Molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of propofol and thiamylal on sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels

BACKGROUND: Both propofol and thiamylal inhibit adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. In the current study, the authors investigated the effects of these anesthetics on the activity of recombinant sarcolemmal KATP channels encoded by inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir6.1 or Kir6.2) genes and sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1, SUR2A, or SUR2B) genes. METHODS: The authors used inside-out patch clamp configurations to investigate the effects of propofol and thiamylal on the activity of recombinant KATP channels using COS-7 cells transfected with various types of KATP channel subunits. RESULTS: Propofol inhibited the activities of the SUR1/Kir6.2 (EC50 = 77 microm), SUR2A/Kir6.2 (EC50 = 72 microm), and SUR2B/Kir6.2 (EC50 = 71 microm) channels but had no significant effects on the SUR2B/Kir6.1 channels. Propofol inhibited the truncated isoform of Kir6.2 (Kir6.2DeltaC36) channels (EC50 = 78 microm) that can form functional KATP channels in the absence of SUR molecules. Furthermore, the authors identified two distinct mutations R31E (arginine residue at position 31 to glutamic acid) and K185Q (lysine residue at position 185 to glutamine) of the Kir6.2DeltaC36 channel that significantly reduce the inhibition of propofol. In contrast, thiamylal inhibited the SUR1/Kir6.2 (EC50 = 541 microm), SUR2A/Kir6.2 (EC50 = 248 microm), SUR2B/Kir6.2 (EC50 = 183 microm), SUR2B/Kir6.1 (EC50 = 170 microm), and Kir6.2DeltaC36 channels (EC50 = 719 microm). None of the mutants significantly affects the sensitivity of thiamylal. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the major effects of both propofol and thiamylal on KATP channel activity are mediated via the Kir6.2 subunit. Site-directed mutagenesis study suggests that propofol and thiamylal may influence Kir6.2 activity by different molecular mechanisms; in thiamylal, the SUR subunit seems to modulate anesthetic sensitivity.     

Differential effects of anesthetic and nonanesthetic cyclobutanes on neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels

BACKGROUND: Despite their key role in the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells, voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels have been considered to be insensitive to general anesthetics. The authors tested the sensitivity of neuronal Na+ channels to structurally similar anesthetic (1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane; F3) and nonanesthetic (1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane; F6) polyhalogenated cyclobutanes by neurochemical and electrophysiologic methods. METHODS: Synaptosomes (pinched-off nerve terminals) from adult rat cerebral cortex were used to determine the effects of F3 and F6 on 4-aminopyridine- or veratridine-evoked (Na+ channel-dependent) glutamate release (using an enzyme-coupled spectrofluorimetric assay) and increases in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) (using ion-specific spectrofluorimetry). Effects of F3 and F6 on Na+ currents were evaluated directly in rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons by whole-cell patch-clamp recording. RESULTS: F3 inhibited glutamate release evoked by 4-aminopyridine (inhibitory concentration of 50% [IC50] = 0.77 mM [approximately 0.8 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)] or veratridine (IC50 = 0.42 mM [approximately 0.4 MAC]), and veratridine-evoked increases in [Ca2+]i (IC50 = 0.5 mM [approximately 0.5 MAC]) in synaptosomes; F6 had no significant effects up to 0.05 mM (approximately twice the predicted MAC). F3 caused reversible membrane potential-independent inhibition of peak Na+ currents (70+/-9% block at 0.6 mM [approximately 0.6 MAC]), and a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of steady state inactivation in dorsal root ganglion neurons (-21+/-9.3 mV at 0.6 mM). F6 inhibited peak Na+ currents to a lesser extent (16+/-2% block at 0.018 mM [predicted MAC]) and had minimal effects on steady state inactivation. CONCLUSIONS: The anesthetic cyclobutane F3 significantly inhibited Na+ channel-mediated glutamate release and increases in [Ca2+]i. In contrast, the nonanesthetic cyclobutane F6 had no significant effects at predicted anesthetic concentrations. F3 inhibited dorsal root ganglion neuron Na+ channels with a potency and by mechanisms similar to those of conventional volatile anesthetics; F6 was less effective and did not produce voltage-dependent block. This concordance between anesthetic activity and Na+ channel inhibition supports a role for presynaptic Na+ channels as targets for general anesthetic effects and suggests that shifting the voltage-dependence of Na+ channel inactivation is an important property of volatile anesthetic compounds.     

不同浓度褪黑激素对新生大鼠海马锥体神经元电压门控性Ca2+通道的影响

目的 探讨不同浓度褪黑激素对新生大鼠海马锥体神经元电压门控性ca2通道的影响.方法 原代培养新生Wistar大鼠(出生时问<12 h)海马锥体神经元7～12 d.配制褪黑激素溶液,终浓度依次为1 nmol/L、10 nmol/L、100 nmol/L、1 μmol/L、10μmol/L、100μmol/L和1 mmol/L.选择胞体清晰、光晕良好、轴突明显的锥体神经元,采用膜片钳全细胞记录模式观察Ca2+通道的基本电生理特点,记录不同浓度褪黑激素作用下Ca2+电流,分析Ca+2通道动力学特性,并计算Ca2+电流变化率.结果 不同浓度褪黑激素均可快速、可逆性地增强Ca2+电流,10 nmol/L和100 nmol/L褪黑激素使Ca2+电流激活曲线向超极化方向移动,其余浓度褪黑激素对Ca2+电流激活曲线的动力学特性无影响.与100 mol/L褪黑激素比较,其余浓度褪黑激素作用后Ca2+电流变化率降低(P<0.05或0.01);与Iμmol/L褪黑激素比较,10 μmol/L、100μmol/L和1 mmol/L褪黑激素作用后Ca2+电流变化率降低(P<0.05).结论 l nmol/L～1 mmol/L褪黑激素均可增强体外培养的新生大鼠海马锥体神经元Ca2+电流,100 nmol/L褪黑激素作用最强.     

利多卡因对大鼠海马锥体神经元NMDA介导钙电流的影响

目的 观察不同浓度利多卡因对中枢海马锥体神经元N-甲基-D天冬氨酸(NMDA)介导钙电流的影响。方法 将已培养12-14 d的Wistar大鼠海马神经元按利多卡因浓度(10-5-10-1mol/L)分成5组,以不含利多卡因组做对照,共6组(n=6)。应用全细胞膜片钳方法,采用无间隙模式,采集记录各组大鼠海马神经元NMDA介导钙电流及各组静息电位的变化。结果 10-3、10-2、10-1组的电流密度较对照组降低(P<0.05或0.01);利多卡因浓度与电流密度呈直线负相关(r=0.76,P<0.01)。各组静息电位差异无显著性。结论 利多卡因可浓度依赖性抑制NMDA介导钙电流,低浓度利多卡因的神经保护作用可能与此有关。     

The effects of thiopental and propofol on cell swelling induced by oxygen/glucose deprivation in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of rat hippocampal slices

Cellular swelling has been implicated as an early process after cerebral ischemia. We compared the effects of two commonly used IV anesthetics, thiopental and propofol, on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell swelling induced by oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro. Experiments were performed in rat hippocampal slices. Cell swelling in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer was evaluated by determining light transmittance (LT) change through the slices and by histopathological examination. For LT experiments, OGD was induced for 10 min by superfusing slices with glucose-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid equilibrated with 95% nitrogen and 5% CO(2). Thiopental and propofol were present 10 min before and during the period of OGD. The results showed that thiopental (100 and 400 microM), but not propofol (40 and 160 microM), significantly prolonged latency to the peak of LT increase after the onset of OGD. Consistent with the LT experiments, histopathological examination revealed that thiopental, but not propofol, attenuated CA1 pyramidal cell expansion and the gap diminution between CA1 pyramidal cells induced by OGD. These results suggest that thiopental, but not propofol, reduces the neuronal cell swelling caused by OGD. Whether the reduction of cell swelling is related to reduction in cell injury caused by OGD remains to be investigated. IMPLICATIONS: We demonstrated that thiopental, but not propofol, attenuates ischemic neuronal swelling induced by oxygen/glucose deprivation in an in vitro ischemic model.     

七氟醚后处理对大鼠海马脑片氧糖剥夺损伤的保护作用

目的观察七氟醚后处理对大鼠海马脑片氧糖剥夺损伤(OGD)的保护作用。方法将符合标准的40片海马脑片随机均分为四组:2%七氟醚后处理组(2%Sev组)、4%七氟醚后处理组(4%Sev组)、6%七氟醚后处理组(6%Sev组)和氧糖剥夺损伤对照组(OGD组)。采用脑片灌注及电生理技术细胞外记录海马CA1区的顺向群锋电位(OPS)。利用2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)染色定量比色方法分析脑片损伤程度。结果 OGD组OPS恢复程度为(3.14±2.56)%,恢复率为10%,组织损伤率为0.63±0.05;2%Sev组OPS恢复程度为(46.24±29.34)%,OPS恢复率为40%,组织损伤率为0.51±0.06;4%Sev组OPS恢复程度为(62.40±34.93)%,OPS恢复率为60%,组织损伤率为0.41±0.07;6%Sev组OPS恢复程度为(75.92±45.31)%,OPS恢复率为70%,组织损伤率为0.37±0.06。与OGD组比较,2%Sev组、4%Sev组、6%Sev组的OPS恢复程度和OPS恢复率均明显升高,组织损伤率明显降低(P<0.01)。结论七氟醚后处理对大鼠海马脑片氧糖剥夺损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

Differential effects of thiopental on methacholine- and serotonin-induced bronchoconstriction in dogs

Background. Thiopental sometimes causes bronchospasm duringinduction of anaesthesia. In addition, we have reported previouslythat thiopental produced transient bronchospasm, which was blockedby atropine pretreatment, and worsened histamine-induced bronchoconstrictionin dogs. Previous in vitro reports suggest that synthesis ofcontractile cyclooxygenase products, such as thromboxane A₂,may be involved in the mechanism of bronchospasm. However, thein vivo spastic effects have not been defined comprehensively. Methods. Twenty-seven mongrel dogs were anaesthetized with pentobarbital.Bronchoconstriction was elicited with methacholine (0.5 µg kg^–1+5.0µg kg^–1 min^–1; Mch group, n=7) orserotonin (10 µg kg^–1+1 mg kg^–1 h^–1;5HT group, n=20), and assessed as percentage changes in bronchialcross-sectional area (BCA, basal=100%) using a bronchoscope.In the 5HT group, dogs were subdivided into four groups of fiveeach: S-5HT, I-5HT, 5HT-S and 5HT-A. In the S-5HT and I-5HTgroups, 30 min before serotonin infusion dogs were given salineand indomethacin respectively at 5 mg kg^–1 i.v. Inall groups, 30 min after bronchoconstrictor infusion started,dogs were given thiopental at doses between 0 (saline) and 20mg kg^–1. In the 5HT-S and 5HT-A groups, dogs weregiven saline or atropine 0.2 mg kg^–1 i.v. 5 min afterthiopental 20 mg kg^–1. Results. Methacholine and serotonin reduced BCA by about 50and 40% respectively. Thiopental 20 mg kg^–1 increasedand decreased BCA by about 20 and 10% in the Mch and 5HT groupsrespectively. Indomethacin and atropine did not attenuate thepotentiation of serotonin bronchoconstriction produced by thiopental. Conclusion. The present study indicates that thiopental mayattenuate or worsen bronchoconstriction induced by muscarinicor serotonin receptor stimulation, respectively. The synthesisof contractile cyclooxygenase products and cholinergic stimulationmay not be involved in the contractile effect of thiopentalon serotonin bronchoconstriction. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 379–84     

吗啡预处理对小鼠海马脑片氧-糖缺失/恢复时CaMKⅡ和NMDA受体的影响

目的 评价吗啡预处理对小鼠海马脑片氧-糖缺失，恢复时钙，钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ（CaMKⅡ）膜转位及N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体磷酸化的影响。方法成年BALB／C小鼠，体重18-22g，雌雄不拘。每次将5只小鼠同批断头取脑，制备海马脑片，随机分为5组：正常对照组（Ⅰ组）、氧．糖缺失，恢复组（Ⅱ组）、吗啡预处理组（Ⅲ组）、纳络酮＋吗啡预处理组（Ⅳ组）及纳络酮预处理组（Ⅴ组）。Ⅰ组脑片正常体外培养，假操作换液。Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组小鼠海马脑片分别作相应预处理30min，间隔30min。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组建立小鼠海马脑片体外缺血再灌注损伤模型，分别氧-糖缺失20min，氧-糖恢复2h。各组于氧．糖缺失前即刻（T0）、氧-糖缺失20min（T1）、氧-糖恢复1h（T2）和2h（T3）取若干脑片匀浆、超声粉碎、离心，分离胞浆蛋白和膜相关蛋白；部分脑片分离总蛋白，Western blot检测CaMKⅡα蛋白表达量以及NMDA受体NR1亚单位的磷酸化。结果 海马脑片在T1、T2．T3时，CaMKⅡα膜相关蛋白含量增多。同时胞浆蛋白含量减少（P〈0．05）；T2、T3时，NMDA受体NR1亚单位磷酸化水平增高（P〈0．05）；而吗啡预处理明显地抑制上述CaMKⅡα膜转位及NMDA受体NR1亚单位磷酸化（P〈0．05）。纳络酮完全阻断吗啡预处理对CaMKⅡα膜转位及NR1磷酸化的抑制作用（P〈0．05）。CaMKⅡα总蛋白表达水平未见明显变化。结论 CaMKⅡ膜转位的抑制及NMDA受体磷酸化的抑制在吗啡预处理对小鼠海马脑片缺血再灌注的脑保护作用机制中起重要作用。     

The effects of thiamylal, ketamine and nicardipine on the hippocampal theta waves produced by cerebral ischemia in cats

Spontaneous hippocampal electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded in the pyramidal cell layer (PCL) and dentate gyrus (DG) during and after ischemia produced by bilateral clamping of the common carotid arteries in cats. Hippocampal theta waves, approximately 180 degree out of phase in PCL and DG, appeared within 4.3 +/- 2.3 seconds after the onset of bilateral carotid artery occlusion and continued for more than 60 minute. These hippocampal theta waves disappeared 34.2 +/- 10.2 seconds after 4 vessel occlusion. We could not find the clear difference between the two areas in the appearance and disappearance of the hippocampal theta waves. We further investigated the effects of thiamylal, ketamine and nicardipine on the hippocampal theta waves during bilateral carotid artery occlusion. Thiamylal changed the two hippocampal theta waves to a similar pattern of EEG, which has irregular slow and fast waves, in both PCL and DG. Ketamine changed the two theta waves to irregular complex pattern of fast and slow waves and spike activity, which is independent at two areas. Nicardipine, a Ca antagonist, changed the theta waves to irregular slow waves which were similar to the pattern of EEG observed before carotid artery occlusion. These results indicate that thiamylal, ketamine and nicardipine have different effects on the ischemia of hippocampus.     

Activations of nPKCepsilon and ERK1/2 were involved in oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuroprotection via NMDA receptors in hippocampal slices of mice

Accumulated reports have suggested that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms may involve the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) in the neuronal response to ischemic/hypoxic stimuli. We have previously demonstrated that the membrane translocation of novel PKC (nPKC) epsilon increased in the early phase of cerebral ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning of mice. In this study, we used Western blot analysis and propidium iodide stain to determine whether the activations of nPKCepsilon and ERKs were involved in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced neuroprotection via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The hippocampal slices of mice were exposed to OGD for 10 (OGD10) or 45 minutes (OGD45) to mimic mild (causing ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning) and severe (causing severe OGD) ischemia/hypoxia, respectively. We found that OGD10-induced nPKCepslilon membrane translocation was mediated by NMDA receptors, and both OGD10 and NMDA (1 microM, 30 min) pretreatment could protect Cornu Ammonis region 1 neurons against the subsequent severe OGD45. In addition, nPKCepsilon translocation inhibitor, epsilonV1-2 (1 microM, 30 min), and ERKs upstream mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase inhibitor, PD-98059 (20 microM, 30 min), could significantly inhibit OGD10 and NMDA-induced neuroprotection. These results suggest that OGD10-induced neuroprotection against severe OGD45 in the Cornu Ammonis region 1 region of the hippocampal slices was mediated by the activations of NMDA receptors, nPKCepsilon, and the downstream ERKs.     

Effects of propentofylline on hypoxia-hypoglycemia-induced calcium accumulation in gerbil hippocampal slices]

The xanthine derivative propentofylline (HWA 285) has been reported to show protective effects against neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we investigated the effect of propentofylline on the hypoxia-hypoglycemia-induced intracellular calcium accumulation in gerbil hippocampal slices using microfluorometry. When slices were superfused with hypoxic-hypoglycemic medium that did not contain propentofylline, an acute increase in calcium accumulation was detected 75-200s (mean latency of 123s) after the start of hypoxic-hypoglycemia. When slices were superfused with hypoxic-hypoglycemic medium that contained 10 microM, 100 microM and 1mM propentofylline, the latency period before acute increase in calcium accumulation was prolonged in all subregions of the hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner: mean latencies in field CA 1 were 146, 168, and 197s after hypoxic-hypoglycemia, respectively. This retardation in calcium accumulation may be involved in the mechanisms by which propentofylline diminishes ischemic injury.     

依托咪酯对大鼠海马脑片突触长时程增强的影响

目的 评价依托咪酯对大鼠海马脑片突触长时程增强(LTP)的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠,断头后取出海马组织,制备厚400 μm的海马脑片.采用细胞外微电极记录技术,记录海马脑片CA1区细胞外群体峰电位(PS).取42张脑片,随机分为6组(n=7):用正常的人工脑脊液(ACSF)灌流海马脑片记录正常的PS,待其稳定后,对照组继续灌流ACSF,不同浓度依托咪酯组分别用含依托咪酯1μmol/L(依托咪酯 1 μol/L组)、2/μmol/L(依托咪酯2 μmol/L组)、5 μmol/L(依托咪酯5 μmol/L组)、10μmol/L(依托咪酯10 μmol/L组)、20 μmol/L(依托咪酯20 μmol/L组)的ACSF灌流,记录PS幅值.另取84张脑片,随机分为12组(n=7):用正常ACSF灌流海马脑片,记录稳定正常的PS 30 min,LIT组继续灌流ACSF,其余各组分别用含依托咪酯l μmol/L(LTP-依托咪酯 1 μmol/L组)、2 μmol/L(LTP-依托咪酯2μmol/L组)、5 μmol/L(LTP-依托咪酯 5 μmol/L组)、10μmol/L(LTP-依托咪酯 10 μmol/L组)、20 μmol/L(LTP-依托咪酯20 μmol/L组)、印防己毒素50 μmol/L(印防己毒素组)、荷包牡丹碱10 μmol/L(荷包牡丹碱组)、CGP35348 5 μmol/L(CGP35348 组)、印防己毒素50 μmol/L+依托咪酯10 μmol/L(印防己毒素+依托咪酯组)、荷包牡丹碱10 μmol/L+依托咪酯10 μmol/L(荷包牡丹碱+依托咪酯组)、CGP35348 5 μmol/L+依托咪酯10 μmol/L(CGP35348+依托咪酯组)的ASCF灌流,记录PS 30 min后,施以100 Hz的高频刺激(HPS),记录PS幅值.结果 与LTP组比较,LTP-依托咪酯2 μmol/L组、LTP-依托咪酯5 μmol/L组、LTP-依托咪酯10 μmol/L组、LTP-依托咪酯20 μmol/L组和CGP35348+依托咪酯组HIS后PS幅值降低(P＜0.05或0.01),印防己毒素组、荷包牡丹碱组、CGP35348组HFS后PS幅值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与依托咪酯LTP 10μmol/L组比较,印防己毒素+依托咪酯组和荷包牡丹碱+依托咪酯组HIS后PS幅值增加(P＜0.01).结论 依托咪酯可通过激活大鼠海马GABAA受体抑制LTP的形成,从而影响学习和记忆功能.     

异氟醚对大鼠海马脑片突触长时程增强的影响

目的 评价异氟醚对大鼠海马脑片突触长时程增强(LTP)的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠,断头后取出海马组织,制备厚400 μm的海马脑片.采用细胞外微电极记录技术,记录海马脑片CA1区细胞外群体峰电位(PS).取28张脑片,随机分为4组(n=7):用正常的人工脑脊液(ACSF)灌流海马脑片,记录正常的PS,待其稳定后,对照组继续灌流ACSF,不同浓度异氟醚组分别用含异氟醚0.125 mmol/L(异氟醚0.125组)、0.25 mmol/L(异氟醚0.25组)、0.5 mmol/L(异氟醚0.5组)的ACSF灌流,记录PS幅值.另取70张脑片,随机分为10组(n=7):用正常ACSF灌流海马脑片,记录稳定正常的PS 30 min,LTP组继续灌流ACSF,其余各组分别用含异氟醚0.125 mmol/L(异氟醚LTP 0.125组)、0.25 mmol/L(异氟醚LTP 0.25组)、0.5 mmol/L(异氟醚LTP 0.5组)、印防己毒素0 μmol/L(印防己毒素组)、荷包牡丹碱10 μmol/L(荷包牡丹碱组)、CGP353485 μmol/L(CGP35348组)、印防己毒素50 μmol/L+异氟醚0.25 mmol/L(印防己毒素+异氟醚组)、荷包牡丹碱10 μmol/L+异氟醚0.25 mmol/L(荷包牡丹碱+异氟醚组)、CGP353485 μmol/L+异氟醚0.25 mmol/L(CGP353485+异氟醚组)的ACSF灌流,记录PS 30 min后,施以100 Hz的高频强直刺激(HFS),记录PS幅值.结果 与对照组比较,异氟醚0.125组给药后10～45 min PS幅值降低,异氟醚0.25组和异氟醚0.5组给药后5～45 min PS幅值降低(P＜0.05或0.01).LTP组HFS后5～60 min PS幅值增高,较刺激前增加了(52±12)%(P＜0.01).与HFS前比较,异氟醚LTP 0.125组、异氟醚LTP 0.25组和异氟醚LTP 0.5组给予HFS后PS幅值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与LTP组比较,3组PS幅值降低(P＜0.01).与HFS前比较,印防己毒素组、荷包牡丹碱组和CGP 35348组HFS后PS幅值增加(P＜0.01);与LTP组比较,3组PS幅值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与HFS前比较,印防己毒素+异氟醚组和荷包牡丹碱+异氟醚组HFS后PS幅值增加(P＜0.01),CGP 353485+异氟醚组HFS后PS幅值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与LTP组比较,印防己毒素+异氟醚组和荷包牡丹碱+异氟醚组HFS后PS幅值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),CGP353485+异氟醚组HFS后PS幅值降低(P＜0.01);与异氟醚LTP 0.25组比较,印防己毒素+异氟醚组和荷包牡丹碱+异氟醚组HFS后PS幅值增加(P＜0.01),CGP 353485+异氟醚组HFS后PS幅值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 异氟醚可通过激活大鼠海马GABAA受体,抑制LTP的形成,从而影响记忆功能.     

罗哌卡因和布比卡因对大鼠海马神经元电压门控性钾电流的影响

目的 研究罗哌卡因和布比卡因对大鼠海马神经元电压门控性钾电流的作用,从离子通道水平探讨局麻药所致中枢神经系统毒性的机理。方法 采用全细胞膜片钳技术观察罗哌卡因和布比卡因对培养大鼠海马神经元延迟整流钾电流(IK)和短暂外向钾电流(IA)的影响。结果 浓度为100、1000 μmol·L-1的罗哌卡因和布比卡因对IK的抑制率分别为8.2％±2.0％、12.3％±3.0％(P>0.05)和24％±4％、33％±6％(P<0.05)。浓度为0.1、1、10 μmol·L-1的罗哌卡因和布比卡因对IA的抑制率分别为33％±4％、44％±4％(P<0.001)和56％±4％、72％±6％(P<0.001)及86％±4％、92％±5％(P<0.01);其半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为(0. 39±0.19)μmol·L-1和(0.14±0.05)μmol·L-1。两种药物对IA的抑制作用为非电压依赖性。结论 罗哌卡因和布比卡因对大鼠海马神经元IA均具有显著抑制作用,但罗哌卡因对IA的抑制效能明显低于布比卡因。局麻药对海马神经元IA电流的抑制作用可能是其引起中枢神经系统毒性的原因之一。     

Crossover effects of acidosis on the recovery of neuronal function following glucose-oxygen deprivation in rat hippocampal slices

The present study was designed to determine whether acidosis modifies the effect of simulated ischemia on neuronal function. Hippocampal evoked potentials were recorded in vitro from the CA1 region after stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals and the change in the evoked potentials was analyzed in response to glucose-oxygen deprivation under variable acid-base conditions ranging from pH 7.4 to pH 4.5. Population spike (PS) activity was almost abolished with glucose-oxygen deprivation except for pH 6.5, indicating that mild acidosis minimizes the depressant effect of glucose-oxygen deprivation on neuronal transmission. The recovery of PS amplitude during recovery from glucose-oxygen deprivation was not significantly inhibited by moderate acidosis of pH 6 and 5.5 but was significantly inhibited when the pH was 5 or lower. The results suggest that severe acidosis may depress PS amplitude and prevent their recovery after reversal of glucose-oxygen deprivation, and that moderate acidosis may have no significant effect on PS amplitudes on their recovery. Part of this study was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, New Orleans, LA, October 1992     

Forskolin has both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on bone resorption in fetal rat long bone cultures

The diterpene forskolin which increases 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations (cAMP) in intact cells by directly activating the enzyme adenyl cyclase, was examined for its ability to alter bone resorption in fetal rat long bone cultures. After 48 h, forskolin inhibited resorption at 1.0 and 10 microM. However, after 120 h, it had a small stimulatory effect at 1.0 microM and no net effect on resorption at 10 microM. Isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX), which elevates cAMP levels in cells by inhibiting the enzyme 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase, produced a resorptive response which was slightly different from that of forskolin. After both 48 and 120 h, IBMX at 0.1 mM stimulated resorption while at 1.0 mM, it had only inhibitory effects. In bones which were stimulated to resorb with either parathyroid hormone or 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, forskolin inhibited resorption. The inhibitory effects of forskolin on hormonally stimulated resorption were transient in cultures treated with 1.0 microM but were sustained with 10 microM. Inhibitory responses to forskolin did not appear to result from toxicity since they were completely reversed when forskolin was removed from the media. These results imply that agents which increases 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations in bone activate two resorptive pathways: one which is inhibitory and another which is stimulatory.     

Differential effects of propofol,thiamylal and ketamine on the cricothyroid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles of the canine larynx

Purpose

To measure the electromyographic (EMC) responses of the phasic discharge in the cricothyroid (CT; a tensor muscle of the vocal folds) and the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA; sole abductor muscle of the vocal folds) following intravenous infusion of propofol 1.0 mg · kg^?1 · min^?1, thiamylal 1.0 mg · kg^?1 · min^?1, or ketamine 0.5 mg · kg^?1 · min^?1 for five minutes.

Design

Prospective, nonrandomized, controlled animal study. Setting: University research laboratory. Subjects: Fifteen mongrel dogs, including three groups of five animals in each group.

Interventions

Under 0.2–0.3% halothane and oxygen anesthesia with spontaneous ventilation, phasic EMG activities of the CT and PCA muscles were recorded in an identical manner after the administration of each drug.

Measurements and main results

Propofol infusion produced almost equal suppression of EMG activity of the CT and the PCA with lime and three minutes after the start of infusion of propofol there was a significant depression of the phasic activities in the both muscles; EMG activity of the CT and the PCA was 33.8 ± 21.2 and 36.6 ± 22.9% (% of control, mean ± SD) respectively P < 0.05). Thiamylal selectively reduced rhythmic discharges in the CT muscle during spontaneous breathing and significant depression of discharge in the CT muscle was observed three minutes after the drug (47.3 ± 24.9%, P < 0.05). In contrast, both phasic EMG activities of the CT and the PCA were rhythmically active and the differential sensitivity between the CT and the PCA muscles was not observed after ketamine, even after ten minutes of administration.

Conclusions

This study confirms a difference in sensitivity between the CT and the PCA muscles, demonstrating that the intrinsic laryngeal muscles do not behave similarly after the administration of conventional intravenous anaesthetic agents.     

Effects of ifenprodil on voltage-gated tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ channels in rat sensory neurons

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To examine a possible mechanism for the antinociceptive action of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ifenprodil, we compared its effects with those of ketamine on tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, which play an important role in the nociceptive pain pathway. METHODS: Experiments were performed on dorsal root ganglion neurons from Sprague-Dawley rats, recordings of whole-cell membrane currents being made using patch-clamp technique. RESULTS: Both drugs blocked tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ currents dose dependently, their half-maximal inhibitory concentrations being 145+/-12.1 micromol (ketamine) and 2.6+/-0.95 micromol (ifenprodil). Ifenprodil shifted the inactivation curve for tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ channels in the hyperpolarizing direction and shifted the activation curve in the depolarizing direction. Use-dependent blockade of tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ channels was more marked with ifenprodil than with ketamine. When paired with lidocaine, these drugs produced similar additive inhibitions of tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ channel activity. CONCLUSIONS: The observed suppressive effects on tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ channel activity may, at least in part, underlie the antinociceptive effects of these N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists.     

异丙酚、硫喷妥钠对大鼠心肌细胞钙、钾通道电流的影响

目的 研究异丙酚、硫喷妥钠对大鼠心肌细胞钙、钾通道电流的影响。方法 急性分离大鼠心室肌细胞,采用全细胞膜片钳技术,观察不同浓度异丙酚、硫喷妥钠对大鼠心肌细胞L型钙通道电流(I_(Ca))、延迟整流钾通道电流(IK)的作用。结果 随浓度增加,异丙酚和硫喷妥钠对I_(Ca)的抑制作用逐渐增强,与浓度呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.98、0.97(P<0.01),异丙酚、硫喷妥钠的IC_(50)分别为138.8±9.5、102.4±2.0μmol·L~(-1)。50μmol·L~(-1)异丙酚、100μmol·L~(-1)硫喷妥钠并不影响钙通道激活曲线的形态,但使钙通道稳态失活曲线向超极化方向分别移动3、7mV(P<0.05)。50μmol·L~(-1)异丙酚、100μmol·L~(-1)硫喷妥钠使IK降低10％和24％(P<0.01),250μmol·L~(-1)异丙酚、500μmol·L~1硫喷妥钠使IK进一步降低,较基础值下降了18％和46％(P<0.01)。结论 异丙酚、硫喷妥钠呈浓度依赖地抑制大鼠心肌细胞L型I_(Ca),其抑制作用主要与加快钙通道的失活有关,两药对IK也有抑制作用。     

The anticonvulsant action of propofol on epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices

We used extracellular electrophysiological recordings from the CA1 region in rat hippocampal slices to investigate the effects of propofol on the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP), population spike, and epileptiform activity induced by a Mg(2+)-free condition. Propofol depressed the population spike, fEPSP, and epileptiform activity. Both aminophylline, a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, and 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, an A(1) receptor antagonist, significantly reduced the effect of propofol on fEPSP amplitude. However, 3,7-dimethyl-1-propagylxanthine, an A(2) receptor antagonist, did not alter the effect of propofol on fEPSP amplitude. Picrotoxin, a specific chloride channel blocker, partly reduced the effect of propofol on epileptiform activity, but bicuculline, a competitive gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptor antagonist, failed to antagonize it. Aminophylline significantly reduced the action of propofol on the epileptiform activity. The anticonvulsant action of propofol was partly reduced by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, whereas 3,7-dimethyl-1-propagylxanthine failed to affect it. Adenosine depressed the amplitude of fEPSPs in a dose-dependent manner, and propofol enhanced this inhibition. The results demonstrated that, in rat hippocampal slices, propofol inhibits epileptiform activity. In addition, adenosine neuromodulation through the A(1) receptor may contribute to the anticonvulsant action of propofol.