维持性血液透析患者血管钙化及相关因素分析

目的观察维持性血液透析(MHD)患者血管钙化情况及其影响因素,探讨矿物质与骨代谢指标在MHD患者血管钙化中的作用。方法选取MHD患者69例和健康体检者67例,检测血清白蛋白、血清总钙、血磷、血肌酐、碱性磷酸酶、钙磷乘积和全段甲状旁腺激素(i PTH)。同时行侧位腹平片(空腹)、髋关节正位片、双手及腕关节正位片X线检查以评价腹主动脉、股动脉、桡动脉及双手动脉钙化情况,并了解钙化与相关因素之间的关系。结果 MHD组血管钙化程度明显高于正常对照组(P0.05);中重度钙化组年龄、透析时间、血糖、血磷和钙磷乘积均高于轻度钙化组(P0.05);低i PTH(150 ng/L)、高i PTH(300 ng/L)患者i PTH与钙化相关(P0.05),150~300 ng/L i PTH患者i PTH与钙化无相关性(P0.05)。结论年龄、透析时间、血磷、血糖、钙磷乘积、i PTH水平可能与MHD患者血管钙化密切相关。     

高通量滤器干预对维持性血液透析患者钙、磷、甲状旁腺的代谢调节作用

目的:探讨高通量滤器干预对维持性血液透析患者血清钙、磷以及甲状旁腺素水平的影响。方法:48例维持性血液透析患者改用高通量滤器透析治疗3个月为高通量组,另48例采用低通量滤器干预维持血液透析患者作为低通量组。比较2组血清钙、磷、全段甲状旁腺素(i PTH)水平的差异。结果:与低通量组比较,高通量组患者血钙水平显著升高,血磷、甲状旁腺素水平明显降低(均P0.05),高通量组血清钙2.10~2.50 mmol/L、血清磷0.81~1.45 mmol/L、i PTH 130~600 ng/L达标控制率显著高于低通量组(P0.05)。结论:高通量滤器透析能够有效改善尿毒症维持性血液透析患者钙、磷、甲状旁腺代谢紊乱,值得在临床中推广应用。     

维持性血液透析患者:高血磷、高血钙、高甲状旁腺素伴心血管钙化

2例中年男性维持性血液透析患者,在透析充分性、贫血、营养状况等指标方面无明显差异,而钙、磷、血清全段甲状旁腺激素(i PTH)指标的控制情况,两者形成鲜明对比,透析龄短的患者A血钙、磷、i PTH持续高于上限,而年龄较大的患者B透析龄长,血钙、磷、i PTH控制持续达标。经过长期随访,对比两者心血管钙化情况,慢性肾脏病矿物质与骨异常(CKD-MBD)相关血清学指标控制持续达标的患者B心血管钙化进展缓慢,血清指标持续不达标的患者A心血管钙化严重,且进展迅速。     

高通量血液透析对维持性血液透析患者β_2-微球蛋白和甲状旁腺激素及左心功能的影响

目的观察高通量血液透析(HFHD)对维持性血液透析患者β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)及左心功能的影响。方法选取2010年1月—2013年4月在我院血液净化中心行维持性血液透析患者70例,将其随机分为HFHD组38例和常规血液透析(HD)组32例,分别于治疗前及治疗6个月后检测两组患者生化指标(尿素氮、肌酐、钙、磷、PTH、β2-MG);并测量左室舒张末内径(LVEDd)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左房室瓣前向血流E峰与A峰比值(E/A)。结果治疗前后两组患者尿素氮、肌酐、钙比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后HFHD组血磷、PTH、β2-MG均低于HD组(P0.05)。治疗后两组LVEDd比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);HFHD组LVEF、E/A高于HD组(P0.05)。结论 HFHD对维持性血液透析患者的β2-MG、PTH有明显清除作用,并可改善左心功能,优于HD。     

老年维持性血液透析患者钙磷代谢紊乱情况及影响因素

目的通过对维持性血液透析患者钙磷代谢的调查,分析老年血液透析患者钙磷代谢异常的情况及其影响因素。方法选择行维持性血液透析3个月以上,且病情稳定的慢性肾衰竭患者131例,根据年龄分为老年组和非老年组。所有患者于透析前空腹抽血送检尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(Scr)、全段甲状旁腺激素(i PTH)、血红蛋白(Hb)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、白蛋白(Alb)等指标,同时测定透析后血清BUN浓度,记录透析后体质量和超滤量,根据公式计算血清白蛋白校正钙(Ac-Ca)、尿素清除指数(Kt/V)和标准蛋白氮呈现率(n PNA)。结果与非老年组比较,老年组Scr、P、i PTH、Alb浓度更低(P0.05),而Hb、Ac-Ca、Kt/V、n PNA和平均动脉压比较无明显差异(P0.05)。Logistic多元回归分析表明,校正钙和白蛋白与老年维持性血液透析患者钙磷乘积≤55 mg~2/dl~2存在较强的相关关系。结论老年维持性血液透析患者多数存在钙磷代谢紊乱,校正钙和白蛋白是影响老年维持性血液透析患者钙磷代谢异常的关键因素。     

骨化三醇对维持性血液透析患者高血压的治疗作用及机制探讨

目的探讨骨化三醇对维持性血液透析患者高血压的治疗作用及机制。方法 36例维持性血液透析患者按照其血甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平随机分为A(PTH>600~1 000 pg/m L)、B(PTH>300~600 pg/m L)两组,A组(n=16)服用骨化三醇1.0~2.0μg,3次/周;B组(n=20)服用骨化三醇0.5~1.5μg,3次/周,均为透析后当晚口服,疗程3个月。静脉采血查PTH、钙、磷,并观察透析前后患者收缩压及舒张压的变化。结果两组治疗后血磷、PTH、收缩压及舒张压均降低(P均<0.01);两组血钙水平治疗前后比较无统计学差异。结论骨化三醇冲击治疗可降低维持性血液透析患者高血压,可能与其降低PTH有关。     

活性维生素D_3对糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析患者心脏功能的影响

目的探讨活性维生素D3对糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析患者心脏功能的影响。方法 54例糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析患者分为对照组和干预组,两组均接受常规透析治疗,干预组给予骨化三醇0.25μg/d治疗,观察24 w比较两组治疗前后血钙(Ca)、磷(P)、甲状旁腺激素(i PTH)、25(OH)D3等指标变化,同时观察脑钠肽(BNP)、左室舒张末期内径(LV)以及QT离散度(QTd)等指标的变化。结果与治疗前比较,治疗后干预组血Ca、25(OH)D3水平明显升高,i PTH明显下降,BNP和QTd明显下降(P<0.05);而对照组各指标无明显改变。结论活性维生素D3对糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析患者心脏具有保护作用,其作用机制可能通过升高Ca、25(OH)D3,降低i PTH和QTd发挥作用。     

四川地区维持性血液透析人群慢性肾脏病矿物质与骨异常的多中心横断面研究

目的:了解四川地区维持性血液透析(MHD)患者慢性肾脏病矿物质与骨异常(CKD-MBD)的患病率、各个指标达标率及其发病危险因素。方法:纳入四川地区15个血液透析中心MHD患者1 150例,搜集患者一般临床资料及实验室检查结果,以超声心动图、骨盆正位片、腹部侧位片评价血管钙化。检测血清25羟维生素D[25(OH)D]、25(OH)D3、成纤维细胞生长因子23(FGF-23)和血清可溶性klotho蛋白(s KL)。以K/DOQI指南建议的目标值为标准,分析CKD-MBD患病率、各项指标达标情况及相关危险因素。结果:1 150例MHD中诊断为CKD-MBD的患者1 113例(96.78%)。其中低血磷7.80%、高血磷55.90%;低血钙31.40%、高血钙28.30%、低甲状旁腺激素(PTH)17.20%、高PTH 58.30%;心脏瓣膜钙化的患者169例(30.02%);腹主动脉钙化患者168例(45.41%);髂股动脉钙化106例(27.46%)。患者血钙、血磷、血i PTH达标率分别为36.78%、36.30%、24.50%。收缩压、血清肌酐、血尿素氮、高密度脂蛋白、血i PTH与高磷血症独立相关。透析龄、血i PTH、血清FGF-23与高血钙独立相关。血磷、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)与高血i PTH独立相关。结论:四川地区的MHD患者的CKDMBD的患病率高,达标率低,受多种因素影响。     

组合式血液净化对尿毒症患者血磷及甲状旁腺素的影响

目的 探讨血液透析（HD）和血液灌流（HP）对尿毒症血透患者血磷及甲状旁腺素（PTH）的影响。方法将69例行维持性血液透析（MHD）患者随机分为HP＋HD组36例、HD组33例,HP＋HD组根据原发病又分为糖尿病。肾病（DN）组和非DN组。患者均行常规HD,每周3次;HP＋HD组每周串联一次HP。检测各组首次治疗前后和3个月后的血清钙、磷、PTH。结果首次治疗后,HD组、HP＋HD组血磷、PTH明显下降（P均〈0．05）;与HD组比较,HP＋HD组PTH下降明显（P〈0．05）。治疗3个月后,两组血磷无明显变化;与HD组比较,HP＋HD组PTH明显下降（P〈0．05）。首次及3个月治疗后,DN组、非DN组血磷及PTH均下降,两组比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论HD可清除血清磷,但不能有效地清除船H;HP＋HD可有效地清除血清磷、PTH,其清除PTH的效果与原发病无关。     

老年维持性血液透析患者主动脉瓣和二尖瓣钙化的发生情况及危险因素

目的探讨老年维持性血液透析(MHD)患者心脏瓣膜钙化的危险因素。方法对75例老年MHD患者进行心脏彩超检查,根据有无瓣膜(主动脉瓣、二尖瓣)钙化分为钙化组(27例)和无钙化组(48例)。记录两组的一般临床资料,检测肾功能、钙磷代谢指标、全段甲状旁腺素(i PTH)、营养指标及N末端B型脑钠肽前体(NT-pro BNP)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs CRP)水平。通过Logistic回归分析老年MHD患者心脏瓣膜钙化的危险因素。结果 75例患者中27例存在心脏瓣膜钙化。钙化组的平均年龄、透析龄、血磷(P)、钙磷乘积(Ca×P)、i PTH、NT-pro BNP、hs CRP水平均显著高于无钙化组(P0.01)。但血白蛋白(ALB)水平显著低于无钙化组(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析示年龄、透析龄、血P、i PTH、NT-pro BNP、hs CRP是老年MHD患者心脏瓣膜钙化的危险因素(P0.05),血ALB是保护性因素(P0.05)。结论在MHD患者,特别是老年、长透析龄患者群中,血P、i PTH、NT-pro BNP、hs CRP是心脏瓣膜钙化的危险因素,ALB是保护性因素。通过监测以上指标,可为MHD患者心脏瓣膜钙化提供预测价值。     

成年血液透析患者矿物质及骨代谢紊乱调查

目的 调查江苏省昆山市第一人民医院维持性血液透析（maintenance hemodialysis,MHD）患者的慢性肾脏病矿物质及骨代谢异常（chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders,CKD-MBD）情况,比较分析老年和非老年患者CKD-MBD的特点,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 调查234例MHD患者的透析龄、透前肌酐、血小板、白蛋白、血色素、血钙、血磷、ALP及iPTH的水平及临床资料,与指南比较分析老年组和非老年组血钙、血磷、ALP及iPTH的特点.结果 我院MHD患者非老年组患病率高于老年组（P＜0.05）;透析龄、干体重、透前肌酐、白蛋白水平等指标两组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;血清钙、磷、iPTH达标率分别为83.76％、19.66％、40.17％.两组比较,老年组血清钙、磷、iPTH、ALP均不同程度的低于非老年组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 老年组MHD患者CKD-MBD指标低于非老年组,提示两组患者CKD-MBD发生机制存在差异,老年患者容易合并低转运骨病（akinesis bone disease,ABD）.     

透析液钙离子浓度对维持性血液透析患者血全段甲状旁腺激素的影响

目的评价不同钙离子浓度的透析液对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者血全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)的影响,分析血钙、磷和钙磷乘积与iPTH之间的相关性。方法对2006年1月至3月,上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院肾内科门诊35例长期使用钙离子浓度为1·75mmol/L的透析液进行维持性血液透析的患者,于透析前留取血标本进行血Ca2 、P3-、iPTH测定,并计算钙磷乘积后,改为钙离子浓度为1·25mmol/L或1·50mmol/L的透析液进行维持性血液透析,3个月后于透析前再次留取血标本进行血Ca2 、P3-、iPTH测定,并计算钙磷乘积。结果与使用钙离子浓度为1·75mmol/L透析液比较,使用钙离子浓度为1·25mmol/L或1·50mmol/L透析液3个月后,MHD患者血Ca2 、P3-、钙磷乘积差异无显著性意义,P>0·05,血iPTH明显升高,P<0·01。血iPTH与Ca2 呈显著性负相关,r=-0·45,P<0·01;与P3-及钙磷乘积无相关性,r分别为0·13和-0·03,均P>0·05。结论1·25mmol/L或1·50mmol/L的低钙透析液可以升高MHD患者血清iPTH水平。     

高通量滤器干预维持血液透析患者后血清钙、磷、甲状旁腺激素的变化分析

目的：探讨高通量滤器干预维持血液透析患者后钙、磷以及甲状旁腺的变化。方法：将48例维持血液透析患者改用高通量滤器透析治疗3个月,比较治疗前后钙、磷、甲状旁腺素(iPTH)水平。所有患者B 超检测甲状旁腺,并分为增生(A组)、非增生(B组)两组进行比较。结果：高通量滤器透析患者血钙显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),血磷、甲状旁腺素水平明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),A组效果比B组效果更为显著,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论：高通量滤器透析能够有效改善尿毒症维持血液透析患者钙、磷、甲状旁腺代谢紊乱,值得在临床中推广应用。     

Delay in the initiation of HAART, poorer virological response, and higher mortality among HIV-infected injecting drug users in Spain

Differences in the uptake and time to initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the virological response to HAART, and survival from AIDS by transmission category were analyzed. A multicenter hospital-based cohort of HIV-infected patients attending 10 hospitals in Spain from January 1997 to December 2003 was used. Cross-checks with the National AIDS Registry were performed. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the impact of transmission category on time to HAART initiation, viral suppression (defined by first HIV-1 RNA viral load measurement <500 copies/ml after HAART), and survival from AIDS. Of 4643 patients, 73% were men and 56% were injecting drug users (IDUs). A statistically significant interaction was found between transmission category and previous non-HAART antiretroviral treatment (ART) (p < 0.05). Among ART naive patients, IDUs had a 33% lower risk of initiating HAART compared to men who have sex with men (MSM) [HR 0.67 (95% CI 0.57-0.79)]. No differences by transmission categories were seen among patients with prior non-HAART ART. IDUs had poorer viral load (VL) suppression than MSM [HR 0.86 (95% CI 0.74-0.99)] adjusting by baseline VL, AIDS diagnosis, and prior ART. Mortality from AIDS was two and a half times higher in IDUs than MSM [HR 2.51 (95% CI 1.03-6.1)]. Among patients who access the hospital network, IDUs have a lower uptake of HAART, have worse virological suppression, and have higher mortality after AIDS diagnosis. There is a need to extend the programs in order to enhance access and adherence of IDUs to HAART and consider the treatment of drug addiction as an integral part of the treatment for HIV infection.     

Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral metabolism in postmenopausal Japanese women on hemodialysis

In addition to renal osteodystrophy, postmenopausal women on hemodialysis are at high risk for osteoporosis. Recent studies reported the effects of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator for osteoporosis, in postmenopausal women. The present study evaluated the efficacy of raloxifene and its effects on bone mineral metabolism in postmenopausal Japanese patients on dialysis. In a prospective, multicentre study, 17 postmenopausal women on chronic hemodialysis with severe osteoporosis (bone mineral density [BMD]≤2 SD by bone densitometry) were treated with 60 mg/day raloxifene hydrochloride for 12 months. The study also included 10 age-matched control women. Vitamin D and calcium salts were not changed during the study. Intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), serum calcium and phosphorus, and bone resorption marker (NTx) were measured, and BMD were determined by DEXA, at 0, 6, and 12 months after administration of raloxifene. The mean lumbar spine BMD at baseline was similar in the two groups. Raloxifene therapy (for 12 months) improved lumbar spine BMD (by 2.6%) in 53% of the patients, while 70% of the control group showed a reduction in BMD (by 4.0%). Raloxifene significantly decreased serum calcium and increased iPTH. Our results suggested that raloxifene improved trabecular BMD in postmenopausal Japanese women on hemodialysis. The effects of raloxifene on serum calcium and serum iPTH level suggest it improves bone resorption. Vitamin D and/or calcium salts should be added to raloxifene treatment to avoid secondary hyperparathyroidism.     

Effects of serum calcium, phosphorous, and intact parathyroid hormone levels on survival in chronic hemodialysis patients in Japan

Disturbances in bone mineral metabolism are common in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients and often underlie morbid conditions and mortality; however, no large epidemiological study for Asian dialysis patients has been performed. We analyzed the database of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy registry. In this study, data from patients who were on HD at the end of 2000 was compiled. The Cox's proportional hazard analysis was carried out to evaluate the significance of the impact of variables related to bone mineral metabolism on survival after adjusting for possible confounding variables. The study period was three years, and a cohort of 27 404 HD patients was studied. The hazard ratios were 1.098 (P = 0.0129) for serum calcium levels ranging 10.0-10.9 mg/dL, and 1.243 (P = 0.0001) for serum calcium levels >11.0 mg/dL when the reference serum calcium level range was 9.0-9.9 mg/dL. Similarly, the hazard ratios were significantly higher in a serum phosphorous level of 5.0 mg/dL than for the reference serum phosphorous level range of 4.0-4.9 mg/dL. For intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), the hazard ratios were significantly small (<119 pg/mL) when the reference iPTH level range was 180-359 pg/mL. However, the hazard ratio did not increase when the iPTH level increased to >360 pg/mL. Results showed that disturbances in bone mineral metabolism, such as those involving serum calcium, phosphorous, and iPTH, have a significant impact on survival in Japanese dialysis patients.     

Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the serological response to additional measles vaccinations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.

Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often lose their vaccine-induced antibody to measles virus. Before highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), an additional immunization against measles infrequently resulted in protective antibodies. The antibody response to an additional measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination was compared in 28 HIV-infected children who lacked protective antibody to measles virus and were undergoing HAART or non-HAART regimens. Serostatus was measured by automated enzyme-linked immunoassay. Nine (64.3%) of 14 children undergoing HAART, compared with 3 (21.4%) of 14 in the non-HAART group, had antibody to measles virus after the additional vaccination with MMR (P=.027). The groups showed no significant difference in CD4 cell values. Ten of 14 HAART patients had undetectable levels of HIV. The mean HIV load for the HAART group was 27,700 copies/mL (median, <400 copies/mL); for the non-HAART group, it was 86,000 copies/mL (median, 9000 copies/mL). Thus, HAART improves the response to an additional MMR vaccination, which is consistent with immune system reconstitution.     

Early Intervention With Intravenous or Pulse Oral Vitamin D Therapy Is More Effective in the Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

The K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines recommend vitamin D therapy should be started when the intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) exceeds 300 pg/mL in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. To examine whether the effect of vitamin D therapy on mineral metabolism and parathyroid gland growth varies according to the stage of secondary hyperparathyroidism and iPTH level, 47 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism received either intravenous or pulse oral vitamin D therapy. The patients were divided into two groups based on the iPTH level at the start of vitamin D therapy: the P_<300 group (N = 23) with iPTH <300 pg/mL; and the P^≥300 group (N = 24) with iPTH ≥300 pg/mL. We examined serial changes in several serum mineral parameters and parathyroid gland volume and the cumulative incidence of parathyroidectomy in the first two years. Serum calcium, phosphorus, calcium–phosphorus product, and iPTH levels of the P^≥300 group were significantly higher than those of the P_<300 group, and could not be maintained within the target ranges set by the K/DOQI guidelines. In contrast, the serum levels of phosphorus, calcium–phosphorus product, and iPTH were maintained within the target ranges and the parathyroid gland did not enlarge in the P_<300 group. The cumulative incidence of parathyroidectomy in the P^≥300 group was significantly higher than in the P_<300 group. Early intervention with intravenous or pulse oral vitamin D therapy at serum iPTH <300 pg/mL can control serum phosphorus, calcium–phosphorus product, and PTH levels to the target ranges and slow the progression of secondary hyperparathyroidism.     

以FX60透析器行血液透析患者氨基末端钠尿肽水平变化及其影响因素

目的探讨以FX60透析器行血液透析患者氨基末端钠尿肽（NT—proBNP）水平变化及其影响因素。方法选择透析龄〉2年的血液透析患者30例,以FX60透析器透析1年,观察患者高通量透析前后血压、血红蛋白、白蛋白、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、甲状旁腺素（iPTH）、尿素清除指数（Kt／V）、β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）和氨基末端钠尿肽的变化,多因素分析患者血浆氨基末端钠尿肽的相关影响因素。结果（1）患者Kt／V为1．45±0．38,超滤量为（3．29±0．69）kg,平均动脉压（104．5±7．3）mmHg,血红蛋白由（103．9±18．1）g／L升至（111．8±11．5）g／L,iPTH由（525．2±695．6）ug／L降至（437．3±417．2）ug/L,LVEF由（60．0±7．3）％升至（64．3±8．7）％;（2）单次高通量透析前血浆氨基末端钠尿肽水平为（6724±8721）ug/L,透析后为（5268±4276）ug／L,降低（29．6±3．2）％,β2-微球蛋白清除率为（35．9±3．8）％;（3）多因素分析显示氨基末端钠尿肽与超滤量、平均动脉压无相关性,与LVEF呈负相关（P〈0．05）,相关系数为-0．650（95％可信区间7147～17892ug/L）。结论血液透析患者透析前、透析后血浆氨基末端钠尿肽普遍增高,与超滤量、血压无相关性,与LVEF呈负相关,氨基末端钠尿肽可预测血液透析患者的左心室功能;以FX60透析器行高通量透析可改善患者的并发症,降低氨基末端钠尿肽水平。     

Vitamin D and bone mineral content after intestinal bypass operation for obesity.

Twenty-three obese subjects who had undergone intestinal bypass operation (end-to-side jejunostomy) were studied with respect to vitamin D and other indices of calcium metabolism. Group 1 (11 patients) was examined before and one year after operation. Group 2 (12 patients, bypass operated two to seven years earlier was investigated twice with an interval of one year. The two groups were comparable. Bone mineral content and alkaline phosphatases were unchanged during the study in both groups. Bone phosphorus/hydroxyproline ratio was high postoperatively indicating a high degree of bone mineralisation. Serum calcium declined rapidly in group 1 to a constant level, which was maintained in group 2. The serum levels of iPTH and 1,25(OH)2D did not change within each group, but combining the two groups demonstrated an increase/decrease in iPTH/1,25(OH)2D over the years. The findings suggest that factors other than 1,25(OH)2D and iPTH are involved in calcium metabolism in such patients. The findings do not justify routine administration to such patients of high potency vitamin D derivatives, f.ex. 1 alpha-OH-D3.