Management Options and Survival in Malignant Melanoma of the Sinonasal Mucosa

Objective/Hypothesis: To determine whether surgery combined with radiotherapy confers any survival benefit on radical local excision alone in the management of mucosal malignant melanoma of the nose and sinuses. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: From a cohort of 72 patients treated between 1963 and 1996 within a single unit, complete data were available for 58 individuals who were examined to determine whether there was any significant statistical difference in local control and/or survival between those receiving surgery and those receiving combined surgery and radiotherapy. Results: There were 30 men and 28 women. Their ages ranged from 39 to 90 years (mean, 64 y). Twenty-nine patients underwent surgery alone; 23 patients underwent surgery and radiotherapy; 6 patients received surgery and chemotherapy; and 3 patients received surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Primary surgery included lateral rhinotomy (42 cases), maxillectomy (8 cases [orbital clearance in 3 cases]), craniofacial resection (3 cases), total rhinectomy (3 cases), and endoscopic clearance (2 cases). Survival ranged from 1 to 228 months with rapid patient loss due to local (and/or systemic) disease during the first 36 months, irrespective of the treatment modality. Overall 5-year actuarial survival was 28%, and overall 10-year actuarial survival 20%, with a median survival of 21 months. There was no statistical difference in local control or survival between patients receiving surgery alone and those receiving surgery and radiotherapy, irrespective of whether this treatment was given in the early part of the series (i.e., before 1983) or thereafter. The addition of chemotherapy had no impact on survival, nor did the site of the tumor, the surgical procedure, the presence of lymph node metastases or the age of the patient. Conclusion: In this large cohort of sinonasal melanoma, overall survival was poor and did not appear to be improved by the addition of radiotherapy.     

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical behavior and treatment outcome of patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the parotid gland. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve cases of primary SCC originating in the parotid gland were retrospectively reviewed. The majority of patients had a locally advanced disease. Eight cases underwent a combination of radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, whereas the remaining four cases were treated with radiotherapy alone. Patterns of treatment failure, survival rate, and prognostic factors for these patients were investigated. RESULTS: The predominant pattern of failure was local failure, either alone or in combination with other failures. Two patients who were treated with radiation alone had persistent disease after completion of treatment, whereas 4 of 8 patients who received combined modality treatment and 2 of 4 patients who were treated with radiation alone subsequently developed local recurrences in the primary site or surgical bed. The local failure rate and regional failure rate were 58% and 25%, respectively. Most locoregional recurrences developed within 1 year after initial treatment. Only 2 patients had distant metastasis. The prognosis appeared to be relatively poor for those patients, compared with those with SCC in other head and neck sites. The overall 5-year actuarial survival rate and the disease-free survival rate were 31% and 33%, respectively. Although advanced stage, facial nerve palsy, and regional lymph node metastasis all portended an unfavorable prognosis, only patient age and treatment modality were found to be statistically significant poor prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Primary SCC of the parotid gland is an uncommon tumor with a highly malignant potential. Our results indicate that a combination of radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy is the treatment of choice for achieving better locoregional control rates and improved cure rates in the treatment of these patients.     

Multivariate analyses to assess treatment effectiveness in advanced head and neck cancer

OBJECTIVE: To assess relative benefit of combined radiotherapy and surgery over single-modality treatment for advanced-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the aerodigestive tract by means of several multivariable analyses to control for patient variables. DESIGN: Medical chart review. SETTING: University medical center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 532 patients receiving initial therapy between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 1989. Three multivariate techniques (multiple logistic regression, propensity score stratification, and conjunctive consolidation) were used to compare outcomes for treatment groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Five-year survival. RESULTS: Survival for radiation, surgery, and combined treatment groups were 24%, 40%, and 46%, respectively. With the use of multiple logistic regression to control patient variables, the radiation group had a significantly lower survival than the combined therapy group (risk ratio, 2.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-3.80), while there was no statistical difference for the surgery group compared with the combined therapy group (risk ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-2.03). When analyzed by propensity score, 5-year survival was higher in each quintile for the combined therapy group than for the group who received radiation alone (P =.002). There was no significant difference in survival between the surgery and combined treatment groups (P =.25). Conjunctive consolidation was used to create a clinical staging system to compare outcomes across treatment groups. In each clinical severity stage, radiation alone had a lower survival than combined therapy (P =.001), while no statistical difference was noted between surgery and combined therapy (P =.50). CONCLUSIONS: All 3 statistical techniques showed a significantly lower survival for patients treated with radiation alone vs combined therapy. No significant difference was noted between surgery and combined therapy. Propensity score analysis and conjunctive consolidation are useful techniques to control prognostic variables in cancer database studies and should be used in future outcome studies that address more current treatment dilemmas in head and neck oncology.     

Diagnosis and management of carcinoma of unknown primary in the head and neck

Carcinoma of unknown primary is defined as the histological diagnosis of metastasis without the detection of a primary tumor. In the literature, the incidence of CUP in all patients with a malignant disease is said to be between 3% and 15%. The most frequent histopathological results of CUP metastases are adenocarcinoma, followed by undifferentiated carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. In this retrospective investigation the clinical records of 167 patients were studied. All patients had been admitted and treated for cervical CUP at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Grosshadern Clinic from 1979 to 1998. Cervical swelling was the first noted symptom in all cases, followed by pain and dysphagia. The study group comprised 134 men and 33 women with an average age of 55 years at admission. Squamous cell carcinoma (n=123) was the predominant histopathological finding of the cervical lymph nodes. During the 10-year follow-up, a primary tumor was detected in 36 (21.5%) of the 167 initially diagnosed CUP patients. In over 90% of these cases the tumor was localized in the head and neck region. The most frequent origin of the tumor was the tonsilla palatina (n=7). Neck dissection and additional postoperative radiotherapy was performed in 118 (70.7%) of the 167 CUP patients. Primary radiotherapy was the treatment of choice in 28 patients; eight patients received combined radio-chemotherapy as the primary treatment and seven patients were treated with chemotherapy alone. Six patients had no treatment. Comparison of different treatment protocols revealed a significant difference in patient survival: in comparison with primary radiotherapy alone or neck dissection and postoperative radiotherapy, the survival rate improved significantly in patients that received a bilateral tonsillectomy in addition to neck dissection and postoperative radiotherapy. The treatment of choice in patients with cervical CUP should be a surgical procedure including (radical) neck dissection and diagnostic bilateral tonsillectomy followed by postoperative radiation of the cervical lymph drainage. Bilateral tonsillectomy is especially important and is correlated with a significant improvement of the survival rate in CUP patients. Additional postoperative radiation of the entire pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa should also be considered in order to treat a possible small primary tumor in this region.     

原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌

目的 探讨原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌的临床特征和综合治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析我院1993～2003年收治甲状腺鳞状细胞癌患者3例,介绍其临床特点和诊疗方法,结合文献进行分析.结果 3例原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌主要临床表现为颈部肿块伴呼吸困难、吞咽困难和声音嘶哑等症状,就诊时病程1个月～1年.检查发现甲状腺区域肿瘤质硬,活动度差,边界不清.辅助检查提示病变侵犯食管及喉、气管等周围组织.均行扩大甲状腺癌根治及颈清扫术,其中食管部分切除直接修补1例;开胸后喉、喉咽、食管全部切除加胃咽吻合术1例;颈段气管袖状切除端端吻合,复发后给予喉全及喉咽全切,气管、食管部分切除游离空肠修复1例.术后2例予以放疗及化疗,分别存活8个月和带瘤生存5年2个月,术后未放疗的1例存活2个月.结论 甲状腺鳞状细胞癌是一种罕见的恶性肿瘤,病情发展迅速,预后极差.如能尽早发现并进行扩大根治性手术,并辅以足量放疗及化疗,能最大限度提高患者生存率.     

Postoperative complications after en bloc salvage surgery for head and neck cancer

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency of and risk factors for postoperative complications after en bloc salvage surgery for head and neck cancer. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Patients were evaluated from February 7, 1990, to November 17, 1999, in a tertiary cancer center hospital. PATIENTS: Consecutive sample of 124 patients from the hospital database. Only patients with recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma undergoing en bloc salvage resection were eligible for the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We analyzed the frequency of and risk factors for complications after salvage surgery. RESULTS: The tumor location was the lip in 6 patients, oral cavity in 55, oropharynx in 31, larynx in 24, and hypopharynx in 8. Previous treatment was surgery alone in 20 patients, radiotherapy alone in 68, surgery and radiotherapy in 21, and radiotherapy and chemotherapy in 14. An additional patient received chemotherapy alone before salvage surgery. The clinical stage of the recurrent tumor was I or II in 23 patients and III or IV in 101 patients. Postoperative complications occurred in 66 patients (53.2%). Fifty-three patients (42.7%) had minor complications, and 23 patients (18.5%) had major ones. There were 4 postoperative deaths (3.2%). The major factor associated with the overall occurrence of postoperative complications was the clinical stage of the recurrent tumor (P =.02). The occurrence of minor complications correlated with the previously treated site, with complications occurring more often in patients undergoing locoregional vs local treatment (P =.04). Major complications were associated with the time between initial treatment and salvage surgery (P =.05). CONCLUSIONS: Salvage surgery can be performed with acceptable rates of postoperative complications. The clinical stage of the recurrent tumor and the previous site treated were the 2 major factors associated with the occurrence of postoperative complications.     

Olfactory neuroblastoma: the Hokkaido University experience

Olfactory neuroblastoma is such a rare malignancy that no consensus has been reached on its management. We analyzed 17 patients with olfactory neuroblastoma treated between April 1980 and March 2004--9 men and 8 women, aged 16 to 76 years old(mean: 50.4 years). Follow-up of current survivors was 1 year 8 months to 16 years 6 months (average: 7 years 9 months). Initially, 2 were treated with surgery alone, 5 with surgery and radiotherapy, and 2 with a combination of these and chemotherapy. Without surgery, radiotherapy alone was conducted in 3 and combined of radiation and chemotherapy in 5. Three of the 5 patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy survive without locoregional recurrence as do 2 with chemotherapy added. All 5 initially treated with craniofacial resection survived more than 5 years. Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy without surgery was effective in 2. 5- and 10-year overall survival for all patients were 75.5% and 64.7%. Overall 5-year survival of 8 patients with low-grade tumors was 87.5% and of 6 with high-grade tumors 33.3%. In conclusion, combined craniofacial resection plus radiotherapy and chemotherapy seemed to improve survival. Histopathological grading is a prognostic factors.     

Lymphatic metastasis in the neck from unknown primary. Analysis of treatment results and prognostic factors

The aim of this study is to analyze the results of treatment results and prognostic factors related to clinical and treatment characteristics in patients with neck lymph nodes metastases from the unknown primary site. 90 patients with pathology proven cancer metastases in the neck lymph nodes from the unknown primary site were treated between 1984-1998. Most of them (58 patients--63%) had advanced disease in lymph nodes N3. The rest had stage N2abc before initial treatment. 40 patients underwent combined treatment--surgery and definitive radiotherapy. 3 patients had induction chemotherapy followed by resection and radiotherapy. 30 patients received radiotherapy alone or radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In 7 cases chemotherapy after surgical resection were used. Curves of overall survival were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. Analysis of the prognostic factors was performed using Cox's multivariate proportional risk model. 5 years overall survival probability was 24%. In the group of patients who underwent surgery and radiotherapy probability of 5 years overall survival was 43%. In patients who received radiotherapy alone or radiotherapy and chemotherapy probability of 5 year overall survival was 2%. Multivariate analysis showed significant influence of the performance status (PS--WHO scale), sex and stage N3 on overall survival. The patients with PS 0-1 had better prognosis comparing with PS 2-3 (p < 0.001). Male had worse prognosis then female (p = 0.05). N3 stage reduced overall survival in comparison to N2abc (p = 0.06). In the analysis of disease free survival N3-stage was the only independent factor concerning with poor outcome (p = 0.03). Patients who had surgery followed by radiotherapy had better prognosis. Poor performance status, sex-male and N3 stage were identified as the important factors influencing overall survival. N3-stage was an independent factor influencing disease free survival.     

Timing and duration of postoperative radiotherapy in patients with laryngeal cancer

Aim of this was an evaluation of the impact of prolongation of combined treatment time on the local-regional control laryngeal cancer patients treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Study was based on retrospective analysis of 254 patients with T3/T4 and N0-N2 laryngeal cancer who were treated between January 1993 and December 1996 with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Median age of investigated group was 56.3 years. Surgery consisted of total laryngectomy in all cases and with selective neck dissection. RT began 22 to 78 days postoperatively (median 45 days) and continued for a median of 47 days (range, 40-74 days). The primary tumor bed and all lymph neck nodes were treated in all patients. The total dose to the primary tumor bed was about 60 Gy, fraction dose was 2 Gy. All lymph nodes were irradiated with a dose of 50 Gy. The factors studied for prognostic importance for a local-regional failure included: overall combined treatment time, interval between surgery and the start of radiotherapy, radiotherapy treatment time, age, sex, T and N categories. The 5-year actuarial disease-free local-regional survival was 50%. On univariate analysis, using log rank test, only N status, sex were predicted for the locoregional control of postoperative radiotherapy. Overall treatment time longer than 90 days and especially 100 days was correlated with worse locoregional results of combined treatment respectively (p = 0.003 and p = 0.0007). Also prolongation of interval time between surgery and postoperative radiotherapy beyond 50 days was connected with higher rate of failures (p = 0.02). The same trend was observed when time of irradiation was longer than 47 days (p = 0.01). This analysis indicated that the prolongation of the overall treatment time of combined modality, the the time between surgery, and radiotherapy and time of postoperative radiotherapy were correlated with increased of local regional failures.     

Efficacy of primary and combined radiotherapy in locally advanced cancer of oropharynx and nasopharynx in III and IV stage

Aim of the study is evaluation of radiotherapy treatment in cancer of oropharynx and nasopharynx. Retrospective analysis was based on 283 patients in III and IV clinical stage of disease without distant metastases who were treated between 1989-2001. 201 patients were treated radiotherapy alone and 82 by combined modality: radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy was used in 34 cases, concomitant chemoradiotherapy--25 and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in 23 cases. Following methods of radiotherapy fractionation were used: accelerated in 35 cases, conventional--26, hyperfractionation--21. Accelerated treatment mainly was used in concomitant combined modality. Log-rank statistical analysis revealed better results of treatment for combined modality: radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Most effectiveness method of combined modality was concomitant radiochemotherapy. Locoregional control in 3 years observation interval was better for concomitant mode about 18% comparing to induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy and 30% to adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Based on this data, the optimal mode of treatment in III and IV stage of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cancer, especially with extensive nodal disease and extranodal involvement is concomitant treatment with accelerated fractionation dose of radiotherapy.     

Treatment of locally advanced, high-grade, malignant tumors of major salivary glands

A retrospective review of 45 patients with Stage III and IV malignant tumors of the major salivary glands was undertaken to determine tumor control and patient survival after treatment with surgery and conventional ionizing-radiation therapy. Eight of the 23 patients received early postoperative radiotherapy after initial surgical resection, with a local control rate of 75%. Twelve of 23 patients had surgery as definitive treatment and the tumor recurred locally in all; seven of these 12 patients were subsequently salvaged by further surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy or by radiotherapy alone, with 58% ultimate local control. The remaining three patients had unresectable tumors at diagnosis and received radiation alone, with a local tumor control rate of 33%. Patients were also analyzed according to the extent of surgical resection prior to radiation therapy and according to radiation dose. Eighty-eight percent of completely resected, 50% of partially resected, and 44% of unresected tumors were locally controlled for an overall local control rate of 61%. The 5-year survival rate was significantly higher for patients with local tumor control than for patients who failed locally (31% vs. 0%).     

Treatment of hypopharyngeal carcinoma: analysis of nationwide study in the Netherlands over a 10‐year period

Objective: To analyse different treatment strategies and treatment results of hypopharyngeal carcinoma in the Netherlands. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Eight head and neck centres in the Netherlands. Participants: A total of 893 patients were treated between 1985 and 1994. Patients were mostly treated with radiotherapy alone, combined surgery and radiotherapy and surgery alone. Results: The 5‐year survival for the whole group was 26%. The 5‐year survival for patients treated with curative intention was 32% and treated with palliative intention was 5%. The 5‐year disease‐free survival after radiotherapy alone was 37%, after surgery alone 41% and after combined therapy 47%. The role of chemotherapy could not be investigated because of a small number of patients treated with chemotherapy in this period. Conclusion: Combined therapy with surgery and radiotherapy has a better survival for patients with a hypopharyngeal carcinoma in comparison with radiotherapy alone. The N‐stage is more important for the prognosis than the T‐stage.     

Recent advances in radiation therapy for head and neck cancer

The treatment of locally advanced or recurrent head and neck cancers has improved from single modality interventions of surgery and radiation therapy alone to include combined modality therapy with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Combined therapy has led to improved local control and disease-free survival. New developments in radiation oncology such as altered fractionation, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy, charged-particle radiotherapy, neutron-beam radiotherapy, and brachytherapy have helped to improve this outlook even further. These recent advances allow for a higher dose to be delivered to the tumor while minimizing the dose delivered to the surrounding normal tissue. This article provides an update of the new developments in radiotherapy in the management of head and neck cancers.     

Results of treating cervical metastases of an unknown primary tumor. A report of 29 cases

A retrospective study was made of 29 patients with cervical metastasis of an unknown primary tumor. Sixteen patients received local treatment with surgery and radiotherapy (group A) and 13 patients were treated with induction chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy (group B). All patients responded. Local recurrence occurred in 21.4% of group A and 20% of group B. The frequency of distant metastases was similar (18.8% vs 15.4%). The mean survival time of 68 months in group A was longer than the 40 months of group B, and the a 2-year survival rate was 81% in group A and 67% in group B. The 5-year survival was better in group B (56% vs 40%). The primary tumor was identified twice as often in the patients who received only local treatment (group A 37.5% and group B 15.4%). Detection of the primary tumor was the only factor that significantly influenced patient survival.     

上颌窦鳞状细胞癌60例临床分析

目的 总结上颌窦鳞癌的临床特点及治疗方法对其预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院头颈外科1994年1月至2004年12月60例初治的上颌窦鳞癌患者的临床资料,按照治疗方式的不同分为单纯放疗组,术前放疗+手术(radiotheraphy+surgery,R+S)组以及同步放化疗+手术治疗(concurrent cherho-radio-therapy+surgery,CCR+S)组.其中单纯放疗组22例,R+S组29例,CCR+S组9例.结果 单纯放疗组5年的生存率为18.2%,综合治疗组总的5年的生存率分别为47.4%,其中R+S组的5年的生存率为51.7%,CCR+S组5年生存率为33.3%,综合治疗组与单纯放疗组之间比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=9.49,P<0.01),单纯放疗组与R+S组之间比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=15.62,P<0.01).R+S组与CCR+S组比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=4.28,P<0.05).结论 R+S综合治疗是上颌窦鳞癌的主要治疗方式,积极采取R+S综合治疗方式可有效延长患者的生存期提高生存率.CCR+S的治疗方式在上颌窦鳞癌治疗中的作用有待进一步观察.     

鼻内镜下手术治疗鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽颅底肉瘤5例

目的探讨鼻内镜下手术治疗鼻咽癌放疗后诱发鼻咽颅底肉瘤的可行性，并分析其临床疗效。方法回顾性分析鼻内镜下手术治疗的鼻咽癌放疗后诱发鼻咽颅底肉瘤5例患者临床资料。结果5例患者均于气管插管全麻下行经鼻内镜下鼻咽颅底肿瘤切除术，所有患者术后相关症状均有不同程度改善，未出现并发症。其中2例术后影像学检查示肿瘤残留，1例海绵窦区肿瘤残留者，术后3个月脑侵犯死亡；另外1例存活16个月后死于肿瘤复发压迫脑干呼吸衰竭。3例术后影像学检查未见肿瘤残留，其中1例拒绝放化疗，先后4次内镜手术，9个月后死于全身重要器官衰竭；1例术后行放化疗，20个月后死于颅内侵犯；另外1例行根治量放疗，存活20个月，最后因严重放射性脑病致无法进食，呼吸困难，全身重要器官衰竭死亡。结论鼻咽癌放疗后诱发肉瘤恶性程度高，预后差，如具备手术指征，应首选外科手术治疗，内镜手术联合术后放化疗有可能改善预后。     

Role for postoperative radiation therapy in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck

OBJECTIVE: Clarify the role for postoperative radiation for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the head and neck as it relates to tumor site, T-stage, and surgical margin status. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study at an academic tertiary care hospital. METHODS: A review of 129 patients with biopsy-proven ACC was performed. Previous treatment failures and nonoperative candidates were excluded, with 75 patients considered eligible for further study. Patients were grouped according to treatment modality and Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival, locoregional control, and distant control were compared using log-rank tests. Patients were also stratified according to tumor site, T-stage, and surgical margin status, and pair-wise comparisons of treatment outcome within each group were performed using Wald tests from Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were treated with surgery alone, and 50 were treated with surgery and postoperative radiation. There was no significant difference in outcome between treatment groups when correlated with tumor site (P =.89). However, postoperative radiation was associated with improved overall survival for advanced T-stage (T4) tumors (P =.019) and greater locoregional control for patients with microscopically positive margins (P =.018). There was no demonstrated benefit of postoperative radiation for patients with microscopically negative margins (P =.93). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that advanced T-stage and positive microscopic margins are important factors in determining the necessity for postoperative radiation therapy for ACC of the head and neck and that radiation therapy may not be necessary for patients with early T-stage tumors and negative surgical margins.     

扁桃体癌治疗及预后因素分析

目的 回顾性分析扁桃体癌的治疗疗效,并探讨影响扁桃体癌的预后因素.方法 1997年4月至2008年4月中山大学肿瘤防治中心共收治经病理证实、无远处转移的扁桃体癌61例,其中末分化癌2例,低分化鳞癌26例,中高分化鳞癌33例.根据AJCC2002年第6版分期标准,Ⅰ期9例,Ⅱ期7例,Ⅲ期23例,Ⅳ期22例.27例患者行单纯放疗,23例行放疗联合化疗,6例行手术联合术后放疗,诱导化疗加手术联合术后放疗3例,放疗后外科挽救加化疗2例.结果 随访率为96.7%.Kaplan-Metier方法 计算全组5年总生存率为50.2%.16例Ⅰ-Ⅱ期患者中,8例行单纯放疗,5年生存率为50.0%,6例行手术联合术后放疗,5年生存率为83.3%,二者差异无统计学意义(P=0.318).45例Ⅲ-Ⅳ期患者,单纯放疗19例,5年生存率为51.5%,放疗联合化疗21例,5年生存率为36.4%,手术联合放疗为主的治疗5例,5年生存率为75.0%,三者差异无统计学意义(P=0.239).T1-T4期5年生存率分别为91.8%、46.8%、29.1%、0%(χ~2=30.168,P<0.001).Cox多因素分析显示T分期、治疗结束时原发灶和颈部转移淋巴结疗效为影响预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05).结论 局部早期(Ⅰ-Ⅱ期)扁桃体癌的治疗,基于器官功能保全原则,倾向于选择单纯放疗,局部晚期(Ⅲ-Ⅳ期)扁桃体癌的治疗模式与疗效的关系仍需进一步研究.T分期、治疗结束时原发灶和颈部转移淋巴结疗效为影响预后的独立危险因素.     

鼻及咽部树突细胞肿瘤4例临床分析并文献复习

目的：探讨树突细胞肿瘤的临床表现、病理特点、治疗和预后。方法：4例鼻及咽部树突细胞肿瘤患者中，滤泡状树突细胞肉瘤（FDCS）2例，朗格汉斯组织细胞增多症（LCH）1例，朗格汉斯细胞肉瘤（LCS）1例。2例FDCS中有1例行综合治疗（手术加放化疗），1例仅行放化疗；1例LCH及1例LCS患儿均行手术治疗。结果：2例FDCS患者，l例术后行4个疗程CHOP方案及同步放疗（50Gy）后达完全缓解，1例仅行放化疗者随访7个月仍带瘤生存；1例LCH患儿随访2年余，肿瘤无复发及转移；1例LCS患儿，术后未行放化疗，随访10个月后死亡。结论：树突细胞肿瘤罕见，临床易误诊，确诊需病理组织形态、免疫组织化学及电镜相结合，FDCS、LCH及LCS具有独特的病理表现、免疫表型、诊治及预后。     

Retromolar trigone carcinoma treated by primary radiation therapy: an alternative to the primary surgical approach

OBJECTIVES: To review our experience in the treatment of retromolar trigone carcinoma with radiotherapy as the primary modality and to evaluate the different factors affecting locoregional control and survival. DESIGN: We retrospectively examined 46 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the retromolar trigone treated primarily with radiotherapy from January 1, 1973, to June 31, 2002. Four had T1, 21 had T2, 17 had T3, and 4 had T4 lesions; 25 had N0, 15 had N1, 5 had N2, and 1 had N3 disease. The overall stage was I in 3, II in 18, III in 18, and IV in 7 patients. All patients received conventional once-daily fraction radiotherapy as the primary modality of treatment. Three patients received chemotherapy. Overall survival, cause-specific survival, and locoregional control were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank statistics were used to identify significant prognostic factors for overall survival and locoregional control. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 43 (range, 5-217) months overall and 78 (range, 26-188) months for living patients. The 5-year overall survival and cause-specific survival rates were 47% and 78%, respectively. Favorable prognostic factors for cause-specific survival were a lower tumor stage (univariate and multivariate analysis) and a lower nodal stage (multivariate analysis). The 5-year local control rate was 49% after radiotherapy and 67% after salvage surgery. The 5-year regional control rate was 88%. Favorable prognostic factors were a lower nodal stage and a lower overall stage (univariate analysis). The 5-year locoregional control rate for all patients was 42% after radiotherapy and 70% after salvage surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Given the surgical salvage rate in our series and previous published experience, radiation therapy can be used with curative intent for small retromolar trigone carcinomas (T1-T2 lesions). For advanced stages without bone invasion, consideration for concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy might increase previous historical locoregional and survival rates.