HPLC法测定麻地滴鼻液中两组分含量

目的建立HPLC法测定麻地滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱和地塞米松磷酸钠的含量。方法采用Hypersil ODS2(4.6 mm×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇∶0.025 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(54∶46)为流动相,流速1.0 m l.m in-1,检测波长258 nm。结果盐酸麻黄碱和地塞米松磷酸钠的线性范围分别为102~510 mg.L-1,(r=0.999 9),2.5~12.5 mg.L-1,(r=1.0);平均加样回收率分别为100.9%(RSD=1.1%),101.1%(RSD=1.5%)。结论该方法简便、准确,适用于麻地滴鼻液的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定滴鼻剂中三组分的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法同时测定滴鼻剂中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸苯海拉明、地塞米松磷酸钠的含量.方法采用C18色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.05 mol*L-1 KH2PO4-三乙胺(58∶42∶0.2),检测波长为221 nm.结果盐酸麻黄碱在1600～2400 mg*L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9994),回收率为99.8%,RSD为1.0%.盐酸苯海拉明80～120 mg*L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9996),回收率为101.0%,RSD为0.9%.地塞米松磷酸钠160～240 mg*L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9991),回收率为99.6%,RSD为0.8%.结论该方法可同时测定滴鼻剂中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸苯海拉明、地塞米松磷酸钠.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱与呋喃西林的含量

目的建立同时测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱与呋喃西林含量的高效液相色谱法。方法固定相:Hypersil-C18不锈钢柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.02 mol.L-1磷酸二氢氨缓冲液[用磷酸和氨水调节pH值至(3.5±0.1)](45∶55);流速:1 mL.m in-1;检测波长:260 nm。结果盐酸麻黄碱在40~600 mg.L-1,呋喃西林在0.8~12.0 mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好,盐酸麻黄碱的平均回收率为99.98%,RSD=0.15%;呋喃西林的平均回收率为99.95%,RSD=0.14%;重复性良好。结论该法简便、准确,可以用于该制剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液中主药的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液中呋喃西林和盐酸麻黄碱的含量.方法:采用HPLC,Agilent Eclipse×OB-C8色谱柱,乙腈:0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(22:78)为流动相,检测波长为255 nm.结果:呋喃西林在8～32μg·ml-1浓度范围内,盐酸麻黄碱在400～1600μg·ml-1浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,其相关系数分别为r=0.999 8和r=0.999 9,呋喃西林的平均回收率为99.66%(RSD为0.68%),日内RSD为0.38%;日间RSD为1.25%;盐酸麻黄碱的平均回收率为99.90%(RSD为0.44%),日内RSD为0.29%,日间RSD为1.12%.结论:本法简便、快速、结果准确,可用于测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液的含量.     

呋麻滴鼻液的质量标准研究

目的建立呋麻滴鼻液的质量标准。方法用高效液相色谱法对呋麻滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱和呋喃西林进行鉴别和含量测定,采用Phenomenex C18色谱柱,以0.1 mol·L-1醋酸铵(用冰醋酸调节pH3.0)-乙腈(85∶15)为流动相,检测波长为254 nm,柱温为室温。结果高效液相色谱法检测出盐酸麻黄碱和呋喃西林。盐酸麻黄碱在156.25～1 250.00μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 8,平均回收率为97.21%(n=5),RSD为0.9%;呋喃西林在3.12～25.00μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 8;平均回收率为97.21%(n=5),RSD为1.0%。结论该方法简便、快速、准确并且专属性强。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定合剂中麻黄碱、苯海拉明的含量

目的: 用RP-HPLC法同时测定小儿麻黄碱苯海拉明合剂中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸苯海拉明的含量.方法: 采用C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.02 mol·L-1十二烷基硫酸钠溶液-三乙胺(52∶48∶0.1),用磷酸调pH3.5,检测波长254 nm.结果: 盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸苯海拉明的线性范围分别为(0.500 8～5.008μg和0.503 2～5.032)μg,平均回收率分别为99.6%(RSD=0.8%)和100.2%(RSD=1.0%)(n=6).结论: 该法可同时测定合剂中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸苯海拉明的含量.     

复方地塞米松鼻用凝胶的制备与质量控制

目的:制备复方地塞米松鼻用凝胶,并建立质量控制方法.方法:以卡波姆934作为凝胶基质,运用高效液相色谱同时测定盐酸麻黄碱、呋喃西林、地塞米松磷酸钠的含量,并进行稳定性考察.结果:该制剂为淡黄色澄明黏稠凝胶,盐酸麻黄碱、呋喃西林、地塞米松磷酸钠平均回收率分别为99.69%,98.57%,99.00%,RSD分别为1.19%,2.68%,2.30%.加速实验稳定.结论:该制剂制备工艺简便,稳定性良好,质量控制方法快速、准确.     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定祛痹丹胶囊中士和宁和马钱子碱的含量

目的建立祛痹丹胶囊中士的宁和马钱子碱的反相高效液相分析法.方法色谱柱C18(10μm,4.6mm×250mm);流动相为0.01mol*LKH2PO4∶甲醇-乙腈(73∶27∶40),流速1ml*min-1;检测波长254nm.结果士的宁和马钱子碱在0.02～0.2mg范围内呈良好线性关系.士的宁r＝0.9999,平均回收率100.26%,RSD为1.15%;马钱子碱r＝0.9995,平均回收率99.95%,RSD为1.25%.结论该分析法为一种灵敏、准确而简便的分析方法.     

HPLC梯度洗脱法同时测定地麻滴鼻液中2种组分的含量

目的建立测定地麻滴鼻液中地塞米松磷酸钠和盐酸麻黄碱的高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为磷酸二氢钾缓冲液-甲醇-乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速1 m L/min,检测波长242 nm。结果地塞米松磷酸钠在5.2~52.0μg/m L范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),盐酸麻黄碱在0.501~5.01 mg/m L范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5)。地塞米松磷酸钠平均回收率为99.13%,RSD为1.46%;盐酸麻黄碱平均回收率为99.19%,RSD为1.04%。结论该法简便、准确并且重现性好,可用于地麻滴鼻液中地塞米松磷酸钠和盐酸麻黄碱的质量控制。     

呋喃西林麻黄碱滴鼻乳的制备与质量控制

目的 制备呋喃西林麻黄碱滴鼻乳并对其进行质量控制. 方法 以阿拉伯胶,西黄蓍胶为乳化剂,制备水包油型乳剂. 用紫外分光光度法和旋光度法分别测定乳液中呋喃西林和盐酸麻黄碱的含量. 结果 呋喃西林平均回收率为99.70%,RSD为4.14%,盐酸麻黄碱平均回收率为99.63%,RSD 为0.81%. 结论 该制剂性质稳定,测定方法 简单易行,快速准确.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.