顶空气相色谱法测定卡巴他赛中有机溶剂的残留量

目的建立顶空气相色谱法测定卡巴他赛中甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷和正己烷共5种有机溶剂的残留量。方法采用顶空气相色谱法,氢火焰离子化检测器;载气为氮气,流速为2.0 m L·min-1;色谱柱为DB-624毛细管柱(30 m×530μm,3μm);采用柱温50℃保持7 min,以50℃·min-1的速率升温至220℃,保持3 min;进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃;分流进样,分流比为5∶1;顶空平衡温度为100℃,顶空平衡时间为20 min;顶空定量环体积为1 m L。以外标法用峰面积计算残留溶剂的含量。结果甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷和正己烷的线性关系良好(r=0.997 8~0.999 5),平均回收率为94.0%~99.1%,检测限分别为0.67、0.64、0.23、0.94和0.03 mg·L-1。结论本方法可用于卡巴他赛中残留溶剂的检查。     

顶空气相色谱法测定地奈德中有机溶剂残留量

目的:建立顶空气相色谱法测定地奈德中有机溶剂残留量.方法:采用 Agilent DB - WAX 毛细管柱(30 m × 0. 25 mm,0. 50 μm);氮气为载气,流速为 1. 5 ml/ min;分流比为 5: 1;进样口温度为200 ℃ ;FID 检测器,检测器温度为250 ℃ ;程序升温:初始温度 40 ℃ ,保持 10 min,然后以 20 ℃ / min 升温至 200 ℃ ,保持 5 min.顶空进样,平衡温度为80 ℃ ,平衡时间为 25 min;以二甲基亚砜为溶剂,外标法测定地奈德中甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醚和三氯甲烷的残留量.结果:甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醚和三氯甲烷均能得到良好的分离,空白溶剂无干扰,检测浓度在所考查的范围内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系(r = 0. 999 2 ~ 0. 999 9);平均回收率为 98. 4% ~ 100. 6% ,甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醚和氯仿检测限分别为 0. 30、0. 50、0. 15、0. 15、0. 05 和 0. 60 μg/ ml.结论:本试验建立的色谱方法简便、准确,适合地奈德原料中有机溶剂残留量的检测.     

顶空气相色谱法测定羟苯乙酯中甲醇、乙醇残留量

目的建立顶空气相色谱法测定羟苯乙酯中甲醇、乙醇残留量。方法采用DB-WAX气相毛细管柱(0.32 mm×30 m,0.25μm);检测器类型及温度:FID,250℃;进样口温度:200℃;柱升温程序:起始温度40℃,保持8 min,再以40℃·min~(-1)速率升温到220℃后,维持5 min。结果甲醇在0.9452~76.6160μg·mL~(-1)、乙醇在1.0098~80.7840μg·mL~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好,回收率符合要求,RSD值均<8%。结论本方法操作简单、准确度高,可用于羟苯乙酯中甲醇、乙醇残留量测定。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定美司钠原料和注射液的残留溶剂

目的建立美司钠原料及其注射剂中4种残留溶剂的顶空毛细管气相色谱测定方法。方法使用HP-1毛细管气相色谱柱(30m×0.25mm,0.25μm),采用程序升温。初始温度为40℃,保持5min,再以20℃·min-1升温至150℃;进样口温度为200℃;检测器为FID;检测器温度为250℃。顶空进样,平衡温度为75℃,平衡时间为30min。结果同时测定了美司钠原料和注射液中4种残留有机溶剂,甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和丙酮分离度均在2.0以上,线性范围分别为6.6～66.0(r1=0.999 4),4.9～49.1(r2=0.999 9),5.8～58.0(r3=0.999 5)和8.0～80.0μg·mL-1(r4=0.999 6),平均加样回收率分别为97.3%,98.2%,99.5%和99.1%,RSD值分别为1.9%,2.1%,1.5%和1.7%。结论该方法灵敏、准确,可用于美司钠原料及其注射液中残留溶剂的检测。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定乌拉地尔原料药的溶剂残留量

目的:建立乌拉地尔原料药中5种溶剂残留量的毛细管气相色谱测定方法。方法:采用Agilent DB-5毛细管气相色谱柱(30m×320μm×0.25μm),FID检测器,进样口温度200℃,检测器温度230℃;载气为高纯氮气,流速3.0mL.min-1,柱温为程序升温:40℃保持10min,10℃.min-1升温至220℃,保持5min。顶空进样,顶空瓶平衡温度80℃,平衡时间30min。结果:在上述条件下,5种残留溶剂色谱峰的理论板数均大于10 000,相邻峰的分离度均大于2;甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷的线性关系良好(r分别为0.999 2,0.999 3,0.999 9,0.999 8和0.999 8);最低检出浓度分别为:0.46,0.46,0.23,0.31,0.090μg.mL-1;平均回收率均在90%以上。结论:本方法简单、准确,灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于乌拉地尔原料药中有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定索非布韦原料药中有机溶剂残留量

目的建立索非布韦原料药中4种残留溶剂的顶空气相色谱测定方法。方法 HP-INNOWAX毛细管气相色谱柱(30.0 m×0.32 mm×0.5μm);进样口温度:200℃;进样量0.1 mL;分流比1∶1;柱温:40℃,保持3 min,10℃·min~(-1)升温至80℃,再以40℃·min~(-1)升温至200℃,保持4 min;检测器为FID,温度:250℃;载气:N2,恒流:2 mL·min~(-1);N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂。结果各残留溶剂均可以达到基线分离。测得二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、甲醇、乙醇与峰面积线性关系良好,准确度均> 95%,RSD均<2.5%。结论该方法操作简便,重现性好,结果准确可靠,可以用于索非布韦中残留溶剂的测定。     

毛细管GC测定头孢西丁钠中残留溶剂

目的 建立头孢西丁钠中甲醇、丙酮残留溶剂的测定方法.方法 使用配置顶空进样的气相色谱仪,以水为溶剂,色谱柱为Agilent DB-624毛细管色谱柱(6%氰丙基苯基-94%二甲基聚硅氧烷),柱温:40℃,保持12min,以30℃·min-1的速度升温至100℃,保持5min,再以40℃·min-1的速度升温至240℃,保持5min;以氮气为载气,柱流速0.7mL·min-1;氢火焰离子化检测器;顶空加热盘温度70℃.结果 甲醇、丙酮线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99;平均回收率分别为98.3%,100.5%;检测限分别为6.6864×10-3,1.0487×10-3 mg·mL-1.结论 该方法简单方便,灵敏度高,重复性好,结果准确,适用于头孢西丁钠中多种有机溶剂残留量的测定与控制.     

顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸溴己新原料药中4种有机溶剂的残留量

目的:建立测定盐酸溴己新原料药中4种有机溶剂(丙酮、乙醇、甲苯和乙酸)残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法分别测定。色谱柱均为HP-FFAP柱,检测器均为氢火焰离子化检测器,温度均为250℃;丙酮、乙醇、甲苯检测进样口温度为200℃,程序升温,顶空瓶平衡温度80℃,时间30 min,以二甲基亚砜为溶解介质;乙酸检测进样口温度为150℃,柱温60℃,顶空瓶平衡温度60℃,时间20 min,以甲醇为溶解介质,衍生化法检测。结果:在2种色谱条件下,各被测溶剂峰均分离良好,线性相关系数均大于0.999;丙酮、乙醇、甲苯和乙酸的平均回收率分别为104.4%、98.7%、105.7%、100.8%,RSD分别为2.3%、2.6%、2.7%、2.1%(n=3);检测限分别为0.25、1.21、0.18、0.32μg/ml。样品中只检出乙醇。结论:建立的方法准确、迅速,可用于检测盐酸溴己新原料药中残留的丙酮、乙醇、甲苯和乙酸。     

顶空-气相色谱法测定药酒中的甲醇量

目的建立药酒中甲醇量的测定方法。方法采用顶空-气相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent Technologies DB-WAX(30m×0.32mm×0.25μm),FID检测器;进样口温度:140℃;检测器温度220℃;载气流速:0.3 mL·min-1;梯度升温:29℃保持1min,以0.5℃·min-1速率升至31℃,保持10min,以5℃·min-1速率升至65℃,保持1 min,以50℃·min-1速率升至200℃,保持2min;时间周期:38min。结果甲醇在0.000 1~0.005mL·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 4,平均回收率为99.6%,RSD 2.5%(n=6)。结论该方法检测结果准确、专属性强、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于药酒中甲醇量的控制。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定替米沙坦中的有机溶剂残留量

目的:建立气相色谱法测定替米沙坦中残留有机溶剂甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷、氯仿、乙二醇和二甲基甲酰胺。方法:以DB-624弹性石英毛细管柱为色谱柱(30m×0.53mm),载气为氮气,采用氢火焰离子化检测器,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃。顶空进样法采用程序升温(50℃,保持15min,以30℃.min-1升至160℃,保持5min),进样量1.0mL。直接进样法柱温为100℃,进样量1.0μL。结果:3批样品中7种有机溶剂残留量均符合规定。结论:本方法可测定替米沙坦中的有机溶剂残留量,方法简单、准确。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.