TLC法快速筛查降糖类中成药及保健食品中添加的11种化学药品

目的建立中成药及保健食品中非法添加降糖药的定性检查方法。方法 11种化学降糖药分别采用2个薄层系统检查磺酰脲类降糖药及双胍类降糖药。结果 11种化学降糖药分离良好。结论本方法经济、快速,可用于中成药及保健食品中非法添加降糖类化学药的快速筛查。     

保健食品中非法添加磺酰脲类降糖药的定性方法研究

目的建立降糖保健食品中非法添加磺酰脲类降糖药的定性检测方法。方法采用薄层色谱法、高效液相色谱法进行定性鉴别。结果建立的定性方法专属性强,样品中检出了格列本脲。结论该方法快速、准确、灵敏、可靠,可用于保健食品中非法添加磺酰脲类降糖药的快速检测。     

RP-HPLC法检测降糖类中药制剂中违禁添加的磺酰脲类成分

目的应用反相高效液相色谱法测定中药降糖制剂降糖胶囊中可能存在的3种磺酰脲类成分:格列吡嗪,格列齐特和格列本脲。方法采用RP-HPLC法,C18柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.5%冰醋酸(65∶35),柱温30℃,检测波长230nm,流速1mL·min-1。结果3种磺酰脲类成分在该色谱条件下与中药制剂中成分可达到完全分离,格列吡嗪、格列齐特和格列本脲的检测限分别为10.8,9.6和12.8ng。结论该方法可用于检测纯中药降糖制剂中违禁添加的3种磺酰脲类化学药品成分的分析。     

TLC结合HPLC法检测保健食品及中成药中掺加化学降糖药物的研究

目的建立一种检测保健食品及中成药中非法掺加化学降糖药物的筛查方法。方法采用TLc法对保健食品和中成药非法掺加化学降糖药物进行初步定性，然后用HPLC法进行定性定量分析。结果本实验建立的条件能够把保健食品及中药制剂中添加的降糖化学药物（格列本脲、格列齐特、格列吡嗪、格列喹酮、格列美脲）同时完全分离开来；对18种制剂用建立的分析技术进行了检测，经与相应的标准物质比较，得到有8种保健食品和中成药中非法掺有降糖化学药品，1种食品中非法掺入了降糖化学药品。结论该研究建立的方法具有快速、简便、重复性好、便于操作、灵敏、专属性强等优点。     

格列吡嗪的药物相互作用

格列吡嗪的药物相互作用王长虹（新疆医学院第二附属医院乌鲁木齐８３００２８）程雪梅（新疆维吾尔自治区药检所）格列吡嗪是安全有效的第二代磺酰脲类口服降糖药之一，疗效优于第一代磺酰脲类。其特点是剂量小、作用强，具有吸收迅速，降糖作用明显和产生低血糖的危险较...     

两种快速检测降糖类中成药中添加磺酰脲类药物方法的比较

目的比较快速检验降糖类中成药中是否添加磺酰脲类化学成分的薄层色谱（TLC）法和试管反应法。方法采用TLC法和试管反应法分别检测药品中是否含有磺酰脲类化学成分,并用液相质谱联用（LC—MS）法作最终判断结果。结果两种方法差异性较大,TLC法专属性较差,容易出现假阳性;试管反应法灵敏度高,分析成本低,专属性强,试验结果明显,现象易观察。结论试管反应法非常适宜于现场检测降糖类中成药和保健食品中是否添加了磺酰脲类化学药物,对于保障药品质量和用药安全具有重要意义。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测中成药中添加格列本脲、格列吡嗪

目的:建立快速、准确、高灵敏度的检测中成药降糖制剂中非法添加格列本脲、格列吡嗪的分析方法。方法:采用 C_(18)(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)柱分离,以乙腈-0.01 mol·L~(-1)乙酸铵(0.1%乙酸)缓冲溶液梯度洗脱,流速0.3 mL·min~(-1),以多反应检测(MRM)方式进行检测。用于定量分析的二级碎片离子分别为 m/z 321(格列吡嗪)和 m/z 369(格列本脲)。结果:格列吡嗪和格列本脲的线性范围分别为4.98～498 ng·mL~(-1)和4.96～496 ng·mL~(-1)。结论:此方法选择性强,灵敏度高,可作为中成药中非法添加格列本脲、格列吡嗪的分析检测方法。     

快速筛查检验保健食品及中成药中的12种化学降糖药北大核心CSCD

目的:建立HPLC-DAD法快速筛查检验降糖类保健食品及中成药中添加的12种化学药品,为保健食品和中成药中添加的化学降糖药提供检测方法。方法:Agilent Extend-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以0.014%三氟乙酸、乙腈、0.21%庚烷磺酸钠为三元梯度洗脱流动相,柱温30℃,流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为220 nm。结果:12种化学降糖药实现了同时分离与专属性鉴别;利用本法,从18种28批样品中检出7种11批非法添加化学药品。结论:本法可以有效地用于快速筛查和定量检验降糖类保健食品及中成药中添加的12种化学降糖药。     

降糖类中药中非法添加格列本脲的检出

格列本脲属磺酰脲类降糖药物,价格低廉,起效快[1],成为许多标称中药降糖制剂中非法添加的化学药品之一.患者在不知情的情况下服用过量,会出现一系列如肝功能损害、血小板减少、低血糖反应等不良反应[2],甚至危及生命.我们采用薄层色谱法和高效液相色谱法检验降糖类中药中非法添加的格列本脲,现报告如下.     

降糖类中成药中非法掺入西药成分的检测

目的建立降糖类中成药中非法掺入西药成分（格列吡嗪、格列齐特、格列本脲）的检测方法。方法采用TLC法和HPLC法封怀疑掺有格列吡嗪、格列齐特、格列本脲的降糖类中成药进行检测。并采用HPLC-二极管阵列检测法封其进行定性鉴别。结果涉及四个品种的降糖类中成药、12个生产企业和19批样品非法掺入不同的西药成分（格列吡嗪、格列齐特、格列本脲）。结论本法简便、快速、准确，专属性好；可作为降糖类中成药中非法掺入西药成分（格列吡嗪、格列齐特、格列本脲）的检测方法.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.