新生儿双侧声带麻痹临床特点及预后分析

目的 探讨新生儿双侧声带麻痹的病因、临床特点、治疗及预后转归。 方法 对新生儿中心在2016年1月至2020年12月期间收治的双侧声带麻痹患儿进行回顾性分析,记录患儿的基本资料、病因、治疗情况及预后情况,并对患儿进行门诊及电话随访。 结果 共纳入28例患儿,男18例,女10例,年龄1~24 d,中位年龄3.5 d。92.9%(26/28)的患儿为足月儿,53.6%(15/28)的患儿为剖宫产。患儿首发症状主要为吸气性喉鸣及呼吸困难,占比高达78.6%(22/28),其次为呛奶及呕吐,占比为14.3%(4/28)。先天性双侧声带麻痹23例(82.1%,23/28),其中合并中枢神经系统病变7例(23.8%),先天性心脏病6例(21.4%),喉气管疾病6例(21.4%),胃食管反流疾病2例(7.1%);后天获得性声带麻痹5例(17.9%,5/28),获得性因素中多发于食管、气管疾病术后(80%,4/5)。全部患儿中8例(28.6%)行气管切开。所有患儿随访时间1个月~4年,死亡4例。气管切开患儿8例中,1例12个月时顺利拔管,1例堵管中,余5例目前随访16~47个月声带仍无恢复。观察等待20例患儿中,11例(64.7%)在后期随访的1~38个月内痊愈,声带活动恢复,6例(35.3%)在后期随访的5~17个月内声带活动改善,活动后喉鸣。 结论 新生儿双侧声带麻痹病因以先天性多见,共患病因素多,临床多表现为喉鸣及呼吸困难,部分有吞咽困难。气管切开术在新生儿双侧声带麻痹中并不是普遍必要的,多数先天性双侧声带麻痹患儿可自行恢复,预后较好,不要过早行外科手术干预。     

小儿喉气道阻塞的诊断与处理

目的：探讨小儿喉气道阻塞的病因、临床特点及其处理方法。方法：分析6例不同原因引起喉气道阻塞息儿的临床资料,总结其临床特点及处理方法。结果：6例患儿中先天性喉囊肿3例;先天性喉蹼（声门型）1例;先天性舌根囊肿1例,先天性环状软骨畸形1例。除1例先天性舌根囊肿外余例均于术前或术中行气道切开,2例先天性喉囊肿行支撑喉镜下囊肿切除术,1例行喉裂开囊肿切除术。1例先天性舌根囊肿,表面麻醉后直接喉镜下穿刺抽取囊液。1例先天性喉蹼行支撑喉镜下CO2激光切除喉蹼,4例患儿均于术后1周堵管,堵管2周拔管。1例先天性环状软骨畸形予喉裂开置喉模术,术后7周堵管,现术后2个月,堵管随访中。结论：小儿喉气道阻塞在明确病因后应早期积极采取适当的手术治疗方法,去除狭窄、重建气道,对改善通气和发音、恢复小儿正常的喉气道功能极其重要。     

新生儿重度上呼吸道梗阻的病因分析

目的了解新生儿重度上呼吸道梗阻的原因。方法回顾性分析47例发生重度吸气性呼吸困难的新生儿的临床表现、直接喉镜、CT、上消化道造影等检查结果及治疗经过。结果47例中先天性疾病占87．2％（41／47）：先天性喉喘鸣15例，占31．9％，其中6例伴有胃食管反流；上呼吸道先天性囊肿14例（舌根囊肿10例，会厌囊肿3例，喉囊肿1例），占29．8％，其中有13例曾被误诊为先天性喉喘鸣；先天性总气管狭窄3例；先天性喉蹼2例；声带麻痹2例；皮耶-罗宾综合征3例；猫叫综合征2例。急性膜性喉气管支气管炎6例。47例中3例放弃治疗，44例经吸氧、药物治疗后呼吸困难缓解，其中曾行气管插管、吸痰37例次，行直接喉镜、支撑喉镜手术19例次。结论新生儿重度上呼吸道梗阻病因以先天性疾病为主，对这类患儿应及时进行相关检查，尽早明确病因，迅速解除梗阻，以降低新生儿死亡率和预防不良后遗症的发生。     

婴幼儿舌根囊肿的诊断及围手术期治疗要点

目的 探讨婴幼儿舌根囊肿诊断、手术及围手术期治疗的要点。方法 回顾性分析因舌根囊肿而进行手术治疗的38例婴幼儿患者病历资料, 诊断主要依靠患儿病史、体格检查、辅助检查三方面, 全麻下行低温等离子射频消融术, 术后对症治疗。结果 38例患儿舌根囊肿全部切除。其中3例因呼吸困难, 术前即于儿童重症监护病房(ICU)行气管插管, 术后带管转入ICU病房后顺利拔管出院;5例因合并严重喉软骨软化或其他疾病, 术后带管转入ICU病房后顺利拔管出院;余30例术后拔管返回耳鼻喉病房。38例中2例出现麻醉插管困难, 紧急予囊肿穿刺减张后顺利插管。全部患儿术后行电子喉镜复查, 随诊8个月～2年无复发。结论 电子喉镜及颈部B超检查可准确诊断舌根囊肿, 低温等离子射频消融术治疗舌根囊肿具有损伤小、出血少等显著优点。舌根囊肿的婴幼儿患者麻醉风险较高, 必要时需先行囊肿穿刺减张后实行麻醉;新生儿且合并其他疾病的患儿为避免术后呼吸困难可带管转入ICU病房。舌根囊肿术后需严密监测生命体征, 避免术后呼吸困难的发生。     

等离子射频辅助双侧声带后端切断术治疗双侧声带麻痹导致的上气道梗阻患者13例

目的 评估内镜下等离子射频辅助双侧声带后端切断术治疗双侧声带麻痹导致上气道梗阻患者的疗效。 方法 回顾性分析13例双侧声带麻痹导致的上气道梗阻患者的病例资料,其中男6例、女7例,27~73岁,所有患者均接受等离子射频辅助双侧声带后端切断术。总结评估该手术的临床疗效。 结果 13例随访时间1年1个月~2年11个月,所有患者无严重并发症发生。一次拔管率为84.44%(10/13),二次手术拔管率为88.89%(11/13),拔管时间1~3个月,中位数1个月,上气道梗阻均未复发。 结论 内镜下等离子射频辅助双侧声带切断术操作简单、手术风险小,同时治疗双侧声带麻痹效果可靠,是双侧声带麻痹导致上气道梗阻的有效治疗方法之一,也可作为其他治疗失败的补救治疗措施。     

喉气管狭窄的手术治疗

目的 探讨喉气管狭窄的手术方法及疗效。 方法 回顾分析山东省千佛山医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2009至2015年16例喉气管狭窄手术的临床资料,其中3例喉气管钝性挫伤、1例喉乳头状瘤术后反复狭窄、1例喉癌术后肉芽生成分别实施支撑喉镜下CO₂激光切除术。1例喉癌术后气管内鳞癌、多形性腺瘤及气管腺样囊性癌在鼻内镜下行切除术。1例长时间气管内插管致气管狭窄及1例气管囊腺癌者行气管袖状切除断端吻合术。1例气管腺样囊性癌、2例甲状腺癌及1例气管外伤后狭窄行喉气管重建术。1例食管癌晚期致喉狭窄及1例喉气管外伤老年患者行镍钛记忆合金支架植入术。 结果 随访12~24个月,除2例外,其余患者均手术后拔管。其中1例喉气管重建术放置T形管后肉芽再次生长;另1例镍钛记忆合金支架植入术后出现排异反应,取出支架,此2例均无法拔管,自动出院后失访。 结论 喉气管狭窄的手术治疗应根据狭窄的位置及程度选择不同的手术方法,可获得良好的效果。     

CO2激光显微手术在喉癌前病变和早期声门型喉癌中的应用

目的 探讨CO₂激光显微手术在喉癌前病变和早期声门型喉癌治疗中的应用价值。 方法 选取南京医科大学附属南京医院耳鼻咽喉科自2014年1月~2018年8月期间收治的27例行CO₂激光显微手术治疗的喉癌前病变(9例)和早期声门型喉癌(18例)作为研究对象,观察术后并发症、对比手术前后的生活质量及术后1~2年局部的复发率,探讨其应用价值。 结果 根据CO₂激光显微手术切除的范围和深度进行手术:9例癌前病变中8例行I型手术、1例行Ⅱ型手术;18例早期声门型喉癌中3例行Ⅱ型手术、11例行Ⅲ型手术、3例行Ⅳ型手术、1例行Ⅴ型手术。1例因切缘阳性改行开放式手术,其余患者均未行气管切开,亦无气道烧伤等严重并发症。患者术后6 h软食,均无呛咳、呼吸困难等不良反应,术后抗感染抗炎治疗2~3 d。术后随访1~2年,嗓音恢复可。 结论 CO₂激光显微手术治疗喉癌前病变和早期声门型喉癌临床效果显著、安全性较高、创伤小、术后嗓音恢复快、住院时间缩短、并能较为理想的保留喉功能、提高患者术后的生活质量。     

新生儿上气道梗阻阻塞平面的确定和治疗

上气道梗阻指喉及喉以上的呼吸道发生狭窄或阻塞所引起的呼吸困难.新生儿上气道梗阻属急重症,病因主要是先天畸形、肿瘤、炎症等,表现为吸气性喘鸣、三凹征,严重者可发生紫绀或呼吸困难.     

小儿喉腔三维有限元模型构建的方法及意义

目的 为预测评估小儿喉腔手术术后喉腔形态和生理功能,基于CT图像构建小儿喉腔有限元模型。 方法 用MIMICS软件对2014年8月12日、2014年10月8日和2015年10月15日住院治疗的甲状舌管囊肿患儿2例和梨状窝瘘患儿1例CT扫描得到的Dicom图像处理,以材料灰度阈值区分不同的组织结构,采用可视化处理进行三维模型重建。用ABAQUS有限元软件进行有限元网格进行划分。 结果 实验应用有限元技术,在计算机上建立了一个能够反映儿童喉腔形态特征的有限元模型。通过临床医师的辨认与比较,该模型同喉镜检查结果一致性良好。 结论 该模型形态较逼真,可用于后续模拟儿童喉腔手术、评估手术预后的研究。     

保留喉功能的梨状窝癌手术14例

目的 探讨保留喉功能的梨状窝癌手术方法和适应证。方法 梨状窝癌患者14例, Ⅰ期3例, Ⅱ期5例, Ⅲ期4例, Ⅳ期2例。行保留喉功能的手术治疗, 术后放疗40～55 Gy。结果 随访5年, 14例均恢复发音功能, 12例拔管。3年生存率为64.29%, 5年生存率为42.86%。结论 经严格术前评估, 大部分梨状窝癌患者可通过精细手术保留喉正常组织, 并通过多种修复方法恢复喉的全部或部分功能。     

急性会厌炎所致的严重喉梗阻的紧急处理

目的：回顾分析急性会厌炎并发严重喉梗阻的急诊处理方法及经验教训。方法：对我院收治的7例急性会厌炎患者的诊断、急诊处理、病情演变、治疗后果进行综合分析。结果：7例患者中4例突发呼吸困难加重行紧急气管切开,其中死亡1例,发生脑疝脑水肿昏迷1例,经综合治疗神志恢复,遗留偏瘫,另外2例痊愈;其他3例发生2～3度呼吸困难,经严密监护观察,大剂量应用激素治愈。结论：对急性会厌炎应及时诊断和缜密观察病情,及早应用大剂量激素,根据病情发展及时准确地采取有效措施,争取好的治疗结果。     

A clinical narrative review of mandibular distraction osteogenesis in neonates with Pierre Robin sequence

Introduction

Neonatal upper airway obstruction secondary to micrognathia can be managed with conservative or surgical interventions. Traditionally, severe upper airway obstruction was managed with a tracheostomy. Although tracheostomy may be life saving, it is associated with high rates of complications and can lead to developmental problems. More recently, mandibular distraction osteogenesis has been utilized to relieve micrognathia associated airway obstruction.

Methods

A clinical narrative review of the current literature was performed to evaluate the efficacy of mandibular distraction osteogenesis in neonates with Pierre Robin sequence.

Objectives

(1) To evaluate whether mandibular distraction osteogenesis can relieve the upper airway obstruction in micrognathic neonates and (2) to discuss and increase the awareness of various issues surrounding neonatal mandibular distraction procedures including preoperative workup, distraction protocols, and complications.

Results

Mandibular distraction osteogenesis can be a safe and effective intervention in neonates diagnosed with Pierre Robin sequence with severe micrognathia and airway obstruction. Interestingly, in patients with additional complex syndromes, the airway obstruction was not consistently alleviated.

Conclusion

When conservative measures fail, mandibular distraction osteogenesis should be considered to obviate the need for a tracheostomy in newborns with micrognathia associated upper airway obstruction.     

Lobular capillary hemangioma of the neonatal larynx

OBJECTIVE: To describe a previously unreported condition of the neonatal larynx. DESIGN: Case series of 4 neonates with an uncommon laryngeal lesion. SETTING: Tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS: Four neonates in the first 10 days of life with stridor, hoarseness, and respiratory distress. INTERVENTION: The patients were examined using flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy, and laryngeal lesions were identified and subsequently removed using microlaryngoscopy. Photodocumentation of the lesions was performed. Microscopic evaluation of biopsy specimens by a pathologist followed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Each patient's medical record was carefully reviewed for prenatal history, birth history, neonatal history, pathologic findings, and office follow-up. RESULTS: All 4 neonates were delivered atraumatically and developed symptoms of upper airway obstruction within the first few minutes to days of life. Each neonate was found to have an obstructive laryngeal lesion requiring surgical intervention. No child had other congenital abnormalities or a history of obvious laryngeal trauma. Pathologic review of each laryngeal specimen revealed inflammatory lesions with characteristic features of a lobular capillary hemangioma (or a pyogenic granuloma). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of a lobular capillary hemangioma of the larynx should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a newborn with stridor, hoarseness, or respiratory distress. The cases seem to be of congenital origin, although acquired pathogenesis cannot be ruled out. Treatment of these lesions includes microscopic surgical excision.     

成人危重呼吸道阻塞的临床诊断和治疗

目的:探讨成人危重呼吸道阻塞的临床诊断及治疗方案。方法:1995年1月~2006年12月我科收治86例成人危重呼吸道阻塞,采用快速诊断和及时解除呼吸困难的临床处理方法,分析应用该方法的效果。结果:86例危重患者中,炎症性疾病34例,占39.5%;肿瘤性疾病32例,占37.2%;外伤性疾病9例,占10.5%。其他还有喉痉挛3例,喉狭窄6例,双侧声带麻痹2例,鼻咽癌放疗后大出血误吸窒息1例。喉和气管阻塞分别为60例和13例,占69.8%和15.1%。采用气管切开和气管插管分别为46例和4例,占53.5%和4.7%。只采用内科治疗缓解呼吸困难26例。86例患者均于2h内确诊并解除重度呼吸道阻塞。发生严重并发症者14例,发生率为16.3%;手术并发症6例,发生率为6.9%。死亡1例。结论:成人危重呼吸道阻塞的病因复杂,阻塞部位和性质多变,采取快速诊断、及时解除呼吸道阻塞的诊疗方案,是确保疗效的关键。     

Laryngomalacia and its treatment

OBJECTIVE: To determine 1) airway outcome of infants with laryngomalacia who do not undergo routine direct laryngoscopy (DL) and bronchoscopy (B), 2) the age at resolution of laryngomalacia, and, 3) outcome of supraglottoplasty as a function of the type of laryngomalacia and the presence of concomitant disease. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: The records of all infants diagnosed with laryngomalacia by flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FFL) between 1990 and 1998 in the Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa (Iowa City, IA) were reviewed. The type of laryngomalacia was designated by a new classification scheme (types 1-3) based on the site of supraglottic obstruction and the type of supraglottoplasty indicated, should the patient later require surgical intervention. The log rank test was used to compare age at resolution and outcome between types of laryngomalacia and between infants with isolated laryngomalacia versus those with additional congenital abnormalities and/or severe neurological compromise. RESULTS: The type of laryngomalacia was evident in 48 of the 58 charts reviewed and included type 1 (57%), type 2 (15%), type 3 (13%), or combined types (15%). Twenty percent had severe neurological compromise and/or multiple congenital anomalies. The median time to resolution of stridor in these patients was not significantly delayed when compared with infants who had isolated airway anomalies (36 and 72 wk, respectively, vs. 36 wk for isolated laryngomalacia; P<.4). Time to resolution did not correlate with the type of laryngomalacia. In 22 infants, clinical symptoms or findings suggested a synchronous airway lesion, and direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy were performed. In 11 infants, a second airway lesion was diagnosed (in four cases by FFL and in 7 cases by direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy). Complications did not arise in infants who did not undergo direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy. Eleven infants with severe laryngomalacia required surgical intervention. The success of supraglottoplasty did not correlate with the type of laryngomalacia or the presence of other congenital anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Routine direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy as part of the evaluation of laryngomalacia are not warranted. Performing these procedures should be based on clinical and physical evidence of a concomitant airway lesion. In general, laryngomalacia will resolve within the first year of life, even in children with multiple congenital anomalies and/or severe neurological compromise. The proposed classification scheme is advantageous in that it is simple and correlates the site of obstruction with the surgical procedure most likely to effect a cure, should the patient require a supraglottoplasty. Surgical management is necessary in approximately 15% to 20% of affected infants.     

Peak inspiratory flow as predictor for tracheotomy

ObjectivesQuantitative evaluation of upper airway obstruction cannot be commonly performed under acute dyspnea, especially in head and neck cancer (HNC); the decision whether or not to perform airway control surgery may be difficult to reach. Peak inspiratory flow (PIF) has been previously demonstrated to be a useful tool to decide on decannulation after HNC surgery. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of PIF as a standardized non-invasive tool in quantifying severe inspiratory dyspnea requiring emergency tracheostomy.Materials and methodsA single-center prospective observational pilot study analyzed PIF measurements in 22 patients exhibiting acute dyspnea due to upper airway obstruction.Main outcome measuresThe decision whether or not to perform tracheotomy was taken prior to PIF measurement. PIF was measured with a hand-held PIF meter (In-Check method), and laryngeal fiberoscopy was then performed. Obstruction severity was defined by PIF values.ResultsPIF could be measured prior to tracheotomy (imminent in 21 cases, postponed in 1) in all cases. PIF values below 53.1 L/min (i.e., 18.3% of theoretic value) correlated with necessity for emergency tracheotomy. This threshold is concordant with that previously found for the feasibility of decannulation (60 L/min).ConclusionsPIF is a non-invasive quantitative parameter assessing severity of upper airway obstruction, that may be helpful in decision-making for tracheostomy. Testing is simple, quick and reproducible.     

Congenital laryngeal anomalies presenting as chronic stridor: a retrospective study of 55 patients

Objectives

Congenital laryngeal anomalies are less frequent, but their causes are surprisingly variable. In addition, a variety of synchronous airway lesions as well as comorbidities are accompanied. The objective of this study was to review of patients with congenital laryngeal anomalies presenting as chronic stridor in our experiences.

Methods

Fifty-five patients, 30 male (54.5%) and 25 female (45.4%), were enrolled in this study, and their hospital records were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

The most frequent diagnosis was laryngomalacia (36.4%), followed by subglottic stenosis (30.9%) and vocal cord paralysis (29.1%). Twenty-six (47.3%) of the 55 patients had synchronous airway lesions, whereas thirty-one (56.4%) had various comorbidities. Further analysis was performed in patients diagnosed with laryngomalacia, subglottic stenosis, or vocal cord paralysis, which are major causes of congenital laryngeal stridor. The frequency of synchronous airway lesions was not different significantly in these three groups. On the other hand, the frequency of establishment of airway in patients with laryngomalacia was significantly lower compared to those with subglottic stenosis or vocal cord paralysis. Moreover, median duration of the symptoms and the proportion of patients with poor outcome and decease in laryngomalacia were shorter and lower than that in subglottic stenosis or vocal cord paralysis.

Conclusions

While a variety of congenital airway anomalies were causes of chronic stridor, laryngomalacia was the most frequent diagnosis. Severe condition and progression of symptoms should increase suspicion of the synchronous airway lesions and/or comorbidities, which may be important factors for outcome as well as indication of surgical intervention.     

Outpatient fibre-optic laryngoscopy for stridor in children and infants

Many neonates are referred for a diagnosis with stridor. The gold standard investigation has traditionally been a rigid or direct microlaryngoscopy. This impacts on existing theatre schedules, demands a high level of skills from the paediatric anaesthetist along with the risk of exposing a neonate to a general anaesthetic. A bed in paediatric intensive care is often required and must be reserved. As laryngomalacia is the most common diagnosis and less serious than the investigations for infants with stridor themselves, clinicians have been looking to use the flexible fibre-optic laryngoscope to view the upper airway in awake neonatal patients. We present our experience in 66 neonatal patients initially managed by awake per-oral flexible fibre-optic laryngoscopy for stridor. We conclude that the technique is safe, straightforward and allows a diagnosis to be achieved in a significant number of cases. We recommend it as a first line investigation, reserving microlaryngoscopy for the group of patients in whom a diagnosis cannot be made in the outpatient clinic.