早发性与迟发性阿尔茨海默病患者大脑葡萄糖代谢的差异

目的初步探讨早发性阿尔茨海默病（AD）与迟发性AD患者大脑葡萄糖代谢的差异。方法对9例早发性AD、14例迟发性AD患者及分别与其年龄相匹配的29名年轻健康对照者和11名老年健康对照者进行^18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖（^18F-FDG）PET脑显像。应用统计参数图对PET数据进行基于体素水平的图像分析。结果早发性AD组葡萄糖代谢相对于年轻对照组减低的脑区及其在Brodmann分区图（BA）的定位分别为双侧额上回（BA6，8）、额中回（BA6），左侧顶下小叶（BA39），右侧缘上回（BA40）、扣带回（BA31）等部位（P〈0．01）；迟发性AD组葡萄糖代谢相对于老年对照组葡萄糖代谢减低的脑区及其定位分别为双侧额上回（BA8）、额中回（BA6，8）、楔前叶（BA19）、右侧角回（BA39）等部位（P〈0．01）。结论尽管严重程度、病程及受教育水平相当，但是早发性AD患者大脑葡萄糖代谢减低的范围比迟发性AD更广泛，程度也更严重。不同发病年龄AD患者大脑葡萄糖代谢的差异可能是由于二者的认知储备能力不同所致。     

~(18)F-FDG PET显像观察特发性快眼动睡眠期行为障碍患者脑葡萄糖代谢特点的研究

目的探讨~(18)F-FDG PET显像观察特发性快眼动睡眠期行为障碍(iRBD)患者脑葡萄糖代谢改变和iRBD脑葡萄糖代谢改变与病程间的相关性。方法纳入多导睡眠监测(PSG)确诊的iRBD患者20例(iRBD组)和年龄、性别匹配的健康对照者19例(对照组)。两组均行~(18)F-FDG PET脑显像。基于自动解剖标记模板将大脑划分为90个左右对称的脑区,计算各脑区葡萄糖代谢半定量值。对iRBD组和对照组各脑区葡萄糖代谢半定量值进行独立样本t检验;并对iRBD组脑葡萄糖代谢改变与病程行Pearson相关分析。结果 (1)与对照组比较,iRBD组的双侧背外侧额上回、双侧眶部额上回、双侧眶部额中回、双侧海马、双侧海马旁回、双侧杏仁核、左侧眶部额下回、左侧岛叶、左侧内侧与旁扣带脑回、左侧中央旁小叶、左侧苍白球的葡萄糖代谢半定量值均增高(P0.05);双侧距状裂周围皮质、双侧楔叶、双侧舌回、双侧枕上回、双侧枕中回、双侧枕下回、双侧角回、双侧颞上回、双侧颞中回、右侧颞横回的葡萄糖代谢半定量值均降低(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果,iRBD组双侧杏仁核、双侧颞上回、右侧楔叶、右侧枕上回、右侧颞横回、左侧海马、左侧颞中回的葡萄糖代谢半定量值与病程呈正相关(P0.05);而双侧眶部额上回、双侧眶部额中回、左侧中央旁小叶、左侧眶部额下回、左侧内侧和旁扣带回、右侧背外侧额上回、右侧海马旁回的葡萄糖代谢半定量值与病程呈负相关(P0.05)。结论 iRBD患者脑内存在疾病相关的葡萄糖代谢水平改变,有助于客观评估iRBD病情的变化。     

抑郁症患者局部脑葡萄糖代谢的SPM分析

目的探讨首发抑郁症患者的局部脑葡萄糖代谢特点。方法对14例首发并且符合DSM-Ⅳ的抑郁症患者进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD17)、Montgomery-Asberg抑郁量表(MADS)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)的评估及18F-FDGPET检查;对11例年龄、性别、文化程度均相匹配的健康对照者进行18F-FDGPET检查。18F-FDGPET显像后,用统计参数地图(SPM,P值设为0.001)方法分析抑郁症组和健康对照组的局部脑葡萄糖代谢分布差别。结果SPM分析显示双侧额上回、右侧额中回、右侧额叶内侧,右侧脑岛葡萄糖代谢率显著低于对照组(P<0.001);左侧丘脑,左侧前扣带回,双侧小脑前叶山顶、右侧小脑后叶山坡,左侧枕中回,左侧颞中、下回葡萄糖代谢率显著高于对照组(P<0.001)。结论首发抑郁症患者存在皮质-丘脑-边缘回路代谢异常;小脑的代谢异常是一个值得关注的区域;从神经影像学角度为抑郁症的早期诊断提供参考依据。     

首发抑郁症患者静息态MRI脑局部一致性的改变

目的 利用静息态MRI 技术去探索首发抑郁症患者特异脑区的脑功能改变。方法 对符 合抑郁症诊断标准的20 例患者及20 名健康志愿者进行静息态MRI检查,使用静息态MRI局部一致性 （ReHo）分析方法,比较抑郁症组与对照组ReHo 值,发现特异性增高或减低的脑区。结果 抑郁症组 对比对照组,ReHo 增高的脑区有小脑后叶、颞下回、枕中回、舌回、中央后回、中央前回、额上回、顶 叶等;ReHo 降低的脑区有边缘叶、海马旁回、壳核、丘脑、豆状核、额下回、额中回、楔前叶、扣带回等。 结论 静息态MRI 的ReHo 分析方法可能发现抑郁症异常的脑区,为抑郁症发病机制的探索提供帮助。     

难治性抑郁症脑局部葡萄糖代谢的初步研究

目的 探索难治性抑郁症的脑局部葡萄糖代谢模式.方法 对符合国际疾病分类标准第10版(ICD.10)抑郁症诊断标准的8例难治性抑郁症患者和8名正常对照进行静息态正电子发射计算机断层/18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(PET/FDG)扫描,利用参数统计图(SPM2)方法分析组间脑局部代谢差异.结果 患者组的双侧额中回、左侧眶额皮质、左顶下小叶、左腹侧前扣带回、右侧额下回、右颞是回和颞中回以及双侧背侧前扣带回FDG代谢水平明显低于对照组;而左侧中央前/后回、右侧额内侧回、右颞极、右岛叶以及双侧小脑等脑区代谢水平则明显高于对照组.上述差异均有统计学意义(P<0.005).结论 难治性抑郁症患者存在旁边缘系统代谢增高和皮质代谢降低的交互性改变的异常代谢模式.     

抑郁症患者脑葡萄糖代谢研究的系统评价北大核心CSCD

目的 通过Meta分析和系统评价了解抑郁症患者不同脑区的葡萄糖代谢水平的改变。方法 参考Cochrane协作网工作手册检索PubMed、Web of Science、EMbase、Cochrane Library及中文科技期刊数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据资源系统,检索时间为1982年1月1日至2014年4月8日。检索词包括：depression,depressive,PET,position emission tomography,氟代脱氧葡萄糖（18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose,FDG）,抑郁,正电子发射体层摄影术等,使用截词符提高查全率;手工检索了2013年10月到2014年4月精神科相关杂志及氟代脱氧葡萄糖相关文章的参考文献。运用SDM（signed differential mapping）软件进行基于体素的Meta分析（P≤0.005,阈值范围〉10）。纳入研究的MNI坐标统一转换为Talairach坐标,SDM软件重建脑区差异图后进行汇总分析。结果 共有10项研究符合纳入标准,包括188例抑郁症患者和169名健康对照者,各项研究间无异质性（P〉0.05）。SDM分析显示,抑郁症患者在右侧额下回眶部[布罗德曼分区（BA）47]和盖部（BA44）、右侧直回（BA11）、右侧额上回背侧（BA10）、右侧扣带中部/扣带旁回、左侧颞上回和左侧额中回眶部（BA47）存在脑葡萄糖代谢减低,双侧丘脑、右侧角回（BA48）和左侧中央前回（BA6）代谢增高。结论 抑郁症患者存在额颞叶-边缘系统活动降低及双侧丘脑活动增强的异常改变。     

抑郁症患者脑白质变化初步研究

目的：利用能够提示脑白质纤维完整性的磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）探讨首发和复发重性抑郁症患者脑白质纤维的变化及其差异。方法：20例重性抑郁症患者（首发9例，复发11例）和20名正常对照者均经常规磁共振成像（MRI）平扫，未发现异常者继续进行DTI和结构MRI（3D）扫描，基于像素的全脑分析技术对DTI数据进行分析。结果：与对照组相比较，抑郁症组白质纤维结构在双侧额中回、右顶下小叶及双侧脑岛等区域白质的各向异性值（FA）显著降低（各脑区P均〈0.001，cluster〉30像素）;与首发抑郁症患者相比较，复发抑郁症患者右侧额上回、右顶叶、中央前回、中央后回及右顶下小叶等区域FA值降低更为显著（各脑区P均〈0.001，cluster〉10像素）。结论：重性抑郁症患者存在脑白质异常，抑郁反复发作会导致脑白质损害进一步加重。     

NF1患者大脑活动特征的PET-CT研究

目的采用正电子发射断层扫描/X射线计算机断层成像（PET-CT）检测Ⅰ型神经纤维瘤病（NF1）成年患者大脑代谢活动特征变化情况，探讨该疾病稳定状态下的特异脑活动异常情况。 方法利用PET-CT技术，结合脑内葡萄糖代谢特征分析方法，对自2018年1月至7月就诊于首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科的11例病情稳定的NF1患者（NF1组）和10例健康对照组进行全脑数据分析，运用基于Matlab的SPM软件比较NF1组与健康对照组在全脑水平上大脑各区域活动的变化。 结果NF1组与健康对照组在额叶、颞叶等区域存在不同的代谢特征。全脑分析结果显示NF1在右侧颞上回后部、中央区、额上回、额中回，双侧的颞叶内侧面、顶叶视觉区等脑区出现了与健康对照组不同的脑代谢表现，特别是在双侧丘脑区域出现了显著异常，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05），主要表现为双侧丘脑区域的葡萄糖摄取减低，提示该区域的脑活动减弱。 结论非中枢系统病变或疾病自身基因突变引起大脑的功能代谢变化，可能为NF1患者的一项重要临床特征，也将为该类疾病以及具有同类型脑部疾病患者的康复及治疗提供前瞻指导。     

正常人安静和催眠状态下脑葡萄糖代谢的自身对照研究

目的 研究健康正常人催眠静息状态和清醒安静状态下脑内葡萄糖代谢的差异,初步探索催眠状态的神经生理基础。方法 正常人在清醒安静状态下行^18F—FDG PET扫描。隔日后,采用凝视法将受试者诱导进入催眠状态,再次行^18F—FDG PET扫描。两种状态皆应采用3D模式进行PET脑显像,应用SPM分析对催眠静息状态和清醒安静状态^18F—FDG PET图像进行组间体元统计,统计所得到的一系列数值构成了统计参数地图（SPM）。比较催眠静息状态和清醒安静状态脑局部糖代谢的变化,根据变化差异显著（P〈0．001）区域的Talariach坐标值确定其部位。结果 SPM分析显示催眠静息状态较清醒安静状态右侧枕叶（BA17,18）、左侧枕叶（BA17,18）、左侧顶叶（BA40,）、左侧颞上回（BA22）、右侧尾状核、右侧小脑后叶、右侧额叶（BA6）、左侧额中回（BA8,9）和右侧丘脑葡萄糖代谢明显降低（P〈0．001）。结论 催眠静息状态脑葡萄糖代谢不同于清醒安静状态,催眠静息状态存在神经生理基础。     

抑郁症患者对正性面部表情功能识别

目的：利用任务态功能核磁共振成像技术,初步探讨抗抑郁治疗对正性情绪识别脑区功能的影响。方法：检测19例抑郁症患者治疗前和治疗10周后在识别正性及中性面部表情视频时的激活脑区,并与19例匹配的健康者对照比较。结果：与正常对照组相比,治疗前抑郁症患者左右颞上回（BA39）、左后扣带回（BA23）、右后扣带回（BA30）、左丘脑、右岛叶（BA13）等脑区激活显著降低;治疗后患者左颞上回（BA39）、右颞上回（BA22）、左颞中回（BA37）、左右海马旁回（BA30）、右后扣带回（BA29）、右梭状回（BA36）、左额中回（BA8）、右额下回（BA47）、左顶下小叶（BA40）、右岛叶（BA13）等脑区激活较治疗前增强;但与正常组相比,左颞上回（BA22）、左额中回（BA10）、左梭状回（BA20）、左楔叶（BA19）、右顶上小叶（BA7）、右岛叶（BA13）等脑区激活仍存在一定程度的降低。结论：经抗抑郁治疗,抑郁症患者正性情绪识别脑区功能较治疗前有所改善,但与正常对照组相比,仍存在一定程度的功能损害。进一步证实了积极有效的抗抑郁治疗能够部分逆转正性情绪相关脑区损害。     

Serotonin modulation of cerebral glucose metabolism measured with positron emission tomography (PET) in human subjects

To develop a method to measure the dynamic response of the serotonin system in vivo, the effects of intravenously administered citalopram (the most selective of the serotonin reuptake inhibitors) on cerebral glucose metabolism were evaluated. Cerebral glucose metabolism was measured with positron emission tomography (PET) in 14 normal subjects scanned after administration of saline placebo and citalopram administered on 2 separate days. Citalopram administration resulted in a decrease in metabolism in the right anterior cingulate gyrus (BA 24/32), right superior (BA 9) and right middle frontal gyrus (BA 6), right parietal cortex (precuneus), right superior occipital gyrus, left thalamus, and right cerebellum. Increased metabolism was observed in the left superior temporal gyrus and left occipital cortex. Alterations in metabolism by acute citalopram administration involved the heteromodal association cortices that also show metabolic alterations in patients with geriatric depression and overlap with the regions affected by antidepressant treatment. Future studies will evaluate how the acute metabolic response to citalopram relates to the metabolic response after chronic treatment in patients with geriatric depression.     

PET脑成像观察电针天枢穴治疗腹泻型肠易激综合征：脑内脏感觉中心的变化

题目：电针天枢穴治疗腹泻型肠易激综合征的PET脑成像研究 目的：运用脑功能成像正电子发射扫描技术（PET）,观察D-IBS患者在直肠扩张刺激下脑内脏感觉中心的功能变化,以及电针天枢穴对内脏感觉中心的影响,并初步探讨天枢穴治疗肠易激综合征的神经生物学机制。 方法：6例D-IBS患者（4例男性,2例女性）,其中4例行静息状态、直肠气囊扩张、直肠气囊扩张加电针天枢穴三状态下18F-FDG PET脑显像,2例行直肠气囊扩张、直肠气囊扩张加电针天枢穴两状态下18F-FDG PET脑显像,应用统计参数图（SPM）软件对患者静息状态和正常人静息状态、自身直肠气囊扩张前后、电针天枢穴前后脑PET图像进行配对t检验,分析比较脑局部葡萄糖代谢的差异,P值设为0.001。 结果：① 与正常人对照,D-IBS患者存在双侧颞上回、右枕中回、右额上回、双侧额中回等脑区的葡萄糖代谢增强,但内脏感觉中心并没有增强的表现;② 直肠气囊扩张前后对照,直肠疼痛刺激能使额前皮质、左侧扣带回、中央前后回、颞回等脑区的葡萄糖代谢增强,出现了内脏感觉中心如扣带前回等的激活;③ 电针天枢穴前后对照,电针天枢穴能使左侧扣带回、右侧脑岛、右侧海马旁回、楔前叶、右侧尾状核等脑区葡萄糖代谢降低,内脏感觉中心区域葡萄糖代谢明显降低。 结论：① IBS患者存在内脏敏感性异常,尤其是中枢内脏感觉网络的扣带前回、额前皮质等敏感性有升高的趋势。这可能是临床IBS腹痛、腹胀或腹部不适、腹泻等症状发生的重要的病理生理基础;② 电针天枢穴可以降低扣带回等内脏感觉中心的葡萄糖代谢率,该作用可能是电针天枢穴有效缓解IBS腹痛、腹泻等症状的神经生物学机制。电针天枢穴能削弱内脏高敏感性的原理,可能存在两条途径：一、在脊髓层面抑制内脏疼痛信息的上传;二、在丘脑层面通过整合内脏疼痛信息,抑制内脏感觉信息的上传。     

Brain glucose metabolism difference between bipolar and unipolar mood disorders in depressed and euthymic states

Background

Functional brain imaging studies have consistently demonstrated abnormalities in regional cerebral glucose metabolism in the prefrontal cortex in patients with mood disorders (MD). These studies, however, have not clarified the differential characteristics of glucose metabolism between depressed and euthymic states, or between bipolar mood disorder (BP) and unipolar mood disorder (UP).

Methods

We used [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) to evaluate the differences in glucose metabolism at resting state. We compared 30 depressed and 17 euthymic female patients with mood disorders with age-, IQ-, and socioeconomically matched 20 healthy controls (HCs). Then, BP and UP patients were separately analyzed. The PET data were objectively analyzed by statistical parametric mapping (SPM).

Results

Compared with HCs, the depressed MD patients showed significantly lower glucose metabolism in the bilateral frontal gyri, left cingulate gyrus, bilateral temporal gyri, right insula, bilateral inferior parietal lobules, and right occipital gyrus. In contrast, the euthymic MD patients demonstrated fewer areas with significant reduction. When the depressed BP patients were separately compared with HCs, the glucose metabolism was found to be significantly lower in the bilateral frontal gyri, right cingulate gyrus, and bilateral inferior parietal lobules. Meanwhile, the depressed UP patients showed a significantly lower metabolism in the bilateral frontal gyri, left cingulate gyrus, bilateral temporal gyri, bilateral insulae, bilateral inferior parietal lobules, and right occipital gyrus.

Conclusions

The results of this study provide evidence of persistent hypometabolism in depressed MD patients, particularly in the frontal gyrus. Although the conclusions are limited in the cross-sectional study, these findings suggest that abnormalities in the right frontal gyrus, left temporal gyrus, and left cingulate gyrus tend to normalize as the depression symptoms improve, although those in the left frontal gyrus, right cingulate gyrus, and right temporal gyrus persist. This study also elucidated the cerebral hypofunction specific to each BP and UP. BP patients showed a decrease in glucose metabolism in the right anterior cingulate and UP patients did in the right temporal gyrus, right insula, and left posterior cingulate. This study clarified the differences between subtypes.     

White matter integrity of the whole brain is disrupted in first-episode remitted geriatric depression

Previous studies have demonstrated lower-diffusion anisotropy within white matter in late-onset depression measured by diffusion tensor imaging, which provides information about brain white matter integrity. We have examined whether white matter is abnormal in first-episode remitted geriatric depression by using diffusion tensor imaging. Sixteen remitted geriatric depression patients and 14 well matched healthy controls underwent diffusion tensor-imaging scans of magnetic resonance imaging, which were analyzed by a rigorous voxel-based approach. We found that fractional anisotropy in white matter was lower in patients than in controls at the right superior frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, right middle occipital gyrus, left lingual gyrus, right putamen and right caudate. These results suggested that the white matter integrity of the whole brain was disrupted in first-episode remitted geriatric depression, and that these abnormalities were perhaps involved in the psychopathology and pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in remitted geriatric depression.     

Brain metabolic changes associated with predispotion to onset of major depressive disorder and adjustment disorder in cancer patients--a preliminary PET study

OBJECTIVES: To explore neurobiological risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD) and adjustment disorder in cancer patients by examining regional brain metabolism before psychiatric manifestation using positron emission tomography and by prospectively observing depressive and anxiety symptoms. METHOD: Cancer patients who showed no psychiatric symptoms when they underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) were followed up for one year using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Fourteen patients who showed high HADS scores and 14 patients who showed low HADS scores were assessed by a psychiatrist 2 years after the PET scan and grouped into the deterioration group (n=10) and the no-change group (n=9). 18F-FDG PET images were analyzed to examine the difference in local brain glucose metabolism between the two groups. RESULTS: The deterioration group showed a decreased glucose metabolism in the right medial frontal gyrus (BA6) and an increased glucose metabolism in the right posterior cingulate (BA29), right anterior cingulate (BA25), left subcallosal gyrus (BA25), and left caudate compared with the no-change group. CONCLUSION: Cancer patients who later developed MDD or adjustment disorder showed regional brain metabolic changes. These regions may be associated with vulnerability to the onset of MDD or adjustment disorder in cancer patients.     

Decreased regional brain metabolism after ect

OBJECTIVE: The antidepressant action of ECT may be related to its anticonvulsant properties. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies of regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose were used to test this hypothesis. METHOD: Ten patients with major depression were studied with PET before and approximately 5 days after a course of bilateral ECT. Statistical parametric mapping was used to identify regions of decreased cerebral glucose metabolism. RESULTS: Widespread regions of decreased regional cerebral glucose metabolism were identified after ECT, especially in the frontal and parietal cortex, anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus, and left temporal cortex. A region-of-interest analysis similarly indicated post-ECT reductions in regional cerebral glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: ECT reduces neuronal activity in selected cortical regions, a potential anticonvulsant and antidepressant effect.     

阿尔茨海默病脑白质葡萄糖代谢异常分析

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)脑白质葡萄糖代谢异常的意义。方法纳入33例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册-第四版(DSM-IV)AD诊断标准的患者和健康对照20名,进行脑正电子发射断层成像(PET)检查。应用SPM软件对PET图像进行分析。结果①与健康对照相比,AD患者有广泛的白质葡萄糖代谢减低,减低较为明显的区域有右侧额叶皮质下白质、左侧额叶上中回皮质下白质(P<0.001);另外,AD患者左侧额叶内侧回皮质下白质、左侧枕叶楔回皮质下白质葡萄糖代谢增强(P<0.001);②与不伴有精神行为症状(BPS)的AD患者(16例)相比,伴有BPS的AD患者(17例)在左右枕叶中回、右侧枕叶楔回、右侧顶下小叶、左侧颞叶梭形回、左侧额叶内侧回等脑区的皮质下白质葡萄糖代谢增强(P<0.001);而左右额叶中央旁回、右侧额叶上回和中回、左侧颞叶上回等脑区的皮质下白质葡萄糖代谢减低(P<0.001)。结论AD有广泛的白质脑葡萄糖代谢异常,有无BPS的AD白质代谢异常不同。     

Quantification of Tc-99m-ethyl cysteinate dimer brain single photon emission computed tomography images using statistical probabilistic brain atlas in depressive end-stage renal disease patients:Correlation with disease severity and symptom factors

This study adapted a statistical probabilistic anatomical map of the brain for single photon emission computed tomography images of depressive end-stage renal disease patients. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between symptom clusters, disease severity, and cerebral blood flow. Twenty-seven patients (16 males, 11 females) with stages 4 and 5 end-stage renal disease were enrolled, along with 25 healthy controls. All patients underwent depressive mood assessment and brain single photon emission computed tomography. The statistical probabilistic anatomical map images were used to calculate the brain single photon emission computed tomography counts. Asymmetric index was acquired and Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between symptom factors, severity, and regional cerebral blood flow. The depression factors of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale showed a negative correlation with cerebral blood flow in the left amygdale. The insomnia factor showed negative correlations with cerebral blood flow in the left amygdala, right superior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus. The anxiety factor showed a positive correlation with cerebral glucose metabolism in the cerebellar vermis and a negative correlation with cerebral glucose metabolism in the left globus pallidus, right inferior frontal gyrus, both temporal poles, and left parahippocampus. The overall depression severity (total scores of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) was negatively correlated with the statistical probabilistic anatomical map results in the left amygdala and right inferior frontal gyrus. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the disease severity and extent of cerebral blood flow quantified by a probabilistic brain atlas was related to various brain areas in terms of the overall severity and symptom factors in end-stage renal disease patients.