Wistar大鼠肝脏超声声像图表现及相关应用

目的明确Wistar大鼠肝脏声像图表现,探讨大鼠肝脏在超声医学实验研究中的应用。方法Wistar大鼠40只,利用高频探头观察肝脏二维图像;将大鼠随机分为2组,每组20只,超声监视下经皮将美蓝溶液(0.05~0.1ml/只)注入肝左外叶(组1)或右侧各分叶(组2);尾静脉团注超声造影剂观察肝脏造影过程;处死动物,检查肝叶间有无美蓝溶液渗出;摘除肝脏,测量各分叶。结果在高频探头下隐约可见大鼠肝脏各叶的纤细分界;组1无美蓝渗出,组2有5例发生渗出;所有病例可清晰显示肝脏微泡造影的动脉相、门静脉相和延迟相。结论高频探头可以区分Wistar大鼠肝脏的部分分叶,肝左外叶易于在超声下辨认,对之进行穿刺操作时,不易发生刺透现象;大鼠肝脏可用于微泡造影剂成像等超声实验研究,但其动脉相和门静脉相持续时间短,针对这两个时相的研究可能会受到一定的影响。     

CT of agenesis and atrophy of the right hepatic lobe

Background: To identify and differentiate agenesis and severe atrophy of the right hepatic lobe on computed tomography (CT). Methods: The CT examinations of three cases of agenesis and 11 cases of severe atrophy of the right hepatic lobe were reviewed. We evaluated visibility of the three hepatic veins, the two main portal veins (including their branches if necessary), the dilated intrahepatic ducts, enlargement of the medial and lateral segments of the left lobe and caudate lobe of the liver, presence of a retrohepatic gallbladder, hyperattenuation of the atrophic liver parenchyma, posterolateral interposition of the hepatic flexure of the colon, and upward migration of the right kidney. Results: In the three cases of agenesis, no structure can be recognized as the right hepatic vein, right portal vein, or dilated right intrahepatic ducts. In the 11 cases of severe lobar atrophy, the right portal vein (or its branches) was recognized in eight cases, the right hepatic vein in four cases, and the dilated right intrahepatic ducts in 11 cases. The degree of enlargement of the lateral segment does not necessarily change inversely with the size of the medial segment and the caudate lobe. The retrohepatic gallbladder is present in eight cases (two in agenesis and six in atrophy). The phenomenon of hyperattenuation of the atrophic liver parenchyma was noted in six cases. Conclusion: Even though a retrohepatic gallbladder and a severely distorted hepatic morphology due to compensatory hypertrophy of the left and caudate lobes may raise a suspicion of agenesis of the right lobe of the liver, absence of visualization of all of the right hepatic vein, right portal vein and its branches, and dilated right intrahepatic ducts is a prerequisite of the diagnosis of agenesis of the right hepatic lobe on CT. In severe lobar atrophy, at least one of these structures is recognizable. Received: 1 March 1997/Accepted after revision: 25 June 1997     

The anatomy of the umbilical, portal and hepatic venous systems in the human fetus at 14-19 weeks of gestation.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound imaging of the fetal ductus venosus is becoming increasingly commonplace in clinical practice. The true anatomical relationships of the fetal umbilical and portal venous systems have not been clearly defined due to paucity of published data on the relevant anatomy. This has led to confusing terminology when describing the fetal umbilical, portal and hepatic circulations. The aim of the present study was to examine and document the anatomy of the umbilical, portal and hepatic venous systems and to propose a standardized nomenclature. METHODS: This was a prospective study on 11 fetuses obtained from medical termination of pregnancies between 14 and 19 weeks of gestation. The liver was microdissected to expose the branching pattern and anatomical relations of the umbilical, portal and hepatic venous systems. RESULTS: A wide L-shaped venous confluence at the terminal end of the umbilical vein, termed the portal sinus, was identified. The portal sinus was connected to the right and left hepatic lobes, by the right and left intrahepatic portal veins, respectively. The extrahepatic portal vein drained into the portal sinus just before the origin of the right intrahepatic portal vein. The ductus venosus, a branchless straight vessel, originated from the portal sinus and ascended steeply in the direction of the diaphragm. Numerous small vessels draining the liver converged into three main hepatic veins, which open into the subdiaphragmatic vestibulum. CONCLUSION: Based on detailed sequential anatomical dissection and clear illustrations, the present study documents the anatomy of the umbilical, portal and hepatic venous systems. Taking into account the embryological origin of the vessels, a new anatomically appropriate and simplified nomenclature of these venous systems is proposed. In clinical practice, the consistent use of the suggested terminology would allow collection of comparable data between units and enable operators to be confident of which vessels they are sampling by Doppler ultrasound.     

Agenesis of the left lobe of the liver: Radiologic findings

We describe a case of agenesis of the left lobe of the liver. The patient was a 61-year-old man with a chief complaint of a continuous, blunt pain in the left side of the back. Examinations were conducted using ultrasonography (US), enhanced computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). No liver tissue or falciform ligament were visualized at the left portion of the gallbladder fossa. The portal and hepatic veins lacked left branches, and the right branches of the hepatic vein were dilated. Here we discuss the differential diagnosis of agenesis of the left lobe of the liver.     

Portal and umbilical venous blood supply to the liver in the human fetus near term.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the contribution of the umbilical (UV) and portal (PV) veins to blood supply to the human fetal liver in a low-risk population near term, and to assess the distribution between the left and right lobes. METHODS: In 91 low-risk pregnancies with normally grown fetuses at 36 weeks of gestation we measured the distribution of blood in the UV and PV to the right and left hepatic lobes using ultrasound imaging and Doppler techniques. RESULTS: The median (10(th), 90(th) centile) total UV return was 205 (127, 294) mL/min, of which 25% (13, 47%) was shunted through the ductus venosus, 55% (35, 66%) was distributed to the left hepatic lobe, and 20% (11, 30%) was distributed to the right hepatic lobe. While the left lobe was supplied exclusively by the UV, the right lobe received 50% (20, 70%; 37 (16, 65) mL/min) of its venous blood supply from the PV. The total venous blood supply to the liver parenchyma was 185 (114, 277) mL/min; 21% (8, 34%) came from the PV supply to the right lobe and the remainder came from the UV supply to both lobes. CONCLUSIONS: The venous supply to the left lobe is from nutrient-rich UV blood; for the right lobe, half is from UV blood and half from nutrient-poor PV blood. This watershed between the portal and umbilical venous flows to the fetal liver suggests a corresponding functional dichotomy; this may be modified by hemodynamic influences, with long-term consequences.     

应用多普勒超声检测介入术后的Budd-Chiari综合征

目的：了解Budd-Chiari综合征介入术后血管形态和血流动力学改变。方法：195例Budd-Chiari综合征患者于介入术后1－3周,应用二维超声和彩色多普勒超声对球囊扩张处及血管内支架的血流状况进行观察。结果：肝脏脾脏缩小,肝尾叶缩小最为明显,门静脉、脾静脉血流量减少。球囊扩张术后的隔膜缩短或断裂,血流多数通畅。血管支架表现为直筒型、喇叭型和哑铃型,前者支架内血流多数表现为层流,而后两者支架内多数表现为湍流或涡流。结论：彩色多普勒超声可作为Budd-Chiari综合征介入术后观察疗效的首选检查方法。     

螺旋CT三维重建对各肝段门静脉解剖结构的观察

目的利用经动脉性门静脉造影CT重建门静脉、肝静脉三维结构，观察生理状态下的各肝段门静脉的分支形式。方法73例病人，导管置入于肠系膜上动脉内，注入造影剂后门静脉期和肝静脉期连续扫描肝脏。三维重建门静脉及肝静脉，分析各肝段内的门静脉的分支形式。结果肝右叶4个段的门静脉分支形式分为4个类型，肝左叶外侧段的门静脉分为3个类型，内侧段分为2个类型。结论门静脉的三维图像重建及类型分析对术前手术方式的确定有一定的临床意义。     

Sonographic anatomy of the caudate lobe veins

Because of their small size, the caudate lobe veins (CLV) are not routinely imaged with ultrasonography. We recently examined 4 patients with elevated central venous pressure in whom the CLV were easily identifiable. To our knowledge this is the first report of sonographic visualization of these veins. We suggest that visualization of the CLV may not be as rare as previously presumed, and based on our experience, we will propose a nomenclature system for these veins.     

胆管细胞癌的超声表现及与CECT、MRI、MRCP诊断价值的对比研究

目的 探讨胆管细胞癌(CCC)的二维超声、彩色多普勒及CEUS表现,比较超声、增强CT(CECT)、MRI、磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)对胆管细胞癌的诊断价值。方法 归纳57例CCC的二维超声和彩色多普勒血流的具体表现,并且对行CEUS检查的4例病灶造影剂灌注情况进行分析。比较普通超声、CECT、MRI、MRCP以及联合CEUS后超声对CCC的诊断价值。结果 57例病灶以肝门型居多,部分伴发肝内胆管扩张,少数可见肝门部或腹膜后淋巴结肿大。病灶多表现为血流不丰富的低回声,尤以肝门部和肝左叶者明显。肝门部病灶多伴发胆囊结石,肝右叶者多伴发肝内胆管结石,肝左叶者伴发胆囊和肝内胆管结石的比例各半。4例CEUS表现为动脉期高增强或等增强继而快速减退呈低增强并持续整个门脉期和延迟期。普通超声、CEUS、CECT、MRI及MRCP的诊断价值无统计学差异 (P>0.05)。结论 CCC的二维及彩色多普勒超声表现有一定规律可循,普通超声联合CEUS可降低漏、误诊率。     

经肾静脉先天性部分型肝外门体静脉分流的MSCT和超声表现

目的 分析经肾静脉先天性部分型肝外门体静脉分流（CPEPSVRV）的MSCT和超声表现。方法 回顾性分析我院11例CPEPSVRV患者（病变组）和20例对照（对照组）的影像学资料,对两组患者均行MSCT增强扫描,病变组进行超声检查。采用两独立样本Mann-Whitney U检验比较两组门静脉主干、左右分支及肝固有动脉管径。结果 病变组增强MSCT均显示门和（或）脾静脉与左肾静脉间粗细不等单一分流血管,其中门-肾静脉分流2例,门脾-肾静脉分流1例,脾-肾静脉分流8例;11例均伴门静脉及其分支不同程度发育细小,其中1例同时合并门静脉右支缺如;肝总动脉及肝固有动脉均有不同程度扩张、增粗。MPR、MIP和VR可立体显示分流血管起始、走行及终止位置。超声检查均显示门静脉和（或）脾静脉血经分流血管向肾静脉分流。两组门静脉主干、左右分支及肝固有动脉管径差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。结论 CPEPSVRV影像学表现具有特征性。MSCT增强扫描结合超声检查可清晰显示分流血管、分流方向及伴发病变。     

B超诊断子宫多发巨大肌瘤伴囊性变1例

患者女性，４７岁。既往月经规律，量较多。近２～３年自觉下蹲时呼吸困难，未经治疗。因停经四个月，阴道淋滴流血２０天来诊。妇科检查；外阴：发育正常、经产型。阴道通畅、壁光滑、无充血，血性分泌物少许。宫颈；光滑、口闭，无举痛。宫体；孕５月大，质略硬，活动可...     

用超声研究脂肪肝的血流动力学变化

目的应用彩色多普勒技术探讨脂肪肝的血流动力学变化及与脂肪肝程度的关系。方法运用彩色多普勒超声探测102例脂肪肝患者肝静脉、门静脉血流参数,分析脂肪肝病变程度及临床意义。结果重度脂肪肝的肝静脉、门静脉血流速度均低于正常值,并与脂肪肝的程度成反比。结论彩色多普勒超声技术对脂肪肝病变程度有较好的诊断价值。     

非刚性三维校正技术在肝脏MR动态增强减影图像中的质量评价

目的 探讨非刚性三维校正技术在肝脏MR动态增强减影图像质量评价中的应用。方法 对20例患者的肝脏MR动态增强扫描非刚性三维校正前、后的减影图像质量进行评价,定性评价包括图像伪影情况和解剖错配程度;定量评价为测量各血管（腹主动脉,肝右动脉和肝左动脉,门静脉主干、左支、右支）校正前后平扫、动脉晚期、门静脉晚期的SNR,并绘制SNR的动态变化曲线,评估肝右动脉和肝左动脉、门静脉主干、左支、右支的SNR曲线吻合程度。结果 校正前的减影图像均出现不同程度的解剖学错配导致的伪影,校正后的减影图像无明显解剖学错配伪影。校正前肝右动脉和肝左动脉的SNR动态变化曲线不吻合,校正后两者的动态变化曲线吻合;门静脉主干、左支、右支的SNR变化曲线在校正前后均吻合。结论 非刚性三维校正技术可显著改善肝脏MRI动态增强减影图像的质量。     

Hepatic vein occlusion: Morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography

Hepatic vein occlusion causes morphologic changes that can be demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound. In this study the imaging findings of acute, subacute, and chronic occlusion of the hepatic veins were analyzed retrospectively in 9 patients and correlated with the histopathologic changes. The CT findings were focal or scattered hypodense parenchymal lesions of the liver before and a patchy enhancement after intravenous bolus injection of contrast material. In none of the cases could the hepatic veins be identified. Hepatomegaly with relative enlargement of the caudate lobe was almost always observed. Ultrasonography demonstrated solid material within the major hepatic veins, intrahepatic venous collaterals, and focal parenchymal lesions, which varied with the stage of the disease: a hypoechogenic area was observed in acute hepatic vein thombosis with subsequent hemorrhagic infarction; hyperechogenic lesions corresponded with fibrotic zones in chronic disease. Ascites was shown by both methods in all patients.     

大鼠右肝门静脉结扎磁共振扩散加权成像

目的探讨大鼠右肝门静脉血供阻断后磁共振扩散加权成像表现及ADC值变化。方法选取体重300g左右SD大鼠30只,肝门静脉右分支结扎术后随机分成5组,分别在术后3小时、1天、3天、7天、14天采集T1WI、T2WI、DWI及ADC图像,并杀死大鼠取得标本作病理、电镜及TUNEL染色检查。结果①病理学、TUNEL染色及电镜检查证实30只大鼠右肝细胞均发生灶性凋亡,术后3d,时开始出现,随时间延长,凋亡细胞渐增多;②术后各组肝右叶T1WI表现为片状高信号,T2WI术后3小时表现为片状低信号,以后各时间段为高信号,DWI术后3小时为片状稍高信号,此后呈小片状高信号;③各组肝右叶ADC测量值较肝左叶均下降,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,rADC值随时间渐增高;④随着b值增加,各组ADC测量值渐降低,rADC值增高,DWI信噪比及敏感性降低,但特异性增加。结论大鼠肝右叶门静脉结扎除诱导肝细胞灶性凋亡,其DWI也有特征性表现,可以借助DWI及ADC值来判断肝脏血供干预手术的成败,提示灶性凋亡的存在。     

血清-腹水总蛋白梯度与肝脏超声参数的相关分析

目的探讨血清-腹水总蛋白梯度（SATPG）与肝脏超声参数的相关性。方法666例肝硬化并腹水患者经彩色多普勒超声测定肝脏左肝上下径、左肝前后径、右肝厚度、右肝斜径、门静脉管径和门静脉血流速度;同时测定血清和腹水总蛋白浓度,二者差值为SATPG。分析SATPG与肝脏超声参数的关系。结果SATPG与谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、白蛋白、球蛋白以及总胆红素均存在明显相关（P<0.05）;SATPG与右肝斜径、左肝前后径不存在相关性（P>0.05）;SATPG与左肝上下径、右肝厚度、门静脉管径和门静脉血流速度存在明显相关（P<0.05）。结论SATPG可以反映肝硬化腹水患者肝硬化程度和门静脉高压,同时也可以反映了患者肝功能情况。     

Giant hyperplasia of the caudate lobe of the cirrhotic liver: correlation with an anomaly of the caudate portal branch

Different imaging appearances of giant hyperplastic change of the caudate lobe of the liver are presented in a patient with liver cirrhosis. The mass like caudate lobe was isoechoic on ultrasound, hypodense on postcontrast computed tomography (CT), hyperintense on T1-weighted magnetic resonance, images and isointense on T2-weighted images. These imaging findings are similar to those of dysplastic nodule in cirrhotic liver. The caudate lobe received normal portal flow on CT during arterial portography, but superior mesenteric arteriography showed precocious or early division of the caudate portal branch. We suspect that caudate hyperplastic change may be correlated to anomalous caudate portal vein branch.     

超声检查慢性血吸虫肝病的价值

目的评价超声对慢性血吸虫肝病的诊断价值。方法对2008年3月至2008年10月体检的998例慢性血吸虫肝脏超声图像进行分析;分析内容包括:肝脏大小、形态、内部回声、门静脉、肝静脉粗细、走向。结果 998例中,967例(96.9%)有慢性血吸虫肝病超声声像表现,其中网格状513例(51.4%),粗点状408例(40.9%),无改变31例(3.1%),门脉增宽153例(15.3%),门脉壁增厚662例(66.3%)。结论超声检查对于慢性血吸虫肝病有重要的诊断价值。     

An unusual anomalous intrahepatic connection between the left portal vein and internal mammary veins

Persistent embryonic portal vessels such as the umbilical vein or ductus venosus are occasionally encountered in the adult on ultrasound examination of the liver. These vessels must be identified and distinguished from the normal intrahepatic portal and hepatic veins. Recently, we have found another vein that, like the ductus venosus and persistent umbilical vein, is also a large intrahepatic portal vessel that is not a normal component of the hepatic vasculature. This anomalous vein originated from the left portal vein and traversed the liver parenchyma without branching to reach the anterior-superior liver margin, serving as an intrahepatic portal-systemic shunt by directly connecting the left portal vein and the internal mammary veins.