Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor of the uterus: cytological and immunohistochemical observation of a case

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) is a new entity of trophoblastic tumor and 14 such cases were reported by Shih and Kurman in 1998. However, only three subsequent cases supporting ETT have been reported. Recently, we experienced a case of ETT in a 37-year-old woman whose preoperative endometrial brushings showed atypical mononucleate giant cells and who underwent hysterectomy with the diagnosis of a uterine fibroid. The specimens revealed a 2.5 x 3.0 cm yellow-tan intramural nodule located in the lower uterine segment, which was composed of a neoplastic proliferation of intermediate trophoblasts in epithelioid arrangements. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for cytokeratin and inhibin-alpha, and focally positive for human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen. She presented an uneventful clinical course as of September 2001.     

Coexisting epithelioid trophoblastic tumor and placental site trophoblastic tumor of the uterus following a term pregnancy: report of a case and review of literature

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasms are a group of fetal trophoblastic tumors including choriocarcinomas, epithelioid trophoblastic tumors (ETTs), and placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTTs). Mixed gestational trophoblastic neoplasms are extremely rare. The existence of mixed gestational trophoblastic neoplasms that were composed of choriocarcinoma and/or PSTT and/or ETT was also reported. Herein, we present a case of uterine mixed gestational trophoblastic neoplasm which is ETT admixed with PSTT, and reviewed 9 cases of mixed gestational trophoblastic neoplasms reported in English literature available. The most common combination was a choriocarcinoma admixed with an ETT and/or PSTT. Mixed gestational trophoblastic neoplasms present in women of reproductive age and rare in postmenopausal, Abnormal vaginal bleeding is the most common presenting symptom, serum β-HCG levels are elevated, mostly below 2500 mIU/ml, the tumor was limited to uterus in 7 cases, the rest of 3 with pulmonary metastases at the time of diagnosis. Mixed gestational trophoblastic neoplasms have more similar clinical features with intermediate trophoblastic tumors (ITTs). Total hysterectomy with lymph node dissection is recommended treatment for mixed gestational trophoblastic neoplasms, and chemotherapy should be used in patients with metastatic disease and with nonmetastatic disease who have adverse prognostic factors.     

肺原发性绒毛膜癌1例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨肺原发性绒毛膜癌临床病理特征、诊断标准、治疗及临床转归。方法 分析1例肺原发性绒毛膜癌的临床表现、组织病理学及免疫表型特征,并进行文献复习。结果 患者,男性,53岁。临床表现咳嗽、咳血痰。影像学检查示右肺下叶肿块,全身他处未见异常。病理学检查发现肿物几乎均可见出血、坏死,其中有少数肿瘤细胞呈簇团状或小片状分布。瘤组织由中等大小、胞质透明的细胞（细胞滋养层细胞）和大而异型、胞质丰富、粉染或空泡状的多核巨细胞（合体滋养层细胞）构成。免疫表型显示瘤细胞,特别是多核巨细胞表达CK（AE1／AE3）、CK7、HCG、PLAP、Ki-67及p53,但不表达CEA、TTF1、CK20、AFP等。术后联合化疗,无瘤生存12个月,仍在随访中。结论 肺原发性绒毛膜癌是一种罕见的高度侵袭性肿瘤,具有其独特的临床病理特征,手术联合化疗是最有效的治疗方案。     

Gastric cancer with choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor components: case report

Choriocarcinoma- and yolk sac tumor-like differentiation have rarely been reported in gastric cancers. We report a case of gastric adenocarcinoma, concurrently possessing choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor components, of a 74-year-old man. A hemorrhagic, 11 × 8 × 3 cm, tumor with ulceration was located in the body and pre-pylorus of the stomach. Histological examination of the resected specimens demonstrated intermingled proliferation of three different components, namely, adenocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor, which were immunoreactive for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), respectively. Gastric cancers with germ cell tumor components are uncommon and this is the second reported case of gastric cancer with choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor components.     

肾脏上皮样型血管平滑肌脂肪瘤临床病理分析

目的 探讨肾脏上皮样型血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(EAML)的临床病理特点及诊断与鉴别诊断.方法 通过对3例EAML临床病理学观察与免疫组化标记及复习有关文献,讨论其组织学特征及临床生物学行为.结果 3例年龄分别为28、40和32岁,均有腰痛病史,其中1例伴有肉眼血尿,均无结节硬化症.眼观:肿瘤位于肾脏,直径大小分别为6 cm、8 cm和3 cm.3例境界清楚,例2伴囊性变.肿瘤无包膜,2例出血、坏死明显,质脆或韧.镜检:瘤细胞体积大或巨大,呈多边形,胞质丰富,嗜酸性或空泡状,核仁明显,可见核内包涵体,多核巨细胞散在其中.瘤细胞弥漫性或巢团状排列.2例瘤组织出血、坏死明显,呈浸润性边缘.3例未见典型AML图像.免疫组化染色显示瘤细胞HMB-45阳性,SMA和vimentin散在性阳性,CK、EMA和CD10均阴性.结论 EAML是一种单一方向分化的,含有大上皮样细胞的肿瘤,瘤细胞较为特异的表达HMB-45.辅以免疫组化可以与其它肾脏肿瘤相鉴别.     

男性肺原发性绒毛膜癌1例并文献复习

回顾性分析南京医科大学第一附属医院通过手术切除病理确诊的1例男性肺原发性绒毛膜癌(primary choriocarcinoma,PCC)的临床资料、影像学及组织病理学等特征,结合国内外文献复习,总结肺PCC的诊断及治疗进展.男性肺PCC是一种较为罕见高度恶性生殖细胞肿瘤,病因不明,临床表现多样,咯血最常见.早期诊断困难,易误诊为常见病,预后差,致死率高.手术联合化疗是目前较为提倡的治疗方案.男性肺PCC的诊断较难,需结合临床、影像学等综合分析,确诊需依赖组织病理学.     

颈静脉球瘤1例及副神经节瘤文献复习

目的探讨颈静脉球瘤的临床病理特征和副神经节瘤的生物学行为。方法对1例颈静脉球瘤进行组织学观察和免疫组化标记,同时复习相关文献。结果颈静脉球瘤的组织学改变类似于其他部位的副神经节瘤,免疫组化标记:瘤细胞Syn、CgA和NSE均阳性,EMA、CK、HMB45、CD34和CD99均阴性。结论颈静脉球瘤是一种起源于副神经节的少见肿瘤,呈侵袭性生长,有低度恶性的生物学行为。根据肿瘤的组织学特征,结合CT或MR I影像学资料和免疫组化标记可以作出诊断。     

Epithelioid sarcoma of the penis: a case report and review of the literature

A rare case of epithelioid sarcoma (ES) of the penis is presented. The patient, a 35-year-old man, was initially treated as having Peyronie's disease, but the subsequent appearance of a subcutaneous nodule displayed a 'distal-type' ES. At immunohistochemical phenotypification, the tumor was positive for vimentin, cytokeratins and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), as well as for some other multidirectional antibodies, including a membranous reaction for CD99. The review of 11 similar cases so far reported in the literature led to the conclusion that the clinicopathological characteristics of penile ES are basically the same as those of tumors in more classical locations: the age at diagnosis ranged from 23 to 43 years, the interval between first manifestations and diagnosis averaged 37 months (delayed diagnosis being common because of the slow growth rate and the harmless appearance of the lesion), the typical sign was a superficial nodule or mass, usually accompanied (better preceded) by urethral stenosis, dysuria and erectile disturbances. Total or partial penectomy was the treatment of choice in most patients, but lack of adequate follow up did not permit any definitive conclusion to be reached regarding its efficacy.     

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour: a case report and review of the literature

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour (ETT) is an unusual type of trophoblastic tumour, which can cause difficulties in diagnosis and (as a consequence) in treatment. The literature suggests that surgery should be the treatment of choice for ETT as it is not responsive to chemotherapeutic agents, used in the treatment of other types of gestational trophoblastic diseases. This case report describes an ETT, which was initially diagnosed as a carcinoma of the cervix. Surgical management was chosen based on the literature. 6 months later the patient also developed a plasmacytoma and was treated with radiotherapy. The occurrence of ETT and plasmacytoma in combination has never been described before. This case report describes a rare case of an atypical trophoblastic tumour, with problematic differential diagnosis. Treatment of carcinoma of the cervix would have necessitated postoperative radiotherapy, but on diagnosis of ETT, surgical management was considered sufficient. Hence, it is important to consider the occurrence of ETTs, although rare, in patients with atypical cervical or endometrial cancer, and in patients diagnosed with a gestational trophoblastic tumour, who do not respond to appropriate chemotherapy.     

肠系膜上皮样型炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤1例并文献复习

目的探讨肠系膜上皮样型炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤(epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,EIMT)的临床病理学特征、免疫表型、分子遗传学改变、诊断和鉴别诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析1例肠系膜EIMT的临床病理学形态、免疫表型、分子遗传学以及治疗特点,并复习相关文献。结果肿瘤细胞排列疏密不等,部分呈片状或弥散,间质明显黏液样变性,见大量炎细胞浸润;瘤细胞呈圆形、多角形,少数为梭形,胞质丰富,嗜双色性,呈上皮样,染色质空泡状,见明显大核仁,核分裂象罕见;未见肿瘤性坏死。免疫表型:瘤细胞ALK、desmin、vimentin、CD30和D2-40均阳性,Ki-67增殖指数约30%,CK(AE1/AE3)、EMA、CD117、DOG1、CD34、SMA、S-100蛋白、HMB-45、CAM5.2、CD31、BCL-2、CD99、Calretinin、FⅧRAg和HBME-1均阴性。FISH检测显示ALK基因重排。结论 EIMT是一种炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的罕见组织学类型,其诊断主要依据典型的组织学改变、免疫表型,特别是ALK在核膜和胞质阳性,分子遗传学改变将为靶向治疗提供可靠依据。治疗以手术治疗为主。     

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of the pancreas: case report and literature review

Neoplasms with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation (PEComas) of the pancreas are rare, and only 22 cases have been reported globally. Therefore, clinician and pathologist knowledge of this tumor’s biologic behavior and molecular genetics has been limited. A 40-year-old female patient presented with a space-occupying mass in the pancreas found by abdominal B-mode ultrasonography upon physical examination. Laparoscopic resection of the pancreatic body and tail was performed, and a cystic-solid tumor of about 2 × 2 cm was identified. PEComa is a type of mesenchymal tumor with uncertain biologic behavior, more frequently found in females. PEComa features a unique histomorphology and immunophenotype. We summarize the characteristics and research progress of the pancreatic PEComa, which will be convenient for physicians and pathologists to fully understand the disease to avoid misdiagnosis and to provide a reference for treatment and prognosis.     

A typical postcesarean epithelioid trophoblastic lesion with placenta increta: Case report and literature review

We report an extremely rare case of unusual atypical epithelioid trophoblastic lesion from placenta increta. A 25-year-old Chinese woman with a history of 1 cesarean delivery was admitted to the hospital at 37 weeks’ gestation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the feature of placenta increta. An elective primary cesarean section was scheduled and a healthy baby was born. The patient was suggestive of placenta increta and implantation site was resected. Histology indicated a lesion consisting of epithelioid trophoblastic cells with an intermediate pattern between a classical placental site nodule and an epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. This may be linked to her previous cesarean delivery, which supports the relationship between atypical epithelioid trophoblastic lesion formation and surgical interventions. Her serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was 352.4 IU/L after delivery and gradually decreased to normal level.     

Malignant perivascular epithelioid tumor of the vagina: Report of a rare case with brief review of literature

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) are rare mesenchymal tumors with immunohistochemical co‐expression of melanocytic and myoid markers. Vaginal PEComas have been described in only nine cases so far. We describe the case of a 65‐year‐old female with a large growth in the left lateral vaginal wall. Biopsy imprint smears showed dispersed tumor cells with anisonucleosis, multinucleation, and bizarre forms, suggestive of a malignant tumor. Histopathology, however, showed perivascular arrangement of clear epithelioid cells, focal necrosis, intracellular brown pigment in few cells, and mitotic activity at 2 to 3 per 50 high power fields. Immunohistochemical positivity for vimentin, HMB‐45, S‐100 protein, desmin, and MyoD1 assisted in rendering a final pathological diagnosis of malignant PEComa of the vagina. Further work‐up revealed metastatic deposits in liver and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. PEComa arising in vagina is an unusual phenomenon with the malignant variant being an extremely rare tumor. Awareness of the characteristic morphology and utilization of a panel of immunohistochemical stains are mandatory to be able to make a precise diagnosis and appropriate prognostication.     

Ovarian mixed germ cell tumor composed of dysgerminoma, endodermal sinus tumor, choriocarcinoma and mature teratoma in a 44-year-old woman: Case report and literature review

A case of ovarian mixed germ cell tumor In a 44-year-old woman was examined. The tumor was well circumscribed, measured 15 times 11 times 10cm and appeared solid and partly cystic on the cut surface. Light microscopic examinations revealed that the tumor was composed of four different neoplastic germ cell elements, Intermingled with each other. They are: (i) choriocarcinoma, immunohistochemically positive for human placental lactogen (hPL) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); (ii) dysgerminoma, positive for placental alkaline phosphatase; (iii) endodermal sinus tumor positive for α-fetoproteln (AFP); and (lv) mature teratoma. Among these histological types, dysgermlnoma occupied more than 50% of the neoplasm. The patient was diagnosed as a stage la ovarian mixed germ cell tumor and was subsequently treated with chemotherapy. A second-look laparotomy after completion of chemotherapy revealed no residual tumors in the abdomen and the patient Is alive and well 15 months after operation. This Is the fourth reported case of ovarian mixed germ cell tumor arising In patients over 40 years old.     

硬化性上皮样纤维肉瘤临床病理特点及其诊断

目的探讨硬化性上皮样纤维肉瘤(sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma,SEF)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对1例SEF进行组织学观察和免疫组化标记,同时复习相关文献。结果SEF主要以上皮样细胞伴大量胶原纤维为特征,瘤细胞胞质透亮,似上皮细胞,排列呈条索状,间质中大量胶原纤维发生透明变性,形成硬化性基质。肿瘤细胞vimentin阳性,cytokeratin和actin阴性。结论SEF是一种较为罕见的软组织肿瘤,应注意与一些具有上皮样形态和硬化性间质的肿瘤相鉴别。     

胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤二例临床分析

目的探讨胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤(PSTT)的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法对我院1995年至2004年收治的2例PSTT和文献进行复习和总结。结果2例PSTT的主要症状是停经和不规则阴道出血。β-HCG水平为0.1-188.1m IU/m l。通过刮宫术和子宫切除术均发现肿瘤侵及子宫肌层,但未发现转移。术后2例均行化疗。结论PSTT是一种罕见病,目前对其认识有限。准确的病理诊断是正确治疗的关键。手术在PSTT的治疗中起重要的作用,联合化疗也有一定的疗效。由于β-HCG与肿瘤的发展和消失并不平行,因此PSTT的诊断和监测相当困难。     

Placental site trophoblastic tumour (trophoblastic pseudotumour): a study of four cases requiring hysterectomy including one fatal case

The clinico-pathological features of four patients with placental-site trophoblastic tumour (trophoblastic pseudotumour) are presented. One patient had the nephrotic syndrome associated with evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, with complete resolution after hysterectomy. In two patients the tumour extended beyond the uterus, and one of them died with many metastases in spite of intensive post-operative chemotherapy and 'second look' laparotomy. In three patients the tumour behaved as an actively infiltrative neoplasm resistant to chemotherapeutic regimes usually effective for choriocarcinoma. Serum HCG levels were relatively low compared with those of choriocarcinoma. Histologically the tumours were predominantly composed of mononuclear cells supported by a variable amount of vascular stroma and lacked the bilaminar structure characteristic of choriocarcinoma. Scattered cells stained positively with anti-beta HCG and anti-alpha HCG antisera. Prior curettage was diagnostic in two of three cases. We did not find a clear correlation between mitotic activity and subsequent behaviour. Inflammatory cell infiltration and evidence of organisation around the tumour may be favourable prognostic indicators. We agree with a recent publication stressing the variable behaviour of this tumour, and emphasize the importance of serum HCG monitoring. Total surgical excision is usually feasible and in aggressive cases offers the best chance of eradication. We support the recent suggestion that 'trophoblastic pseudotumour' is an unsuitable name for a potentially lethal disease.     

肾素瘤1例临床病理及文献复习

目的：阐述肾素瘤的病因，病理特征及鉴别诊断要点。方法：对１例肾素瘤进行大体、光交易、免疫组化镜观察，并复习有关文献。结果：肾素瘤包膜完整光下酪似血管外皮瘤；免疫线化，部分细胞Ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ呈阳性反应，瘤组织的腺样及乳头样结构区瘤细胞ｃｙｔｏｋｅｒａｔｉｎ呈阳性反应。电下瘤细胞胞浆内可见多量圆形分泌颗粒及棱莆和梯形结晶样物。结论：肾素瘤是发生于变更的肾小球入球小动脉血管平滑肌细胞的罕见衣性肿瘤，明     

小肠原发性绒毛膜癌临床病理分析并文献复习

目的:探讨小肠原发性绒毛膜癌的临床特征、病理特点、诊断及治疗方法.方法:分析8例小肠原发性绒癌的临床病理特征,复习相关文献.结果:8例病例的典型症状为黑便,5例病变部位位于空肠.所有病例血清β-hCG均异常升高.主要病理特点为细胞滋养细胞及合体滋养细胞呈片状分布,伴出血及坏死.免疫组织化学结果示肿瘤细胞β-hCG为阳性.结论:小肠原发性绒毛膜癌十分罕见,但仍应纳入鉴别诊断.通过形态学特点、免疫表型及检测血清β-hCG水平可确诊.