国产与进口盐酸多奈哌齐片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究国产与进口盐酸多奈哌齐片在健康人体的生物等效性.方法 20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉给药,分别单剂量口服国产(受试制剂)与进口盐酸多奈哌齐片(参比制剂),用高效液相飞行时间质谱(HPLC/TOF/MS)联用技术,测定人血浆中多奈哌齐的浓度,计算2者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并评价2制剂的生物等效性.结果 口服国产及进口盐酸多奈哌齐片5mg的主要药代动力学参数:t_(1/2)分别为(62.56±9.76),(65.70±12.80)h;t_(max)分别为(3.15±0.67),(3.10±0.55)h;C_(max)分别为(10.42±2.52),(10.06±2.02)ng·mL~(-1);AUC_(0-192)分别为(489.37±154.32),(484.76±150.13)ng·h·mL<-1>;AUC_(0-∞)分别为(566.52±193.84),(564.38±176.10)ng·h·mL~(-1).用AUC_(0-192)、AUC_(0-∞)估算多奈哌齐供试片的相对生物利用度分别为(100.7±9.2)%,(99.2 ±11.9)%.结论 2种盐酸多奈哌齐片为生物等效制剂.     

盐酸氟西汀胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:评价国产盐酸氟西汀胶囊与进口上市的盐酸氟西汀胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:22例健康男性志愿者,随机分成2个序列,交叉单剂量口服40 mg 盐酸氟西汀胶囊,以液相色谱-质谱联用法测定血清样本中氟西汀的浓度,并计算相关药动学参数判定2种制剂是否生物等效。结果:测得盐酸氟西汀胶囊参比制剂和受试制剂中氟西汀的主要药代动力学数据t_(max)分别为(7.41±1.74)h和(7.36±1.87)h,C_(max)分别为(43.64±11.10)ng·mL~(-1)和(44.90±11.39)ng·mL~(-1),AUC_(0-)分别为(2817.7±927.5)ng·h·mL~(-1)和(2870.5±989.8)ng·h·mL~(-1),AUC_(0～∞)分别为(2847.4±952.9)ng·h·mL~(-1)和(2892.0±1012.0)ng·h·mL~(-1),t_(1/2(k_e))分别为(73.63±16.89)h 和(69.37±13.05)h,K_e 分别为(0.0099±0.0025)h~(-1)和(0.0104±0.0023)h~(-1)。国产盐酸氟西汀胶囊的相对生物利用度(101.74±12.44)%。结论:方差分析和双单侧 t 检验表明2种制剂生物等效。     

国产赖诺普利片人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产赖诺普利片在健康人体内的药动学及其生物等效性。方法:20例健康受试者单剂量交叉口服20 mg赖诺普利供试制剂(国产制剂)或参比制剂(进口制剂)后,采用LC-MS测定人体血浆中不同时间点赖诺普利的浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价2制剂的生物等效性。结果:赖诺普利供试制剂和参比制剂主要药动学参数C_(max)分别为(93．85±30．79)和(101．56±35．84)ng．mL~(-1),AUC_(0～96h)分别为(1690．26±528．20)和(1729．13±568．90)ng·h·mL~(-1),T_(max)分别为(6．6±0．9)和(6．3±1．0)h,t_(1/2)分别为(16．28±2．51)和(15．87±2．80)h。2制剂主要药动学参数经统计学检验无显著性差异。国产制剂的相对生物利用度为(98．6±8,7)%。结论:国产赖诺普利片与进口制剂具有生物等效性。     

2种洛伐他汀片人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:比较2种洛伐他汀片在健康人体内的药代动力学和生物利用度,评价2种制剂的生物等效性。方法:18名男性健康志愿者随机交叉分别单剂量口服山东罗欣药业股份有限公司研制的洛伐他汀片5片(20 mg·片~(-1))或北京万生药业有限责任公司生产的洛伐他汀片5片(20 mg·片~(-1)),采用 HPLC 测定血浆中药物浓度,通过方差分析和双向单侧 t 检验比较2种制剂的 AUC_(0→24)、C_(max)、T_(max)。结果:2种制剂的 T_(max)(h)分别为2.11±0.21和2.11±0.21,C_(max)(ng·mL~(-1))为93.73±17.42和92.67±13.98,t_(1/2)(h)分别为6.75±1.33和6.50±1.09,AUC_(0→24)(ng·mL~(-1)·h~(-1))分别为480.56±55.75和478.24±69.26,AUC_(0→∞)(ng·mL~(-1)·h~(-1))分别为555.33±69.98和543.04±76.25。结论:2种洛伐他汀片生物等效,受试制剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(102.67±6.98)%。     

鲑鱼降钙素喷鼻剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产和进口鲑鱼降钙素鼻喷剂的生物等效性。方法:采用双周期自身随机交叉设计。用放射免疫法(RIA)测定22例健康志愿者喷鼻给药后的血药浓度。结果:国产制剂及进口鼻喷剂实测平均血药峰浓度C_(max)分别为(64.72±9.68)ng·L~(-1)和(65.61±8.46)ng·L~(-1);实测平均达峰时间t_(max)分别为(0.27±0.05)h和(0.27±0.05)h;国产制剂及进口制剂t_(1/2)(ke)分别为(0.68±0.23)h和(0.69±0.24)h;血药浓度-时间曲线下面积AUC_(0-8)h平均值分别为(61.70±15.53)ng·L~(-1)·h和(64.89±15.12)ng·L~(-1)·h;以进口制剂为参比制剂,试验制剂鲑鱼降钙素鼻喷剂的相对生物利用度为(95.95±15.21)%。结论:国产与进口鲑鱼降钙素鼻喷剂生物等效。     

富马酸比索洛尔片在健康人体内的生物等效性评价

目的:建立人血浆中比索洛尔浓度的HPLC-MS测定方法,并评价国产与进口富马酸比索洛尔片的人体生物等效性。方法:18例男性健康受试者随机分成两组,分别交叉口服受试制剂和参比制剂各5mg,采用HPLC- MS法测定人血浆中比索洛尔的浓度。结果:血浆中比索洛尔的最低定量限为0.05 ng·mL~(-1),在0.05～120 ng·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,批内及批间精密度RSD均小于8%。受试制剂与参比制剂的各主要药动学参数:T_(max)分别为(1.9±0.9)和(1.9±0.7)h,C_(max)分别为(20.3±3.3)和(20.6±3.3)ng·mL~(-1),t_(1/2)分别为(8.4±1.2)和(8.1±1.0)h,用梯形法计算AUC_(0～48h)分别为(244.0±38.5)和(249.5±41.0)ng·h·mL~(-1)。两种制剂的主要药动学参数C_(max)和AUC_(0～48h)经对数转换后进行方差分析及双单侧t检验,并计算90%置信区间,表明两种制剂生物等效,相对生物利用度为(98.4±10.6)%。结论:两种制剂生物等效。     

酒石酸美托洛尔片在健康人体中的生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产与进口酒石酸美托洛尔片的生物等效性。方法:采用双交叉随机自身对照试验设计,20名健康男性志愿者分别单剂口服2种酒石酸美托洛尔片(参比制剂和受试制剂)100 mg,应用高效液相-荧光检测法测定血浆中美托洛尔的浓度,经DAS 2.1软件处理后得药动学数据,并进行等效性检验。结果:参比制剂与受试制剂的主要药动学参数分别为C_(max)(457.2±112.6)和(480.9±107.6)ng·mL~(-1),T_(max)(1.43±0.34)和(1.25±0.44)h,t_(1/2)(3.20±0.97)和(3.48±1.36)h,AUC_(0-24h)(2 241±864)和(2 169±873)ng·h·mL~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)(2199±889)和(2264±870)ng·h·mL~(-1),受试制剂对参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(104.6±16.9)%。将主要药动学参数经方差分析和双单侧t检验,T_(max)采用非参数检验,结果显示,差异无统计学意义。结论:2种酒石酸美托洛尔片具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口赖诺普利片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的 评价国产与进口赖诺普利片(降血脂药)在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 20名健康男性受试者随机分组,按自身交叉、单剂量口服赖诺普利受试和参比制剂各20 mg后,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中赖诺普利的浓度,非房室模型法计算各主要药代动力学参数,并进行方差分析和生物等效性评价.结果 赖诺普利片受试制剂和参比制剂的tmax分别为(6.00±0.46),(6.35±0.88)h;Cmax分别为(81.47±40.92),(80.91±37.45)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(10.99±6.12),(10.71±3.40)h;AUC0-48分别为(784.90±379.40),(815.40±377.60)ng·h · mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(838.50±392.00),(868.00±392.20)ng·h·mL-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度F为(97.1±11.9)%.结论 国产与进口赖诺普利片具有生物等效.     

盐酸特拉唑嗪片人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:建立人血浆中特拉唑嗪药物浓度的 HPLC-UV 测定法,研究健康受试者口服盐酸特拉唑嗪受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性,并估算其药代动力学参数。方法:18名健康男性志愿受试者单剂量随机交叉口服2 mg 盐酸特拉唑嗪受试制剂或参比制剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定给药后不同时间血浆中特拉唑嗪的浓度,估算药动学参数,并作方差分析和双单侧 t检验。结果:受试者口服盐酸特拉唑嗪受试制剂和参比制剂后的 T_(max)分别为(1.08±0.19)h和(1.08±0.19)h,C_(max)分别为(320.49±44.82)ng·mL~(-1)和(316.03±45.40)ng·mL~(-1),t_(1/2)分别为(12.68±0.92)h和(12.97±1.33)h,AUC_(0→48)分别为(2648.00±316.85)ng·h·mL~(-1)和(2618.67±334.38)ng·h·mL~(-1),AUC_(0→∞)分别为(3002.46±322.25)ng·h·mL~(-1)和(2979.85±341.96)ng·h·mL~(-1)。结论:本方法操作简便,专属性强。盐酸特拉唑嗪受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

2种国产盐酸二甲双胍肠溶胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究健康受试者单剂量口服2种国产盐酸二甲双胍(降糖药)肠溶胶囊的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 采用开放、双周期随机交叉给药方案,22名健康男性受试者单剂量口服2种盐酸二甲双胍肠溶胶囊1 000 mg,用HPLC法测定血浆中二甲双胍浓度,计算其主要药代动力学参数.结果 单剂量口服盐酸二甲双胍肠溶胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:AUC_(0-tn) 分别为(9.08±3.59)和(9.09±3.28)μg·h·mL~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(9.72±3.67)和(9.88±3.62)μg·h·mL~(-1);C_(max)分别为(1.76±0.69)和(1.80±0.63)μg·mL~(-1);t_(max)分别为(3.70±1.08)和(3.77±0.81)h;t_(1/2)分别为(3.03±0.49)和(3.08±0.52)h;F为(103.6±36.9)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.