异性：χ^2=4．61,P〈0．05,准确性：χ^2=10．30,P〈0．01,阳性预测值：χ^2=5．88,P〈0．05,阴性预测值：χ^2=5．36,P〈0．05。结论^99Tc^m—MIBI SPECT结合定位CT显像对功能亢进异位甲状旁腺的定位诊断优于常规CT,但存在一定的假阴性。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.