华西Sommerlad-Furlow腭裂修复术后腭瘘率的研究

目的 探索华西Sommerlad-Furlow （SF）腭裂修复术后的腭瘘发生率及影响因素。方法 随访四川大学华西口腔医院唇腭裂外科2017年4—12月的385例一期腭裂病例,观察华西SF腭裂修复术后的腭瘘率,并分析可能影响伤口愈合的因素,包括性别、体重、手术年龄、裂隙类型、手术医生资历、术前白细胞计数、术前是否预防性使用抗生素、术后体温。结果 采用华西SF腭裂修复术的总瘘孔率为3.9%（15/385）;在15例腭瘘患者中,1例瘘孔位于牙槽近硬腭,12例位于硬腭,2例位于硬软腭交界。腭瘘的发生与性别、体重、手术年龄、术前是否预防性使用抗生素、术前白细胞计数、术后体温均无关（P>0.05）。在手术医生资历这一影响因素中,正高级职称（3.03%）与副高级职称（2.23%）的瘘孔率之间的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但中级职称的瘘孔率为14.29%,明显高于正高级职称和副高级职称（P<0.05）。双侧完全性腭裂的瘘孔率（20.6%）大于单侧完全性腭裂（3.6%）及硬软腭裂（2.6%）（P<0.05）。结论 华西SF腭裂修复术不做松弛切口,可避免上颌骨的生长抑制,同时并未增加腭裂术后的瘘孔率,其瘘孔发生率与患儿性别、体重、手术年龄、术前是否预防性使用抗生素、术前感染、术后体温等因素关联不大,与术者的年资和腭裂的不同类型有一定相关性。     

地塞米松通过Wnt/β-catenin信号通路诱导腭裂的实验研究

目的探讨地塞米松对腭发育关键时期腭突间充质细胞和上皮细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,以及Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的分子关联作用。 方法将80只怀孕8.5 d（E8.5）的C57孕母鼠平分为两组,地塞米松组行腹腔注射地塞米松（8 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）,对照组注射等量0.9%氯化钠溶液,持续至E12.5,分别取E13.5、E14.5、E15.5和E17.5的胎鼠头部制成石蜡切片,苏木精-伊红染色观察腭突的形态,BrdU和荧光TUNEL染色分别检测腭突细胞的增殖和凋亡情况,Western blot检测腭突细胞的Wnt/β-catenin信号通路活性。χ²检验分析组间细胞增殖的差异,t检验分析组间细胞凋亡的差异。 结果在E13.5阶段,对照组前部腭突间充质细胞增殖率为（40.1 ± 7.4）%,地塞米松组增殖率为（35.5 ± 8.2）%,差异无统计学意义（χ²= 3.16,P= 0.075）。在E14.5阶段,对照组前部腭突间充质细胞增殖率为（50.3 ± 10.0）%,地塞米松组增殖率为（32.9 ± 8.8）%,差异有统计学意义（χ²= 5.229,P= 0.011）。在E15.5阶段,对照组前部腭突间充质细胞增殖率为（31.3 ± 6.5）%,地塞米松组增殖率为（18.5 ± 5.7）%,差异有统计学意义（χ²= 4.433,P= 0.02）。但各时间点后部腭突间充质细胞和上皮细胞的增殖差异均无统计学意义。地塞米松组腭突Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的活性显著下降。 结论地塞米松通过下调Wnt/β-catenin信号通路抑制腭突间充质细胞的增殖而导致腭裂发生。     

Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术后瘘发生率的研究

目的:研究Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术后瘘的发生率以及影响因素.方法:对176 例腭裂修复术后瘘的发生率和可能影响瘘发生的因素如性别、年龄、腭裂类型、裂隙的程度、手术方法以及术者技能进行回顾性研究.结果:总瘘孔率为6.8%(12/176).发生于硬软腭交界处的瘘孔率为66.7%,硬腭前部的瘘孔率为25%,软腭区域的瘘孔率为8.3%(P＜0.05).瘘的发生率与年龄、性别及裂隙的程度无关(P＞0.05).专家组手术后瘘的发生率为2.4%,低于住院医师手术后瘘的发生率10.6%(P＜0.05).硬软腭裂组(hard and soft cleft palate, HSCP)与双侧完全性腭裂组( bilateral complete cleft palate, BCCLP)瘘的发生率分别为20.6%, 9.6%, 大于单纯性软腭裂组(soft cleft palate, SCP)和单侧完全性腭裂组(unilateral complete cleft palate, UCCLP) (均为2.7%)(P＜0.05),前后2 组内部之间瘘的发生率均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术并没有增加腭瘘的发生率,瘘的发生率与腭裂类型,术者的操作技能有一定关系.     

516例头颈部恶性肿瘤根治术后谵妄危险因素分析

目的评估头颈部恶性肿瘤根治术后谵妄的危险因素，为临床制定术后谵妄防治的应对措施提供依据。 方法本研究为回顾性队列研究，纳入2018年10月1日至2021年10月1日于徐州中心医院和上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面外科接受头颈恶性肿瘤手术的患者共516例，其中男328例、女188例。对相关危险因素和生命体征进行了回顾和收集。依据谵妄评估量表，将患者分为谵妄组（65例，男44例、女21例）和非谵妄组（451例，男284例、女167例）。采用单变量和多变量Logistic回归分析进行统计学处理。 结果在本项研究中，头颈部恶性肿瘤根治术后谵妄发生率为12.2%（65/516）。组间单因素分析结果显示，年龄（Z = 4.62，P<0.001）、吸烟史（χ² = 5.46，P = 0.019）、酗酒史（χ² = 5.74，P = 0.017）、手术时间（Z = 4.50，P<0.001）、气管切开（χ² = 14.26，P<0.001）、输血（χ² = 22.87，P<0.001）、游离皮瓣移植（χ² = 23.65，P<0.001）、重症监护时间（Z = 2.20，P = 0.028）、术后疼痛VAS值（Z = 3.64，P<0.001）、术后睡眠障碍（χ² = 21.19，P<0.001）、术后发热（χ² = 28.95，P<0.001）与术后谵妄相关。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，与谵妄相关的危险因素包括年龄（OR = 1.05，95%CI：1.02 ~ 1.08，P<0.001）、输血（OR = 2.64，95%CI：1.38 ~ 5.03，P = 0.003）、气管切开（OR = 4.02，95%CI：1.61 ~ 10.07，P = 0.003）、术后睡眠障碍（OR = 6.64，95%CI：3.43 ~ 12.84，P<0.001）、发热（OR = 3.28，95%CI：1.39 ~ 7.72，P = 0.007）和术后疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）值（OR = 1.42，95%CI：1.17 ~ 1.71，P<0.001）。 结论本研究确定了年龄、是否输血、气管切开、术后睡眠障碍、发热及术后疼痛是头颈部恶性肿瘤根治术后患谵妄的独立危险因素，可采取一定措施，同时提高围手术期的疼痛控制可能有助于预防谵妄的发生。     

腭帆提肌重建联合腭咽环扎术在腭裂修复中的应用

目的：探讨腭帆提肌重建联合腭咽环扎术在腭裂修复中的应用效果。方法：应用腭帆提肌重建联合腭咽环扎术修复较宽大腭裂26例,观察其修复腭裂后的伤口愈合和语音恢复效果。结果：术后均一期愈合,无复裂和瘘发生。随访16例患者,其鼻漏气得到有效控制,语音清晰度状况优良。结论：腭帆提肌重建联合腭咽环扎修复术可较好的恢复腭部的形态和腭咽功能,具有方法简单、创伤小和效果好的特点。     

Furlow腭成形术对腭咽闭合功能的影响

目的：研究腭裂患儿经Furlow腭成形术后软腭长度,软腭厚度以及腭咽腔深度的变化,探讨Furlow腭成形术在促进腭咽闭合功能中的作用。方法：2002年11月至2006年11月运用Furlow腭成形术完成不完全性腭裂或隐性腭裂患者45例,术前术后测量软腭长度,软腭厚度和腭咽腔深度。采用SPSS10.0软件包进行成对样本检验。P〈0.05定义为有显著统计学差异。结果：术前术后软腭长度;软腭厚度和腭咽腔深度分别做成对样本＂T＂检验,结果P〈0.01,均有显著统计学差异。结论：Furlow腭成形术延长了软腭长度,增加了软腭厚度,并使腭咽腔的深度变窄。对手术后腭咽闭合功能的恢复具有促进作用。     

单瓣法修复腭裂22例临床观察

目的观察单瓣法手术治疗Ⅱ度腭裂和单侧完全性腭裂的临床疗效。方法应用单瓣法修复22例腭裂患儿,利用其患侧的腭黏骨膜瓣关闭裂隙,并制备腭骨瓣后退延长软腭。结果本组22例患儿均未输血;术中测量软腭后退长度平均7.5mm;术后切口愈合良好,发音效果改善明显。结论单瓣法治疗Ⅱ度腭裂和单侧完全性腭裂,创伤小、出血少、效果好、操作简便。     

腭帆提肌重建在腭裂整复术中的应用

目的：分析腭裂整复术中腭帆提肌重建的难点,总结腭帆提肌重建的手术经验。方法：对我科2007年4月至2008年4月住院的50例2.5～6岁腭裂患者,完全腭裂31例,不完全腭裂19例施行腭帆提肌重建手术。结果：1例手术后第5天发现硬、软腭交界处口腔黏膜有一0.4cm瘘口,术后12d出院时瘘口已基本闭合;其余患者均一期愈合。结论：腭帆提肌重建手术的关键是肌肉的充分解剖分离,手术中注意减少两侧吻合端的损伤和局部出血,最好能在手术显微镜下进行,以保证肌束的解剖分离和对位效果。     

地塞米松对腭胚突上皮细胞PAR复合体和细胞极性的影响

目的 探讨地塞米松（DEX）是否可以影响腭中嵴上皮细胞（MES）PAR极性复合体基因的表达,并进一步扰乱其细胞极性而影响腭融合。方法 将孕鼠随机分为对照组和DEX组,DEX组按6 mg·kg^-1腹腔注射地塞米松磷酸钠注射液,对照组注射0.9%氯化钠0.1 mL。在E13.5、E14.0、E14.5、E15.5、E17.5断颈处死孕鼠获取腭胚突,观察腭裂的发生情况,并通过苏木精-伊红染色、扫描电子显微镜观察腭上皮的形态改变,通过免疫荧光染色、蛋白质印迹及实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测PAR3、PAR6、aPKC基因和蛋白的表达。结果 DEX组腭裂发生率为46.15%,对照组腭裂发生率为3.92%,DEX组的腭裂发生率高于对照组（χ²=24.335,P=0.00）。与对照组相比,DEX组腭胚突发育延迟且短小,腭中嵴上皮为非极性排列,只由单层的上皮细胞组成,腭胚突表面平坦,球状结构减少;PAR3和PAR6蛋白仅在腭上皮中表达,aPKC则表达于腭上皮和腭间充质中;PAR3、PAR6及aPKC基因的表达均减少。DEX在蛋白和基因水平下调PAR3、PAR6、aPKC的表达。结论 DEX可以导致腭胚突的生长发育延迟,并造成PAR极性复合体在蛋白和基因水平的表达下降,从而使MES极性丧失导致腭裂。     

两瓣法腭裂整复术-Bardach术式和Landolt术式并发症对比

采用Bardach术式对36 例腭裂患者(Ⅱ度15 例、Ⅲ度21 例)作腭裂整复术,并对36 例Ⅱ度20 例、Ⅲ度16 例腭裂患者作Landolt(兰)法修复腭裂,术后效果对比分析. Bardach术式:腭瘘2.77%(1/36),出血(0/36),喉梗阻(0/36);兰法:腭瘘16.6% (6/36),出血5.55%(2/36),喉梗阻2.77% (1/36);2 种术式术后腭瘘对比, χ2=3.94, P<0.05, 2 种术式出血、喉梗阻对比, χ2=4.17, P<0.05.提示:Bardach 术式优于兰法术式.     

Incidence of palatal fistula after palatoplasty with levator veli palatini retropositioning according to Sommerlad

The purpose of this study was to find out the incidence of palatal fistula and study the factors that influence its development after palatoplasty with repositioning of the levator veli palatini. We retrospectively reviewed 176 consecutive repairs of cleft palates during a 2-year period (2004–2006). The age of the patients at the time of repair ranged from 12 to 30 months (mode 17 months). All the palatoplasties were done either by a senior surgeon or a resident surgeon. The chi square test was used to assess whether the development of postoperative fistulas was influenced by sex, extent of cleft (as estimated by the Veau classification), age at repair, and operating surgeon. There were 12 palatal fistulas (7%), 8 of which were at the junction of the hard and soft palate, 3 in the hard palate, and 1 in the soft palate. There was no evidence to suggest that sex or age were associated with their development. Patients whose clefts had been treated by the senior surgeon had fewer fistulas (2/82, 2%) than those by the resident surgeon (10/94, 11%) (p = 0.04). The incidences of palatal fistulas in patients with clefts of the hard and soft cleft palate (7/44, 21%), and bilateral cleft lip or palate (2/21,10%), were significantly higher than those in patients with cleft soft palate (1/37, 3%), and unilateral cleft lip or palate (2/74, 3%) (p = 0.03). Our results show that palatal fistula after repair is related mainly to the extent of the cleft and the experience of the operating surgeon.     

2011—2015年广东省唇腭裂流行状况分析

目的了解2011—2015年广东省唇腭裂流行状况。 方法以2011—2015年在广东省出生缺陷监测体系内58家医院分娩的围产儿（孕28周至出生后7天）及孕产妇为研究对象,描述性分析广东省唇腭裂分布及类型特征,使用卡方检验、有序分类回归,构成比进行统计学分析。 结果符合纳入标准的围产儿1 203 800例,检出唇腭裂1664例,检出率为13.83/万;广东省内揭阳市检出率最高为21.30/万,湛江市检出率最低为7.78/万。2011—2015年逐年检出率分别为15.81/万、14.00/万、9.02/万、15.81/万、11.00/万,各年份间无明显趋势性;总唇腭裂检出率在4月最高和9月最低,差异无统计学意义（χ²= 128.34,P= 0.403）。孕产妇年龄分层中,>35岁年龄组和<20岁年龄组检出率较高,分别为23.86/万和17.73/万;男性围产儿检出率为16.45/万,女性围产儿的检出率为12.40/万,性别间总唇腭裂的检出率差异有统计学意义（χ²= 32.74,P<0.0001）,唇腭裂类型在不同围产儿性别间的分布其差异有统计学意义（χ²= 52.78,P= 0.0012）。唇裂、腭裂、唇裂合并腭裂的构成比分别为27.94%、25.54%、46.51%。 结论加强唇腭裂区域防控措施,进一步研究唇腭裂性别差异的影响因素,普及优生优育及出生缺陷防控相关健康教育以减少出生缺陷的发生。     

可吸收医用生物膜修复硬腭裂隙的临床应用

目的　探讨使用可吸收医用膜修复硬腭裂隙的可行性及评价其近期临床效果。方法　68例腭裂患者随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组34例患者在软腭及悬雍垂裂修复的同时剖开硬腭裂隙,植入可吸收医用膜修复; 对照组34例采用常规腭裂修复术。结果　实验组所有患者其软腭及悬雍垂创口愈合良好,无穿孔与裂开;硬腭部创口一期愈合30例,二期愈合3例,1例遗留永久性的口鼻瘘,3例存在口腔前庭瘘。与对照组相比较,其出血量及口腔前庭瘘发生率减少,手术时间无明显延长,术后出血、呼吸困难等并发症无明显增加;术后体温多波动在 37·5℃以下,且逐渐降低,7 d后复查血常规与对照组相比无显著异常。结论　可吸收医用膜用于硬腭裂隙修复, 临床效果肯定且手术操作简单、可行,同时因避免了常规腭裂修复术时在硬腭部掀起粘骨膜瓣的缺点,可减少对颌骨发育的影响。     

Increased fistula risk following palatoplasty in Treacher Collins syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with Treacher Collins syndrome have abnormal vascular supply to the palate, yet it is unknown whether there are increased postoperative healing problems following palatoplasty. This study investigated the correlation between Treacher Collins syndrome and postoperative palatal fistula formation. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review was performed. PATIENTS: Children undergoing palatoplasty at Children's Hospital Los Angeles from 1987 to 2000 were evaluated. Ten children with Treacher Collins syndrome, 92 children with other syndromes and cleft palate, and 458 nonsyndromic patients with isolated cleft palate were studied. INTERVENTIONS: All children were treated with a one-stage, double-reversing Z-plasty cleft palate repair. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome measures included intraoperative observations of surgical anatomy and postoperative clinic follow-up of fistula formation. Palatal fistula rates between patients with Treacher Collins syndrome, other syndromes, and no syndrome were compared with chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Children with Treacher Collins syndrome had significantly greater palatal fistula rates (50%) than children with other syndromes (8.7%) or no syndrome (4.1%). Treacher Collins patients demonstrated large palatal fistulas and poor flap vascularity. CONCLUSIONS: Children with Treacher Collins syndrome and cleft palate have significantly higher palatal fistula risk than other children with cleft palate when double-reversing Z-plasty palate repair is performed. Our findings suggest that children with Treacher Collins syndrome and cleft palate may have poor vascularity to palatal flaps created during palatoplasty. Furthermore, we recommend that surgeons performing palatoplasty minimize the dissection of mucoperiosteal flaps around the greater palatine arterial pedicle and utilize closure techniques creating the least vascular disruption of palatal tissue.     

Prosthetic treatment by pushing back part of the hard palate in third-degree cleft palate

In the third degree of cleft palate, the palate bones are short, the cleft is wide, the degree of palatal tissue atrophy and the anterior displacement of the muscles are great. It is difficult to repair satisfactorily. We carried out a treatment plan by pushing the soft palate and posterior part of the palatal bone fully back to the physiological closure position by surgical means without cutting through the palatal aponeurosis. By using a palatal plate with pharyngeal prong immediately after operation to fix the composite flap posteriorly and restore the defect of the hard palate. The palatal palate is changed with a silicon obturator or performed secondary operation to repair the perforation of the hard palate after the primary wound is well healed. 24 cases have been performed by this means since 1984. The outcomes are good. It is well conditioned for surgical orthodontics of severe crossbite which results from undeveloped maxilla also.     

Sommerlad–Furlow modified palatoplasty: A retrospective study

The purpose of this study was to introduce the surgical process of Sommerlad–Furlow modified (S–F) palatoplasty and compare its surgical and functional outcomes with conventional Sommerlad (S) palatoplasty.Patients with non-syndromic cleft palate who had undergone either S–F palatoplasty or S palatoplasty were retrospectively reviewed. Data on the outcomes of velopharyngeal function and postsurgical palatal fistula incidence were collected for all patients. Data for preselected factors, including gender, age at palatoplasty, and cleft type, were also collected. Chi-square tests were conducted.1254 patients were included. The postsurgical velopharyngeal competence (VPC) rate after S–F palatoplasty was significantly higher than after S palatoplasty (total, 70.5% vs 57.9%, p < 0.0001; age ≤ 1, 87.0% vs 69.2%, p < 0.0001; 1 < age ≤ 2, 78.3% vs 69.3%, p = 0.0479). With regard to different types of cleft palate, the postsurgical VPC rates after S–F palatoplasty were all significantly higher than for S palatoplasty in all patients younger than 2 years of age (complete cleft palate, 78.7% vs 62.4%, p = 0.0016; hard and soft palate cleft, 84.4% vs 74.8%, p = 0.0172; submucosal cleft and soft palate cleft, 96.6% vs 68.4%, p = 0.0114). The postoperative fistula rate after S–F palatoplasty was 4.3%.This modified palatoplasty technique provided adequate cleft palate closure, with satisfactory speech outcomes and low fistula rates, while older age at palatoplasty may affect the postsurgical outcomes. Within the limitations of the study it seems that the Sommerlad–Furlow modified technique is an option for cleft palate repair.     

Long-term evidence for favorable midfacial growth after delayed hard palate repair in UCLP patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether delayed hard palate repair resulted in better midfacial growth in the long term than previously achieved with "conventional" surgical methods of palatal closure. DESIGN AND SETTING: Long-term cephalometric data from patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate were available from two Scandinavian cleft centers. The patients had been treated by different regimens, particularly regarding the method and timing of palatal surgery. Patients were analyzed retrospectively, and one investigator digitized all radiographs. PATIENTS: Thirty consecutively treated subjects from each center, with cephalograms taken at three comparable stages between 10 and 16 years of age. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Patients whose hard palates were repaired late (early soft palate closure followed by delayed hard palate repair at the stage of mixed dentition) had significantly better midfacial development than patients in whom the hard palate was operated on early with a vomer flap, and then during the second year of life, the soft palate was repaired with a push-back procedure. As the growth advantage in the delayed hard palate repair group was accomplished without impeding long-term speech development, the delayed repair regimen proved to be a good alternative in surgical treatment of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.     

Development of the residual cleft in the hard palate after velar repair in a 2-stage palatal repair regimen

Delayed closure of the hard palate is believed to improve maxillary growth and facial appearance in cleft lip and palate patients. However, the cleft opening in the hard palate after velar closure might impair speech development. The aim of this investigation was to study the development of the residual cleft in the hard palate after 2-stage palatal repair (TSPR) in children born with complete cleft lip and palate (bilateral [BCLP]; n=7 or unilateral [UCLP]; n=22) or isolated cleft palate (CP; n=9). Moreover, we aimed to investigate whether any morphologic factors before surgery might predict development of the residual cleft. Dental casts obtained prior to velar repair (mean age 7 months) and postoperatively at 1 1/2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 years were analyzed with a Reflex Microscope regarding the width, length and area of the cleft in the hard palate.The palatal cleft varied in size both pre- and postoperatively in all 3 types of cleft patients. The width of the cleft in the UCLP subgroup showed a marked reduction immediately after velar repair, but then, on average, remained stable until final surgical closure of the hard palate. In the BCLP subgroup the initially rather narrow width of the clefts remained unchanged postoperatively. Clefts in the CP subgroup, especially in those with a complete cleft, remained large after veloplasty. In 4 of the UCLP and 2 of the BCLP patients, the cleft width increased gradually. In some other subjects, both in the UCLP and BCLP subgroups, the residual cleft closed functionally with time, but this development could not be foreseen.     

Use of rotation flap in repair of cleft palate and velopharyngeal insufficiency

Although cleft palate anomaly is frequent, the criterion standards in surgical treatment have not been determined yet. There are a few techniques described for cleft palate repair owing to the limited tissue in the palatal mucosa, the rigid structure of the palatal mucosa, and the limited vascularity of the hard palate. In this study, a novel cleft palate repair technique based on separating the soft palate from the hard palate as a musculomucosal flap and using it as a rotation flap has been described. The operation is evaluated individually for each anomaly because variations occur in the surgical technique according to the extension of the cleft toward the teeth in the palate. This operation was performed on a total of 28 patients (17 girls and 11 boys) aged between 1.5 and 16 years and presented to our clinic. Patients were assessed for speech analysis outcomes, tympanogram values, hearing functions, magnitude of palatal lengthening during the operation, and rate of fistulae. Statistically significant differences in values of the speech analysis and the audiometric assessment were determined between before and 6 months after surgery. Complete recovery of otitis was observed 1 month after surgery without another treatment in 9 (42.8%) of 21 patients who were detected to have serous otitis media preoperatively. Tension-free closure, lower risk of fistula, good restoration of velopharyngeal functions, ability to be performed on all types of cleft palate, ability to provide a good intraoperative exposure, and being a single stage seem to be the most important advantages of this technique.