脑室外引流闭管试验中颅内压相关参数对颅脑损伤患者预后的预测价值

目的 探讨脑室外引流术(EVD)闭管试验中的颅内压(ICP)相关参数对急性闭合性颅脑损伤患者预后的预测价值.方法 回顾性分析68例行EVD并脑室型ICP探头置入术治疗的急性闭合性颅脑外伤患者的临床资料.术后随访3个月,根据患者是否死亡、是否合并脑积水行分流手术、是否持续植物状态,将患者分为预后不良组(21例)与预后良好...     

颅内压监测在重型颅脑损伤中的应用

目的探讨颅内压(ICP)监测在重型颅脑损伤中的作用及意义。方法应用颅内压监护仪对42例重型颅脑损伤患者进行颅内压监测,对颅内压的变化与临床特征进行比较分析。结果 ICP 5~15 mmHg 5例,16~20 mmHg 14例,21~40 mmHg 17例,40 mmHg 6例。ICP初值与患者病死率有关,且呈负相关,差异具有统计学意义。结论重型颅脑损伤患者进行ICP监测对及早判断病情、治疗方面有重要价值。     

急性颅脑损伤后迟发性血肿的诊治经验

目的探讨如何及时发现急性颅脑损伤后迟发性血肿及治疗。方法对我院38例迟发性外伤性颅内血肿均行手术治疗病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结。结果出院时患者G0S分级:V级14例,Ⅳ级10例,Ⅲ级6例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅰ级6例。预后优良率(良好+中残)为63.2%(24/38),病死率为15.8%(6/38)。结论迟发性血肿形成有可预见性因素和明显临床特点,对有高危因素者,应加强观察和监护,宜动态复查CT,早诊断早治疗以提高疗效。     

镇静镇痛对重型颅脑损伤患者术后颅内压的影响分析

目的探讨镇静镇痛对重型、特重型颅脑损伤（TBI）患者术后颅内压（ICP）的影响。 方法选取湖州市第一人民医院神经外科自2016年1月至2018年6月收治的重型TBI患者45例,根据GCS评分将患者分为重型TBI组（GCS评分6~8分,26例）与特重型TBI组（GCS评分3~5分,19例）,观察2组镇静镇痛下及撤除镇静镇痛/唤醒下ICP值波动情况。 结果特重型TBI患者在镇静镇痛前后ICP差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,重型TBI患者撤除镇静镇痛/唤醒后,ICP前后变化差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论镇痛镇静与重型TBI开颅术后颅内压力波动有显著相关性,使用镇静镇痛可获得安全、平稳的ICP。     

D-二聚体与进展性颅内出血的相关性研究

目的研究急性颅脑损伤病人早期D-二聚体（D-D）的变化,分析D-D与进展性颅内出血（PIH）的相关性,评估D-D对急性颅脑损伤的病情及预后的价值。方法检查292例急性颅脑损伤患者血浆D-D于颅脑损伤后24 h、3 d、7 d、14 d的变化。对其进行前瞻性研究,分析D-D与PIH、颅脑损伤病情及预后的关系。结果 292例患者中伤后24 h D-D异常发生率64.73%,明显高于伤后7 d、14 d（P〈0.01）,且易发生PIH。病情重者及死亡组D-D异常更显著（P〈0.01）。结论急性颅脑损伤中D-D异常发生率高,血液高凝状态与纤溶亢进并存,纤溶指标升高显著时,伤情严重,PIH发生率高,死亡率高。提示D-D可作为PIH发生的预测因素,对急性颅脑损伤病情评估及预后判断有较高价值。     

Increased intracranial pressure is associated with the development of acute lung injury following severe traumatic brain injury

Objective

This study investigated the relationship among intracranial pressure (ICP), the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) following a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods

Post-traumatic ICP was continuously monitored for the first week following injury in a series of consecutive patients with isolated severe TBI. The initial ICP and the duration of intracranial hypertension (ICH) were calculated. The risk factors associated with the development of ALI and SIRS were evaluated.

Results

Of the 86 patients enrolled, 22 patients developed ALI and 52 patients developed SIRS during the observation period. The patients with ALI presented with a significantly higher initial ICP (31.3 ± 7.8 mmHg vs. 23.0 ± 8.8 mmHg, p < 0.001) and a longer duration of ICH (16.8 ± 6.5 h vs. 11.9 ± 6.0 h, p = 0.002) than those without ALI. The incidence of both ALI and SIRS increased with increasing initial ICP, and the presence of SIRS was associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of developing ALI (odds ratio [OR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–13.0).

Conclusions

Increased ICP is associated with increased risks of developing ALI and SIRS following severe TBI. Future studies designed to verify the causative relationship between increased ICP and the systemic responses are warranted.     

颅内压初始值对颅脑损伤后顽固性颅内压增高的预测价值

目的探讨颅内压（ICP）初始值（在手术室放置ICP监护探头后初次测得的ICP数值）对颅脑损伤（TBI）后顽固性颅内压增高（RICP,ICP持续维持在30mmHg以上超过15min,各种非手术治疗无效）的预测价值。方法对118例行ICP监测的TBI患者展开前瞻性观察研究,分析ICP初始值对RICP的预判价值。结果本组发生RICP43例,发生率为3．4％。Logistic回归分析显示ICP初始值是TBI患者发生RICP的独立危险因素（优势比为1．152;95％可信区间为1．078～1．232;P〈0．001）。受试者工作特征曲线分析结果显示初始ICP的最佳临界值为19．5mmHg,此时灵敏度为97．7％,特异度为64．7％;当初始ICP≥19．5mmHg时,RICP的发生率高达82．7％。结论TBI患者的ICP初始值≥19．5mmHg对发生RICP有很好的预测价值。     

脑组织氧分压脑灌注压及颅内压对重型颅脑创伤患者预后的影响

目的探讨脑组织氧分压、脑灌注压及颅内压对重型颅脑创伤患者预后的影响。方法观察112例重型颅脑损伤病人脑灌注压（CCP）、颅内压（ICP）、脑组织氧分压（PbtO2）的变化,比较CCP、ICP、PbtO2与预后的相互关系。结果 PbtO2（24h及72h）与预后有显著性相关,随着PbtO2的升高,预后良好的比例明显升高。ICP（24h及72h）与预后显著相关,随着ICP的升高,预后良好的比例明显下降。CCP（24h及72h）与预后有显著性相关,随着CCP的升高,预后良好的比例明显升高。结论 PbtO2、ICP、CPP与预后均有显著相关性,24h及72h的CCP、ICP对预后有显著影响。     

Downregulation of UBE2Q1 is associated with neuronal apoptosis in rat brain cortex following traumatic brain injury

Aberrant functionality of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been implicated in the pathology of various neurological disorders. Although it has been reported that the expressions of various UPS components were altered significantly following traumatic brain injury (TBI), detailed information on the subject remains largely unclear. In the study, using microarray assay, we identified a gene encoding ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme E2Q1 (UBE2Q1) that was significantly downregulated during TBI. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses verified the reduced expression of UBE2Q1 in ipsilateral brain cortex adjacent to the lesion site compared with the contralateral and sham‐operated ones. Double‐immunofluorescence staining indicated that UBE2Q1 was expressed mainly in the nucleus of neurons, with a minority in astrocytes in normal cortex. In addition, we observed a remarkable reduction in the number of UBE2Q1‐positive neurons following brain trauma. Furthermore, we showed that TBI resulted in a significant increase in the levels of p53, bax, p21 and active caspase 3 in brain cortex, which was correlated with decreased expression of UBE2Q1. We also found that knockdown of UBE2Q1 apparently increased the level of p53, whereas overexpressing UBE2Q1 attenuated cellular p53 level in PC12 neuronal cells. Accordingly, interference with UBE2Q1 augmented H₂O₂‐induced apoptosis of PC12 cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that UBE2Q1 might play an important role in the neuropathological process of TBI through modulating p53 signaling. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Indomethacin: A review of its cerebral blood flow effects and potential use for controlling intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury patients

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes about 75,000 deaths and leaves approximately 200,000 people disabled in USA each year. Brain swelling and increased intracranial pressure (ICP) contribute to this morbidity and mortality. Aggressive management protocols,including ICP control, have been shown to reduce the overall mortality from 50% to 36% following severe head injury. Despite these encouraging results, new and improved pharmacologic strategies to control ICP are required. Indomethacin (IND) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with unique effects on cerebral blood flow physiology which may be of benefit in reducing elevated ICP in TBI patients. Data from animal models and randomized, controlled studies with pre-term infants have shown that i.v. IND produces rapid, significant reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF). Controlled studies of I.v. IND in normal volunteers show a reduction In CBF from 26%-40%. Case series involving severe TBI patients suggest that IND i.v. boluses of 30-50mg reduce ICP by 37%-52%, reduce CBF by 22%-26%, with a modest 14% increase in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). Despite these encouraging results, i.v. IND should only be considered an experimental treatment for control of refractory ICP in TBI patients. Larger, well-designed randomized trials in TBI patients will provide more efficacy and safety data and delineate the effects of IND alone or in combination with other proven, effective, or experimental therapies. Once these concerns have been addressed, larger outcome studies will ultimately be needed to determine the role of IND for ICP control in TBI patients. [Neurol Res 1999; 21: 491-499]     

术中颅内压监测在治疗重型颅脑创伤中的应用

目的 探讨术中持续颅内压(ICP)监测在治疗重型颅脑创伤患者中的应用价值.方法 对我科2008年3月至2010年3月收治的58例重型颅脑创伤患者的术中ICP监测结果进行分析.根据预后情况分为较好组(GOS 4 ～5分)和较差组(GOS1 ～3分),分析并比较两组患者开颅术中ICP的波动规律及其对手术操作和预后的影响.结果 两组间手术初始、去除骨瓣后及关颅术后的ICP均值以及两组各步骤间ICP波动变化差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 术中ICP监测在治疗重型颅脑外伤患者中有助于及时发现问题,指导治疗及评估预后,具有重要的临床应用价值.     

颅内压监测对重型颅脑创伤患者预后与疾病负担影响的队列研究

目的 了解颅内压(ICP)监测在重型颅脑创伤(TBI)患者中的应用情况及其对预后和经济负担的影响.方法 抽取上海市5家二级以上综合性医院在2009年1月至2011年1月间收治的重型TBI住院患者535例,按是否行ICP监测分为两组(ICP组和非ICP组),对比两组患者的病死率,急性期总住院费用,住院天数,寿命年费用及质量调整寿命年费用.结果 重型TBI患者行ICP监测的比例为28.0％.ICP组患者的住院病死率为16.7％,显著低于非ICP组患者的住院病死率32.2％(P＜0.001).多元Logistic回归分析显示行ICP监测的患者死亡风险仅为非ICP监测患者的0.32倍(95％ CI,0.19,0.54).重型颅脑创伤患者行ICP监测可使病死率下降15.5％,但平均多耗费住院费用69 620元(P＜0.001);行ICP监测的寿命年费用中位数为5 995元,显著高于未行ICP监测的寿命年费用中位数2 236元(P＜0.001);行ICP监测的质量调整寿命年费用中位数为11 558元,显著高于未行ICP监测的寿命年费用中位数3 938元(P＜0.001).结论 我国重型TBI行ICP监测的比例仍较低,重型TBI患者行ICP监测可能会增加经济负担,但却大大降低患者病死率.     

过度通气对62例重型颅脑损伤的临床观察

目的 研究过度通气对重型颅脑损伤（STBI）患者颅内压（ICP）,脑氧摄取,血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）含量的影响.方法 62例重型颅脑损伤患者（GCS≤8分）,随机分成治疗组和对照组,治疗组采用过度通气使呼气末二氧化碳分压（PetPaCO,）维持在（4～4.67kPa）2h,同时监测颅内压,颈静脉氧饱和度（SjvO2）,动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）.结果 重型颅脑损伤的患者行过度通气2h后,ICP有不同程度的下降,平均下降（0.53 kPa）,脑氧摄取与血清NSE含量没有统计学差异.结论 轻度过度通气有效地降低了颅内压,没有导致脑组织缺血缺氧及脑组织损伤,不能放弃这种简单有效的降低颅内压方法.     

Capillary transit time heterogeneity and flow-metabolism coupling after traumatic brain injury

Most patients who die after traumatic brain injury (TBI) show evidence of ischemic brain damage. Nevertheless, it has proven difficult to demonstrate cerebral ischemia in TBI patients. After TBI, both global and localized changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) are observed, depending on the extent of diffuse brain swelling and the size and location of contusions and hematoma. These changes vary considerably over time, with most TBI patients showing reduced CBF during the first 12 hours after injury, then hyperperfusion, and in some patients vasospasms before CBF eventually normalizes. This apparent neurovascular uncoupling has been ascribed to mitochondrial dysfunction, hindered oxygen diffusion into tissue, or microthrombosis. Capillary compression by astrocytic endfeet swelling is observed in biopsies acquired from TBI patients. In animal models, elevated intracranial pressure compresses capillaries, causing redistribution of capillary flows into patterns argued to cause functional shunting of oxygenated blood through the capillary bed. We used a biophysical model of oxygen transport in tissue to examine how capillary flow disturbances may contribute to the profound changes in CBF after TBI. The analysis suggests that elevated capillary transit time heterogeneity can cause critical reductions in oxygen availability in the absence of ‘classic'' ischemia. We discuss diagnostic and therapeutic consequences of these predictions.     

颅内压监护在急性中型颅脑损伤患者治疗中的意义

目的研究原发性急性中型颅脑损伤患者行颅内压(ICP)监测对临床诊治的意义。方法71例伤后24h内入院的原发性急性中型颅脑损伤患者,入院时均行头部CT检查无手术指征,将其随机分为ICP监护治疗组(35例):入院后即采用目前国际上通用的脑室内穿刺置管法行ICP持续监护,用美国产Marquette监护仪进行4 ~ 7 d连续监测;常规治疗组(36例):进行包括脱水、止血、防治上消化道出血等治疗,监测生命征、意识的改变及血、尿等常规和生化指标,必要时对治疗方案作出调整。结果ICP监护治疗组出现3例ICP>40 mmHg或入院后ICP很快进行性增高,行CT检查发现迟发性颅内血肿或原位血肿增大、中线明显移位,即手术治疗。术后1例重残,1例中残,1例轻残;另有5例患者ICP监护中发现达中度增高(20 ~ 40 mmHg),CT检查提示仅为脑水肿加重,不具手术指征,经调整脱水药剂量,间断开放脑室外引流后病情平稳好转。结论中型颅脑损伤伤后病情不稳定,行ICP监测能及早发现病情变化,可降低致残率和死亡率,有效提高疗效,改善预后。     

颅内压监测下控制性减压联合预缝式关颅在重型颅脑损伤手术中的作用探讨

目的探讨颅内压（ICP）监测下控制性减压联合预缝式关颅在重型颅脑损伤（sTBI）患者手术中的应用价值。 方法收集2017年1月至2019年9月湖州市第一人民医院（湖州师范学院附属第一医院）神经外科收治的sTBI患者136例,其中2018年2月及以前收治的患者57例（对照组）术中均采取ICP监测下常规快速血肿清除及标准去大骨瓣减压手术治疗（未采取控制性减压）,2018年3月收治后的患者79例（研究组）术中均采取ICP监测下控制性减压联合预缝式关颅手术。对2组患者的术中低血压、急性脑膨出、迟发性颅内血肿等并发症的发生率、脑组织暴露时间、关颅时间、颅骨去骨瓣情况、非计划再次手术及伤后6个月的GOS评分进行回顾性对比分析研究,明确ICP监测下控制性减压联合预缝式关颅这种手术模式在救治中的效果。 结果2组患者的性别分布、年龄、受伤至手术时间、术前GCS评分、术前瞳孔散大、影像学资料及初始ICP等比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。研究组术中低血压、急性脑膨出及迟发性颅内血肿的发生率较对照组低,脑组织暴露时间及关颅时间较对照组短,双侧颅骨去骨瓣率较对照组低,非计划再次手术率较对照组低,预后良好率较对照组明显提高,死亡率较对照组明显降低,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论ICP监测下控制性减压联合预缝式关颅模式的应用能降低sTBI患者术中低血压、急性脑膨出及迟发性颅内血肿的发生率,能降低患者非计划再次手术率或双侧颅骨去骨瓣率,改善患者的预后。     

甘草酸二铵对颅脑损伤大鼠神经元活性、脑组织病理及YAP1蛋白的影响

目的 探讨甘草酸二铵（DG）对颅脑损伤大鼠神经元活性、脑组织病理及YES关联蛋白1(YAP1）蛋白的研究。方法 将44只SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组11只,健康组、外伤组（颅脑外伤模型）、依达组（颅脑外伤模型给予依达拉奉干预）、甘草组（颅脑外伤模型给予DG干预）。采用Zea Longa法（5分）检测各组大鼠神经功能;用酶联免疫法测定血清白介素-6（IL-6）、IL-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平;采用HE染色观察脑组织神经细胞形态学变化;TUNEL法检测各组大鼠海马组织神经细胞凋亡;免疫印迹检测海马组织YAP1、磷酸化YAP1（p-YAP1）、大肿瘤抑制基因1(Lats1)及磷酸化Lats1（p-Lats1）蛋白表达水平。结果 与健康组相比,外伤组神经功能评分,IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β,神经细胞凋亡、YAP1、p-YAP1、Lats1、p-Lats1均升高（P＜0.05）;与外伤组相比,依达组及甘草组以上指标均降低（P＜0.05）,依达组和甘草组比较,以上指标差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;与健康组相比,外伤组大鼠海马组织结构紊乱,神经元数目减少,细胞核深染,细胞膜部分消失,依达组和甘草组神经元排列比外伤组整齐有序,肿胀程度减轻,细胞核较清晰。结论 甘草酸二铵对颅脑损伤的治疗具有一定积极作用,且与依达拉奉治疗相关相当,其机制可能与改善神经功能、调节炎症因子变化及相关蛋白表达相关。 [国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2024, 51(2): 18-22]     

血清NSE与颅脑损伤术后早期颅内压增高-累计时间的相关性

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤开颅术后血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）与颅内压（ICP）变化情况,以及NSE与颅内压增高-累计时间（PTD-ICP）的相关性。方法 以2016年1月至2016年12月收治的32例重型颅脑损伤为回顾组,去大骨瓣减压术后持续监测ICP,每12 h监测一次血清NSE水平,以12 h为周期计算PTD-ICP,分析血清NSE与PTD-ICP的相关性及血清NSE对PTD-ICP>0的预测效能。以2017年1~6月收治的22例重型颅脑损伤为验证组,验证NSE与PTD-ICP的关系。结果 回顾组术后3 d内,血清NSE水平在（20.46~79.74）μg/L,PTD-ICP（0~537.65）mmHg/5 min;血清NSE对预测未来12 h内PTD-ICP>0的受试者工作特征曲线下面积0.937,NSE最佳截断值为51.93μg/L;NSE≥51.93μg/L时,NSE与PTD-ICP呈明显正相关（P<0.05）;经Loess曲线拟合,两者接近线性相关,经线性回归确定拟合方程:PTD-ICP=27.423×NSE-1612.044,该模型调整R2=0.690。验证组以NSE≥51.93μg/L预测性诊断PTD-ICP>0,敏感度73.8%,特异度95.5%,Kappa值0.696（P<0.001）。结论 重型颅脑损伤术后血清NSE与早期PTD-ICP呈明显正相关,血清NSE有助于预测未来12 h内ICP>20 mmHg风险。     

Comparison of rat sensory behavioral tasks to detect somatosensory morbidity after diffuse brain-injury

Brain injury disrupts neuronal circuits, impacting neurological function. Selective and sensitive behavioral tests are required to explore neurological dysfunction, recovery and potential therapy. Previously we reported that the Whisker Nuisance Task (WNT), where whiskers are manually stimulated in an open field, shows sensory sensitivity in diffuse brain-injured rats. To further explore this somatosensory morbidity, we evaluated three additional whisker-dependent tasks: Gap Cross Test, a novel Angle Entrance Task and Whisker Guided Exploration Task. Brain-injured (n = 11) and sham (n = 8) rats were tested before midline fluid percussion brain injury (moderate: 2.0 atm) and 1 and 4 weeks after injury. For the WNT, we confirmed that brain-injured rats develop significant sensory sensitivity to whisker stimulation over 28 days. In the Gap Cross Test, where rats cross progressively larger elevated gaps, we found that animals were inconsistent in crossable distance regardless of injury. In the Angle Entrance Task, where rats enter 30°, 40°, 50° or 80° corners, rats performed consistently regardless of injury. In the Whisker Guided Exploration Task, where rats voluntarily explore an oval circuit, we identified significant decreases in the number of rears and reversals and changes in the predominant location (injured rats spend more time in the inside of the turn compared to the outside) after injury and increased thigmotaxis after sham and brain-injury. Both the WNT and Whisker Guided Exploration Task show injury-induced somatosensory behavioral morbidity; however, the WNT remains more sensitive in detecting brain injury, possibly due to imposed whisker stimulation that elicits agitation similar to the human condition.     

高容量血液滤过对重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压的影响

目的观察重型颅脑损伤患者应用高容量血液滤过(HVHF)对其颅内压(ICP)及预后的影响。方法选取90例GCS评分3~8分的颅脑损伤患者按照治疗方法不同分为治疗组60例与对照组30例,对照组给予常规治疗措施,治疗组在此基础上给予HVHF,连续治疗2周后评价患者ICP变化及预后。结果治疗组3 d、7 d及14 d时颅内压均明显低于对照组(P0.05),3 d、7 d及14 d时血清IL-6、TNF-α值均明显低于同期对照组(P0.05),术后并发症及死亡率均明显低于对照组(P0.05),具有统计学意义。结论重型颅脑损伤患者术后应用HVHF治疗可显著降低颅内压增高曲线,改善患者预后。