扁蕾颗粒质量标准提升研究

目的 提升扁蕾颗粒的现有质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对制剂中的1,7-二羟基-3,8-二甲氧基(口山)酮进行定性鉴别；采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定制剂中的当药苷、木犀草素、1,7-二羟基-3,8-二甲氧基(口山)酮的含量，色谱柱为Waters SunFire C₁₈柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)，流动相为甲醇-0.05%磷酸水溶液(梯度洗脱)，流速为1.0 mL/min，检测波长为254 nm，柱温为30℃，进样量为10μL。结果 1,7-二羟基-3,8-二甲氧的TLC图斑点清晰，分离度高，阴性对照无干扰。当药苷、木犀草素、1,7-二羟基-3,8-二甲氧基(口山)酮质量浓度分别在0.020 5～0.409 6 mg/mL、0.005 6～0.111 6 mg/mL、0.001 5～0.030 0 mg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好；精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均小于1.0%；平均加样回收率分别为98.24%,98.11%,97.88%,RSD分别为0.88%,0.93%,1.54%(n=6)。结论 该方法操作简便、结果准确、重复...     

高效液相色谱法同时测定扁蕾颗粒中5种有效成分含量

目的 建立同时测定扁蕾颗粒中马钱苷酸、当药苷、芒果苷、木犀草素、1,7-二羟基-3,8-二甲氧基?酮含量的高效液相色谱法。方法 色谱柱为Waters SunFire ODS C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm），流动相为甲醇-0.05%磷酸溶液（梯度洗脱），流速为1.0 mL/min，检测波长为254 nm，柱温为30℃，进样量为10μL。结果 马钱苷酸、当药苷、芒果苷、木犀草素、1,7-二羟基-3,8-二甲氧基酮的进样量分别在0.020 6～0.412 0μg、0.201 0～4.020 0μg、0.008 0～0.160 0μg、0.056 6～1.132 0μg、0.015 0～0.300 0μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r≥0.999 8,n=6）；精密度、稳定性、重复性试验结果的RSD均小于2.0%(n=6)；平均加样回收率分别为96.24%,98.16%,96.67%,98.06%,97.84%,RSD分别为0.84%,0.89%,1.06%,0.92%,1.57%(n=6);5批样品中上述成分的含量分别为0.53～0.56 mg/g、8.30～8.44 mg/...     

HPLC-DAD-MS法同时测定藏药花锚中6个[口山]酮类成分

目的:建立高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测-质谱法(HPLC-DAD—MS)同时测定藏药花锚中6个(口山)酮类成分,即5个(口山)酮苷元,1-羟基-2,3,5-三甲氧基-(口山)酮(HM-1),1-羟基-2,3,4,7-四甲氧基-(口山)酮(HM-2),1-羟基-2,3,4,5-四甲氧基-(口山)酮(HM-3),1,7-二羟基-2,3,4,5-四甲氧基-(口山)酮(HM-4),1,5-二羟基-2,3-二甲氧基-(口山)酮(HM-5)及1个(口山)酮苷,1-O-β[β-D-木糖-(1—6)-β-D-葡糖]-2,3,5-三甲氧基-(口山)酮(HM-2—10)的含量。方法:采用 Alltima C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),以乙腈-0.5%醋酸(v/v)进行梯度洗脱(0 mim,20:80;20 min,70:30;30 min,80:20;30.1min,20:80;35 min,20:80),流速0.8 mL·min~(-1),检测波长252 nm,离子源 APCI,扫描模式正离子。结果:HM-1、HM-2、HM-3、HM-4、HM-5和 HM-2—10分别在0.05～5.0,0.05～5.0,0.05～5.0,0.05～10.0,0.05～5.0,0.05～2.0,0.05～2.0μg的范围内线性关系良好(r 分别为0.9999,0.9999,0.9997,0.9999,0.9999,0.9992);HM-1、HM-2和 HM-3平均回收率(n=9)分别为95.20%,99.80%,97.37%。结论:本法简便、准确,重现性好,可作为藏药花锚药材质量检测的方法。     

天然(口山)酮对A和B型单胺氧化酶的抑制作用

本文报导十一种天然(口山)酮对大鼠脑线粒体A和B型单胺氧化酶(MAO)的抑制作用.十一种(口山)酮分别为:1-羟基-3,8-二甲氧基-(口山)酮,1,3-二羟基-7,8-二甲氧基-(口山)酮,1,3-二羟基-8-甲氧基-(口山)酮、     

高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法测定金沙绢毛菊中木犀草素和木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷的含量

目的:建立金沙绢毛菊中木犀草素和木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷的含量测定方法。方法:采用HPLC-DAD法,色谱柱为Zorbax-Eclipse XDB-C18柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.5%磷酸水溶液(0~9min为48∶52,流速0.7mL.min-1;9~25min为65∶35,流速0.8mL.min-1),检测波长360nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。结果:木犀草素的回归方程为Y=4 576X+3.886 7,r=0.999 9(n=5),木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷的回归方程为Y=4 527.2X+1.14,r=0.999 9(n=5),木犀草素和木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷的线性范围为0.027 2~0.272 0μg。结论:测定方法简便易行,准确可靠,结果稳定,重复性好,有助于金沙绢毛菊的质量评价。     

彝药布高兹尔化学成分的分离和结构鉴定(Ⅰ)

应用高效多功能提取器,采用净化提取法等,从Veratrilla baillonii Franch根的石油醚和乙酸乙酯提出物中,分离获得6种(口山)酮类化合物。经光谱、理化常数鉴定为:1-羟基-2,3,4,7-四甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅰ);1-羟基-2,3,4,5-四甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅱ);1-羟基-3,4,5-三甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅲ);1-羟基-2,3,5-三甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅳ);1-羟基-3,4-二甲氧基-7-0-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(口山)酮(Ⅴ);1,7-二羟基-3,4-二甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅵ)。乙醇、水提出物中各组分尚在研究中。     

大鼠胆汁中木犀草素和芹菜素HPLC测定方法的建立及应用

目的:建立大鼠胆汁中木犀草素和芹菜素浓度测定的HPLC方法,并考察大鼠经口给予菊花提取物(CME)后,木犀草素和芹菜素在胆汁中的排泄情况。方法:胆汁样品经葡萄糖醛酸酶和硫酸酯酶酶解后测定,以SB-C_(18)柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为分离柱,流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液(52∶48,v/v),流速为1.0mL·min~(-1),检测波长为350nm。结果:本法木犀草素、芹菜素分离良好,线性范围分别为0.1745～6.986μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)和0.3693～11.08μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),绝对回收率为84.6%～106.2%,方法回收率为80.1%～106.9%,日内和日间精密度RSD小于14%。大鼠灌胃给药CME后36h内,胆汁中木犀草素和芹菜素的累积排泄量占给药量的2.05%和6.34%。结论:本法可以准确、灵敏地同时测定大鼠胆汁中木犀草素和芹菜素的浓度,两者经胆汁排泄证明存在肝肠循环。     

黄花远志根化学成分的分离和结构鉴定

从黄花远志(Polygala arilata Buch-Ham.)根中分离得到7个化合物,根据光谱(UV,IR,MS,¹HNMR,DIFNOE和¹³CNMR)解析和理化性质,分别鉴定为1-甲氧基-2,3-亚甲二氧基口山酮(I)、1,7-二羟基-2,3-亚甲二氧基口山酮(II)、1,6,7-三羟基-2,3-二甲氧基口山酮(II)、对羟基苯甲酸(IV)、远志醇(V)、豆甾醇(VI)、豆甾醇β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙(VII)。其中,I和II为新化合物,VI和VI为首次从该植物中分得。化合物I～II有抑制醛糖酶的作用。     

红厚壳枝条中的细胞毒活性成分研究

目的研究红厚壳(Calophyllum inophyllum Linn.)枝条的化学成分。方法采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱等方法进行分离纯化,根据理化常数和波谱数据鉴定结构。结果从红厚壳枝条中提取分离得到5个化合物,分别鉴定为:1,2,3-三羟基-5-甲氧基口山酮(1)、3,5-二羟基-1-甲氧基口山酮(2)、1,7-二羟基-3-甲氧基口山酮(3)、3-羟基-4-甲氧基口山酮(4)和12-甲氧基红厚壳素P(5)。结论以上5个化合物均为首次从该种植物中分离得到。采用MTT法对以上化合物进行了体外肿瘤细胞毒活性测试,实验结果表明,化合物1和5均显示了肿瘤细胞毒活性。     

大叶藤黄茎皮化学成分研究

目的研究大叶藤黄(Garcinia xanthochymus)茎皮95%(体积分数)乙醇提取物的化学成分。方法利用制备薄层色谱、反复硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、开放ODS柱色谱等方法进行分离纯化;根据理化性质及波谱分析鉴定化合物的结构。结果分离得到10个已知化合物,分别鉴定为1,2,5-三羟基口山酮(1)、1,4,5-三羟基口山酮(2)、1,6-二羟基-4,5-二甲氧基口山酮(3)、1,5-二羟基-3-甲氧基口山酮(4)、1,4-二羟基-5-甲氧基-6,6’-二甲基吡喃(2’,3’:6,7)口山酮(5)、木犀草素(6)、槲皮素(7)、山柰酚(8)、tirucallane-7,24-dien-3-ol(9)、morol-ic acid acetate(10)。结论化合物6、9、10为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.