脑缺血再灌注后大鼠血脑屏障通透性的荧光定量分析

目的：通过敏感的荧光方法,定量分析脑缺血再灌注后大鼠血脑屏障（BBB）的通透性。方法：采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型，缺血2 h后再灌注，采用伊文思蓝（EB）荧光定量的方法，分别观察了再灌注2 h、3 h、9 h、24 h和48 h时BBB的通透性。结果：再灌注3 h时，缺血侧纹状体EB的含量开始增加（与假手术组相比，P<0.05）。再灌注9 h时，缺血侧新皮层EB的含量开始增加（P<0.01）。而再灌注2 h时纹状体EB的含量和再灌注2 h、3 h时新皮层EB的含量与假手术组相比差别无显著（P>0.05）。结论：脑缺血2 h再灌注2-3 h时，纹状体的BBB通透性开始增加。再灌注9 h时，新皮层的BBB通透性增加。纹状体BBB较新皮层更易受损。EB荧光的方法可精确定量地反映BBB通透性，是研究BBB通透性理想的方法。     

Blood-brain barrier-permeable fluorone-labeled dieckols acting as neuronal ER stress signaling inhibitors

We studied the blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and intracellular localization of a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dieckol (1) and a rhodamine B-labeled dieckol (7), for exploring the possible therapeutic application of fluorone-labeled dieckols in neurodegenerative diseases. Both compounds (1 & 7) were synthesized through a click reaction and were found to be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the two types of brain cell lines (SH-SY5Y and BV-2 cells) tested; they also reduced ER stress in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. In addition, 1 and 7 were shown to pass the BBB in rats upon intravenous administration. Altogether, our study demonstrates, for the first time, that targeted ER-stress reduction in brain cells can be achieved by introducing fluorone–dieckol conjugates into systemic circulation. Therefore, 1 and 7 provide a novel and promising ER-targeting therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.     

间质干细胞与血脑屏障通透性的研究进展

间质干细胞可通过脑实质、血液和脑脊液等移植方式进入脑组织,修复损伤组织,促进神经功能恢复,是治疗中枢神经系统疾病的理想种子细胞;但血脑屏障存在着特殊结构,研究间质干细胞与血脑屏障通透性的相关性,使更多间质干细胞穿过血脑屏障。综述了间质干细胞与血脑屏障通透性的最新研究进展。     

Effects of endothelin-1 on blood-brain barrier permeability during focal cerebral ischemia in rats

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the transport of small hydrophilic molecules across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during focal cerebral ischemia could be altered by a topical application of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the ischemic cortex (IC). Forty minutes after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, patches of 10 nM ET-1 (low-endothelin group), 100 nM ET-1 (high-endothelin group), or normal saline (control group) were placed on the IC of rats for a 20-min period. One hour after MCA occlusion, transfer coefficient (Ki) of [14C-alpha-]aminoisobutyric acid (14C-AIB) or regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was determined. Vital signs were not significantly different among the experimental groups. In the control group (n=8), the Ki of the IC was significantly higher than that of the contralateral cortex (CC; 11.9+/-5.8 vs 5.0+/-1.9 microl/g per minute). In the low-endothelin group (n=8), the Ki of the IC was still significantly higher than that of the CC (9.4+/-5.2 vs 5.3+/-2.5 microl/g per minute). However, in the High-endothelin group (n=8), the Ki of the IC was not different from that of the CC (6.9+/-2.1 vs 5.6+/-2.3 microl/g per minute) and 42% lower than that of the control group. The rCBF was not affected by 100 nM of ET-1 [control (n=6): IC 53+/-18 ml/100 g per minute, CC 94+/-23 ml/100 g per minute; high-endothelin (n=6): IC 49+/-15 ml/100 g per minute, CC 98+/-24 ml/100 g per minute]. Our data suggest that the application of endothelin-1 in the IC could reduce the transfer coefficient of small hydrophilic molecules across the BBB during focal ischemia.     

颈淋巴阻滞对大鼠血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的: 探讨大鼠颈淋巴阻滞后血脑屏障(BBB)通透性的变化。方法: 手术组大鼠采用Casley-Smith法阻滞颈淋巴,对照组大鼠不摘除颈淋巴结和不结扎淋巴管,只将它们分离暴露。每组于术后1、3、5、7、14、21 d,通过观察血清中S-100B的浓度、电镜观察镧离子示踪剂和BBB超微结构变化来确定BBB通透性的改变。结果: 各组血清中S100B浓度变化无显著差异,提示BBB没有破坏;电镜观察:对照组与手术组的超微结构变化相同,各组术后各时点血管腔外没有发现镧离子。结论: 颈淋巴阻滞对BBB通透性没有显著影响。     

Blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation as pathophysiological mechanisms of the diffuse manifestations of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease that can involve nervous system commitment known as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). The diagnostic of NPSLE is complex because the symptoms range from focal symptoms (e.g., strokes, thrombotic events) to diffuse disorders affecting cognition, mood and level of consciousness (e.g. acute confusional state, psychosis). Both type of manifestations of NPSLE differ in their pathological mechanisms. The focus of this review will be on the mechanisms that lead to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and to the neuroinflammation related with the diffuse manifestations of NPSLE.     

壮通饮对缺氧/复氧诱导的HUVEC/U251细胞屏障损伤的影响

目的:观察壮通饮(ZTY)对缺氧/复氧诱导的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVEC)和人星形细胞瘤U251细胞损伤模型的作用,探讨壮药保护血脑屏障的相关机制.方法:将8只SD大鼠随机分为4组:空白组(蒸馏水)及低、中、高剂量(3.74、7.48和14.96 g/kg)ZTY含药血清组,每天1次,连续7 d灌胃饲养,获取含药血...     

脑缺血再灌注后大鼠血脑屏障通透性的免疫组织化学研究

目的:研究脑缺血再灌注后大鼠血脑屏障(BBB)通透性改变。方法:采用线栓法大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞的局灶性脑缺血模型,缺血1h后再灌注,分别于再灌注后0h、3h、5h、12h、及24h,采用免疫组织化学SABC法,观察内源性免疫球蛋白G(IgG)在脑组织中的表达。结果:再灌注0h、3h时,脑组织中未见IgG的表达。再灌注5h时,缺血侧大脑半球纹状体有局灶性的IgG表达。再灌注12h时,缺血侧纹状体及新皮层可见有广泛的IgG的表达。再灌注24h时,表达更加明显。结论:缺血1h再灌注3~5h时,BBB开始受损开放,通透性增加。纹状体的BBB较新皮层更易受损。再灌注12h、24h,外渗的血清蛋白累积增加。     

Reaction of rat brain capillaries to immobilization stress

The calcium adenosine triphosphate method of Chilingaryan was used to study the morphofunctional state of the capillary component of the microcirculatory bed of the brain in rats at different time points after experimental immobilization stress (fixation of the animal on its back for 2 h). Analysis of morphometric data showed that in comparison with intact animals, stress was immediately followed by constriction of capillaries by 17.2%, with compensatory dilation by 2.5% occurring at two days, and subsequent minor constriction by 5.6%. Morphometric measures in placid and aggressive animals showed that the behavioral stereotype of placid animals produced a more sparing physiological response to stress. It is suggested that the difference in capillary dysfunction is largely dependent on impairment of neuronal systems involved in regulating the microcirculation. __________ Translated from Morfologiya, Vol. 132, No. 6, pp. 39–41, November–December, 2007.     

Blood-brain barrier permeability to the neuroprotectant oxyresveratrol

We investigated to what extent the antioxidative hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol (trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene, OXY), that we showed earlier to be strongly neuroprotective in a stroke model, may cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in healthy rats and in subjects submitted to focal infarction. Tissue extraction and in vivo microdialysis in the striatum show that systematically applied OXY is able to penetrate the BBB in control animals, but to a low extent. Microdialysis samples from animals that were subjected to a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) displayed strongly increased OXY levels (more than six-fold) in the infarct region as compared to sham-operated rats. Our data show that OXY may exert direct protective effects in the brain by crossing the BBB and may prove an excellent complementary drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders that causally involve oxidative/nitrosative stress, especially in stroke.     

暴发性肝衰竭血脑屏障通透性改变对肝性脑病发生发展的影响

采用硫代乙酰胺所致大鼠暴发性肝衰模型，以脑组织浸泡液中Ｅｖａｎｓ蓝含量为血脑屏障通透性指标。结果表明，在肝性脑病初期血脑屏障通透性就已增加，至脑病晚期则明显增加，并伴脑水肿发生，脑组织浸泡液中Ｅｖａｎｓ蓝含量与血浆内毒素呈正相关。以上结果提示，暴发性肝衰竭时，肝性脑病发生发展与内毒素所致血脑屏障通透性增加密切相关。     

Intracarotid hypothermic saline infusion: a new method for reversible blood-brain barrier disruption in anesthetized rats

An animal model for reversible blood-brain barrier disruption has been developed. Retrograde infusion of hypothermic saline solution (8 ± 1°C) into the left external carotid artery of normothermic, Wistar rats reversibly increases cerebrovascular permeability to Evans blue albumin in the left cerebral hemisphere. Isotonic saline solutions at 37°C for Group I and at 8 ± 1°C for Group II were infused for 30 s at a constant rate of 0.12 ml/s into the left external carotid artery. Evans blue, the barrier tracer, was administered intravenously either prior to or at intervals 5, 30, 180, 360 min after the hypothermic saline infusion under pentobarbital anesthesia. All animals receiving hypothermic saline perfusion had disturbed blood-brain barrier permeability. Based on visual inspection, disruption grade in the left hemispheres of 10 of 16 animals was 3+. Mean values for Evans blue dye were found to be 0.32 ± 0.08 mg% in left the hemisphere after normothermic saline infusion (Group 1), and 2.9 ± 0.4 mg% in the same hemisphere after hypothermic saline infusion (Group II). The difference was found to be significant between Group I and Group II (P < 0.001). The increase in cerebrovascular permeability was temporary, however, although Evans blue albumin extravasion remained slightly elevated 3 h after infusion, it was normal 6 h after infusion.     

大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤后梗死灶周围水通道蛋白4与血脑屏障通透性的动态变化

目的： 研究大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤对梗死灶周围脑组织水通道蛋白4（AQP4）的表达及血脑屏障通透性的影响。〖HJ1.7mm〗方法: 健康雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为脑缺血/再灌注6 h、24 h、48 h、7 d组及相应时点的假手术组，每组各6只。采用线栓法阻塞大脑中动脉（MCAo）建立局灶性脑缺血/再灌注模型，于相应时点进行神经症状评分后断头取脑，采用免疫组织化学方法检测大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后不同时点梗死灶周围AQP4的表达及IgG的渗出以评价血脑屏障通透性的改变。结果: (1)大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤后神经功能缺失症状较假手术组明显（P<0.01），6-48 h呈逐渐加重趋势，72 h后有所缓解，7 d恢复正常；(2)大鼠脑缺血/再灌注6 h时AQP4表达增加不明显，至再灌注24 h后表达明显增加（P<0.05），7 d仍处于表达高峰；(3)再灌注6 h时IgG渗出不明显，再灌注24 h后开始增加（P<0.05），于再灌注48 h IgG渗出达高峰后开始下降; (4)大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤后血脑屏障通透性的增强与AQP4表达的增加呈显著相关(P<0.01)。结论: 大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤后AQP4表达增加与血脑屏障通透性增强密切相关，两者是脑缺血/再灌注损伤后脑水肿发生的重要因素。     

Changes in cerebral endothelial barrier antigen, without alteration of permeability for intravenously injected leptin in diet-induced obesity in rats

Leptin, a potent anorectic, 16-kDa, adipose tissue-derived protein, predominantly acts in hypothalamic nuclei, signaling obesity and modulating ingestive behavior. To reach this brain area, leptin, probably has to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In some cases of obesity, enhanced leptin levels in the blood do not result in anorectic effects, probably due to an altered leptin transport across the BBB. Therefore, we investigated the BBB in lean and diet-induced obese Lewis rats. To obtain information about the presence of microvessels with barrier dysfunction we examined three brain areas (hypothalamus, cortex, hippocampus) using a monoclonal antibody which detects intact microvessels of the BBB (anti-endothelial barrier antigen, anti-EBA). The results showed a significantly reduced EBA staining in the brain sections of the obese animals, except the hippocampus, compared to the control group. In a second step we injected I125-labeled leptin intravenously (i.v.) in permanent i.v.-cannulated, unrestrained Lewis rats (lean and obese). We measured the radioactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid after puncture of the cisterna magna, in the blood and brain tissue 90 min after injection. The leptin content in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain was not reduced in obese compared to lean rats, thus showing a similar transport capacity of the BBB in both experimental groups. Therefore, the results of the in vivo investigations do not indicate an impairment of the BBB in diet-induced obesity, despite the immunohistological findings. Further functional and morphological studies are necessary to evaluate the specific role of other organs and distinct forms of leptin (free and protein-bound) in the pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity.     

人血脑屏障体外实验模型的建立及缺氧-复氧对其通透性的影响

目的建立人血脑屏障体外实验模型，并探讨缺氧-复氧对血脑屏障模型通透性的影响。 方法将分离、纯化的人脑微血管内皮细胞（HB-MVEC）在细胞插入器上培养至汇合状态，以液面试漏试验确定血脑屏障模型的形成，并通过形态学检查、跨内皮细胞电阻（TEER）测定和辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）通透率对血脑屏障模型进行鉴定；以未达汇合状态的HB-MVEC及培养至汇合状态的人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）作为对照。观察缺氧-复氧处理（缺氧2h和复氧1、2、4、8、24h）和缺氧-复氧时存在白细胞激活产物（缺氧2h后在有白细胞激活产物存在情况下复氧1h）对血脑屏障模型通透性的影响，以及前列腺素E、α1抗胰蛋白酶和丹参单体764-3对血脑屏障模型的保护作用。各项实验均观察3孔细胞。 结果HB-MVEC在细胞插入器培养至汇合状态后，液面试漏试验呈阳性；扫描电镜观察显示细胞间无间隙，透射电镜检查证实细胞间存在紧密连接。血脑屏障模型、未达汇合状态HB-MVEC和HUVEC的TEER分别为（46.0±1.3）、（30.8±1.4）、（7.5±2.1）Ω/cm^2；向细胞插入器内加入含HRP的培养基培养1h后，HRP通透率分别为0.17%±0.03%、0.26%±0.04%和0.94%±0.07%；缺氧2h和复氧1、2、4、8、24h HRP通透率分别为3.97%±0.94%、6.06%±0.75%、7.17%±0.18%、7.96%±0.47%、8.57%±0.62%、10.37%±0.78%。血脑屏障模型缺氧2h后在有白细胞激活产物的情况下复氧1h，其HRP通透率为8.87%±0.76%，明显高于无白细胞激活产物组（7.20%±0.87%）；而前列腺素E、α1抗胰蛋白酶和丹参单体764-3能够减弱这种情况下的血脑屏障模型通透性增加，3组的HRP通透率分别为7.08%±0.89%，6.01%±0.57%和5.53%±0.62%。 结论应用HB-MVEC可以构建血脑屏障体外模型，缺氧-复氧明显增加血脑屏障模型的通透性，前列腺素E、α1抗胰蛋白酶和丹参单体764-3具有保护血脑屏障     

CO对局灶性缺血脑组织血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的:研究一氧化碳及其限速酶(血红素氧合酶-1)对局灶性缺血脑组织血脑屏障通透性的影响。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=6),使用血红素氧合酶诱导剂及抑制剂腹腔注射,用等量生理盐水腹腔注射作为对照组,12h后复制MCAO模型。梗塞后24h后检测血液中一氧化碳浓度、血脑屏障通透性。结果:诱导剂组一氧化碳浓度明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),血脑屏障通透性明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),而抑制剂组一氧化碳浓度明显低于对照组(P＜0.01),血脑屏障通透性明显高于对照组(P＜0.05)。血红素氧合酶诱导剂、抑制剂对非梗塞侧的血脑屏障通透性没有影响(P＞0.05)。结论:一氧化碳作为一种信使分子,脑缺血时浓度升高具有保护血脑屏障的作用。     

MMP-9和细胞骨架肌动蛋白参与缺氧缺血诱导的体外血脑屏障模型通透性增加

目的：探讨基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）和细胞骨架肌动蛋白（actin）在体外模拟缺氧缺血诱导的血脑屏障（BBB）模型通透性增高中的变化及其机制。 方法: 利用人脐静脉内皮细胞系ECV304与星型胶质细胞（AS）共培养建立体外大鼠BBB模型，模型随机分为正常对照组、缺氧缺血组、BB-1101预处理组。通过γ计数仪检测大分子物质［125I］- 牛血清白蛋白（［125I］- BSA）通透曲线观察BBB通透性的改变，直接免疫荧光和Western 印迹法检测actin表达量及分布的改变，并利用金属蛋白酶抑制剂BB-1101探讨MMP-9是否参与缺氧缺血诱导的BBB通透性增加。 结果: 缺氧缺血刺激后5 h，缺氧缺血组［125I］-BSA的通透量增加、MMP-9表达增加，与对照组比较有显著差异（P<0.01）。直接免疫荧光下观察周边actin丝带模糊，细胞间连接松散，出现裂隙，但表达总量没有变化。BB-1101预处理可以减轻缺氧缺血所致的MMP-9表达增加和对actin连接的破坏，［125I］-BSA通透量低于缺氧缺血组（P<0.01）。结论: 缺氧缺血诱导MMP-9表达增加进而促使actin蛋白重组，是导致BBB通透性增加的机制之一。     

Blood-brain barrier permeability to manganese and to Gd-DOTA in a rat model of transient cerebral ischaemia

Loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain swelling is a potentially lethal complication of reperfusion in human stroke. To assess the time course of BBB modifications, we performed angiography, diffusion-weighted imaging, T1-weighted (T1 W) imaging and T1 mapping, and monitored acute changes after middle cerebral artery occlusion and recanalization in rats (n = 27). The animals were grouped according to the duration of occlusion: 30 min (group A, n = 8), 1 h 30 min (group B, n = 9), and 2 h 30 min (group C, n = 10). For 17 animals (four in group A, six in group B, and seven in group C), MnCl2 and dimeglumine gadoterate (Gd-DOTA) were injected at 13 min and 34 min after recanalization, respectively. The 10 remaining animals (control groups) underwent the same acquisition protocols, but no contrast agents were injected. Cell damage was determined 1 h after recanalization on haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Our results indicate that in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model in the rat, changes in BBB permeability assessed by contrast agent extravasation occur within the first hour of reperfusion, even after an occlusion period not exceeding 30 min. No differences between BBB permeability to Gd-DOTA and Mn2+ were detected in our experimental conditions. The reduction in apparent diffusion coefficient during occlusion appears to be a good predictor of BBB modifications after reperfusion in this model.     

Opening of the blood-brain barrier by acute elevation of intracarotid pressure

A method for local opening of the blood-brain barrier in the territory of one internal carotid artery in the rat is described. A local hypertensive insult is induced by rapid infusion of blood into the internal carotid via the external carotid. The hemodynamic changes caused by the infusion, in particular relation to the threshold and extent of barrier opening, are analyzed. This mode of hypertensive barrier opening may be advantageous to those in which the insult is induced systemically, especially when studying the cerebrovascular effects of neurotransmitter catecholamines, since all the latter methods interfere with adrenergic mechanisms. Further, unilateral intracarotid infusion may allow the territory of the contralateral middle cerebral artery to be used as internal control.