不同稠度和容积吞咽任务对卒中后吞咽障碍患者吞咽生理成分表现及渗漏误吸的影响

目的 探讨不同稠度和容积吞咽任务对卒中后吞咽障碍患者吞咽生理成分表现及渗漏误吸的影响。 方法 选取在我院康复科治疗的59例脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者作为研究对象,参照中国改良容积粘度测试程序,按2、1、0、3号（分别对应中稠度、低稠度、硫酸钦原液及高稠度）顺序分别对每种稠度食物进行3、5、10 ml的吞咽造影检查。使用标准化吞钡造影功能障碍评价量表（MBSImP）和Rosenbek渗漏/误吸量表进行量化分析。记录患者在执行不同稠度及容积吞咽任务时其各个吞咽生理成分评分和渗漏误吸分级。 结果 入选患者舌控制、咽期吞咽启动及喉关闭均在吞咽0号食物时表现较差,口腔残留在执行大容积吞咽任务时表现较差,咽蠕动在执行较小容积吞咽任务时表现较差。入选患者在执行低稠度、大容积吞咽任务时发生渗漏误吸的风险较高;其渗漏误吸分级与咽期总分间具有明显正相关性（r=0.365,P<0.01）,并以喉关闭与渗漏误吸分级间的相关性尤为显著（r=0.772,P<0.01）。 结论 脑卒中吞咽障碍患者口咽期各吞咽生理成分的表现与进食食物稠度及容积密切相关,患者在执行较低稠度、较大容积吞咽任务时发生渗漏误吸的风险较高。     

电视透视下吞咽能力检查在口咽期吞咽障碍中的应用

目的 分析吞咽障碍患者电视透视下吞咽能力检查(VFSS)结果.方法 16例知情同意吞咽障碍患者接受VFSS检查.分别采用稀钡餐(50％ w/v)、稠钡餐(270％ w/v)、饼干沾稠钡餐进行咀嚼测试.一口量为10 ml.采用正位、侧位动态造影测试,依次观察双侧梨状窝对称情况、口期时长、咽期起始时间、咽期时长、滞留、误吸及其时间、剂量等.结果5例为口期吞咽障碍;3例为咽期吞咽障碍,显示存在咽期起始迟缓,并且有1例表现为吞咽后误吸;8例为口咽期吞咽障碍,其中5例不伴误吸,3例伴有误吸,其中2例为安静误吸,1例表现为吞咽前误吸,1例表现为吞咽后误吸(梨状窝滞留引起),1例无法判断误吸时间.4例误吸患者中,3例存在钡剂25％以上的重度误吸,1例存在5％的轻度误吸,同时配合吞咽康复治疗.结论VFSS检测可为制订吞咽障碍的康复方案提供参考.     

The effect of nasogastric tubes on swallowing function in persons with dysphagia following stroke

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the use of a nasogastric tube influences swallowing function in stroke patients with dysphagia. DESIGN: Before-after trial. SETTING: Primary care center. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 22 patients with stroke (12 men, 10 women; mean age, 69.7 y; range, 19-85 y) participated in the study. Time from onset of stroke to time of assessment averaged 20.3 days (range, 14-38 d). All participants continued to use a nasogastric tube for nutrition supply and had either minor or no aspiration of barium on videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing (VFES). INTERVENTION: The swallowing function was evaluated by VFES with thin and thick bariums (5 mL each) as a contrast medium. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The oral transit, swallowing trigger, and pharyngeal transit times were measured and compared before and after the removal of the nasogastric tube. The patients were also observed for changes in velopharyngeal closure, pharyngeal contraction, epiglottic tilt, valleculae stasis, pyriform sinus stasis, penetration, and aspiration. RESULTS: Transit times were reduced by 0.2 to 0.6 seconds after removal of the nasogastric tube, but the reduction was not statistically significant. These transit times were slightly longer with thick barium than with thin barium, but were without statistical significance. Similarly, most of the patients had no change in nontemporal assessment of swallowing function after the tube was removed. CONCLUSIONS: The placement of a nasogastric tube did not affect temporal and nontemporal measurement of swallowing in stroke patients with dysphagia with or without minor aspiration.     

Identification of a simple screening tool for dysphagia in patients with stroke using factor analysis of multiple dysphagia variables.

OBJECTIVE: To identify a most useful and simple clinical screening tool to predict videofluoroscopic aspiration in patients with stroke.Design: Factor analysis of multiple dysphagia variables and sensitivity and specificity testing with chi-square test. PATIENTS: Sixty-one consecutive stroke patients with symptoms suggestive of dysphagia admitted to a university hospital and its 4 affiliated hospitals in Japan. METHODS: Factors were extracted from 6 oromotor examinations (lip closure, tongue movement, palatal elevation, gag reflex, voice quality and motor speech function), 2 swallow screen tests (saliva swallowing test and our modified water swallowing test using 30 ml of water) and 4 parameters evaluated with a videofluoroscopic swallow study. Sensitivity and specificity of each dysphagia-related variable was determined against aspiration in a videofluoroscopic swallow study. RESULTS: Factor analysis revealed that cough/voice change in the water swallowing test and aspiration on videofluoroscopic swallow study belonged to the same factor. Chi-square analysis showed that cough/voice change in the water swallowing test was the only variable that was significantly associated with aspiration on videofluoroscopic swallow study, with a sensitivity of 72% (95% CI: 61-83%) and a specificity of 67% (CI: 55-79%) as a predictor of aspiration (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We recommend our modified 30 ml water-swallowing test as a useful single task-screening tool to detect aspiration.     

琼脂增稠剂在鼻咽癌放疗术后吞咽障碍患者中的应用及临床评价

目的 观察比较新型琼脂增稠剂与传统黄原胶增稠剂在鼻咽癌放疗术后吞咽障碍患者应用中的差异。 方法 选取20例鼻咽癌放疗术后吞咽障碍患者,分别让其吞咽由琼脂或黄原胶增稠剂配制的中稠度及高稠度食物。通过吞咽造影（VFSS）定性、定量分析和主观性评价法评估患者应用情况。 结果 经吞咽造影数字化分析发现,入选患者在吞咽中稠度琼脂增稠剂食物时其咽腔收缩率（PCR）较吞咽中稠度黄原胶增稠剂食物时明显减小（P<0.05）;患者吞咽高稠度琼脂增稠剂食物时其口腔运送时间（OTT）、咽期吞咽启动时间（IPS）和PCR均较吞咽高稠度黄原胶增稠剂食物时明显减少（P<0.05）;在渗漏误吸方面,患者吞咽琼脂增稠剂食物和黄原胶增稠剂食物时并无明显差异。在主观性评价方面,患者吞咽琼脂增稠剂食物在爽滑感及残留感方面优于吞咽黄原胶增稠剂食物（P<0.01）,但在香味方面劣于吞咽黄原胶增稠剂食物（P<0.01）。 结论 与吞咽黄原胶增稠剂食物比较,吞咽琼脂增稠剂食物能缩短食团运送时间,所需咽部收缩力量较小,口咽残留较少,口感更爽滑,可作为一种新型增稠剂广泛应用于鼻咽癌放疗术后吞咽障碍患者人群。     

基于虚拟现实技术的动作观察疗法对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的影响

目的:探讨基于虚拟现实技术的动作观察疗法对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的影响。方法:将42例脑卒中吞咽障碍患者随机分为观察组(n=22)和对照组(n=20)。2组患者均进行常规吞咽训练,观察组在常规吞咽训练的基础上在虚拟现实设备中进行动作观察疗法。治疗前后行吞咽相关的时间学参数分析、标准吞咽功能评估(SSA)、渗漏误吸评估(PAS)。结果:治疗4周后,2组吞咽时间学参数比较,2组口腔运送时间、吞咽反应时间、咽运送时间、喉关闭时间均较治疗前明显缩短(P<0.05),观察组除了喉关闭时间外,其余各时间均较对照组明显缩短(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组SSA及PAS评分均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),观察组2项评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:基于虚拟现实技术的动作观察疗法可改善脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者的吞咽功能。     

球囊扩张术对脑卒中后吞咽障碍康复疗效及不良并发症研究

目的:研究球囊扩张术对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的康复疗效及不良并发症的影响。方法:选取我院经吞咽造影检查确诊为脑卒中后环咽肌失弛缓导致的吞咽障碍患者50例,随机分为2组各25例。对照组接受常规吞咽功能训练、Vitalstim神经肌肉低频电刺激,观察组另外给予球囊扩张术治疗。比较2组患者的总有效率、吞咽功能、并发症发生率,同时比较治疗前和治疗后的咽通过时间、吞咽造影检查(VFSS)评分及功能性经口摄食评估(FOIS)评分。结果:观察组的可进水、可进食流质物、可进食糊状物、可进食固体食物比例均明显高于对照组(均P0.01);观察组的吸入性肺炎发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05);治疗后,观察组的咽通过时间明显低于对照组(P0.01),VFSS和FOIS评分均明显高于对照组(均P0.01);观察组的康复总有效率明显高于对照组(96.0%,72.0%,P0.05)。结论:球囊扩张术对脑卒中后吞咽障碍具有显著疗效,缩短患者康复时间,降低误吸等并发症的发生。     

Effects of neck exercises on swallowing function of patients with stroke

[Purpose] This study examined the effects of neck exercises using PNF on the swallowing function of stroke patients with dysphasia. [Subjects and Methods] A total of 26 study subjects were selected and randomly divided into an experimental group of 13 subjects, who received the PNF-based short neck flexion exercises, and a control group of 13 subjects, who received the Shaker exercise. [Results] The experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in premature bolus loss, residue in the valleculae, laryngeal elevation, epiglottic closure, residue in the pyriform sinuses, and coating of the pharyngeal wall after swallowing, and improvements in pharyngeal transit time, and aspiration on both the new VFSS scale and the ASHA NOMS scale. [Conclusion] PNF-based short neck flexion exercises appear to be effective at improving swallowing function of stroke patients with dysphagia.Key words: Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, Dysphagia, Stroke     

Videofluoroscopic evaluation of HIV/AIDS patients with swallowing dysfunction

Background: We investigated the association of abnormalities of the swallowing mechanism in the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing with symptoms of dysphagia and painful swallowing in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods: Seventeen patients, two with HIV and 15 with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), with symptoms of dysphagia or pain on swallowing for routine barium esophagograms were studied prospectively by videofluoroscopic examination of the oropharynx in addition to a routine biphasic esophagogram. The videofluoroscopic studies were performed in conjunction with a speech pathologist. Results: All 17 patients demonstrated abnormalities in the oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal phase of swallowing. Eight patients aspirated, six of whom did not exhibit a cough reflex and were classified as silent aspirators. Seven of the eight patients who aspirated had chest radiographs consistent with aspiration pneumonia. Conclusion: A significant number of HIV-positive and AIDS patients with dysphagia or pain on swallowing have dysfunction of the swallowing mechanism and are at risk for aspiration.     

神经肌肉电刺激对卒中后咽期吞咽启动延迟患者进食功能的即时效应观察

目的 观察神经肌肉电刺激（NMES）对脑卒中后咽期吞咽启动延迟患者的即时效应。 方法 选取42例脑卒中后咽期吞咽启动延迟患者,分别于NMES刺激前、刺激时进食3口稀流质食物,采用吞咽功能影像数字化采集与分析系统对患者进食过程进行记录、分析,分析项目包括咽期吞咽启动（IPS）、Rosenbek渗漏-误吸分级（PAS）、口腔运送时间（OTT）、喉前庭闭合时间（LCD）及咽通过时间（PTT）等。 结果 患者在NMES刺激时其IPS［2（1.0,3.0）级］、PAS［4（3.0,5.3）级］及OTT［（1712±595 ）ms］均较NMES刺激前明显改善（P<0.05）,LCD［（575±46）ms］、PTT［（464±56）ms］均较刺激前无明显变化（P>0.05）。所有患者在NMES刺激过程中均未出现明显不良反应。 结论 NMES对卒中后咽期启动延迟患者口腔运送、吞咽启动功能及渗漏、误吸情况均有较好的即时改善作用,为卒中后患者开展早期治疗性进食提供了新的代偿手段。     

Dysphagia in stroke: Development of a standard method to examine swallowing recovery

This study began development of a standard method that uses the videofluoroscopic swallow study for evaluation of swallowing recovery after stroke based on a definition of dysphagia derived from three domains: bolus timing, bolus direction, and bolus clearance. Two experiments were conducted: one that defined normal versus disordered swallowing based on the range of scores in a sample of healthy adults (n = 13), and one that applied these thresholds to nine stroke patients to identify the presence of dysphagia. Results indicate that acute and protracted dysphagia may be more accurately detected by identifying abnormalities on multiple objective measures of swallowing rather than on laryngeal penetration or aspiration alone. Results indicate that our selected measures and use of healthy control subjects to establish normal thresholds may eventually contribute to the definition and differentiation of dysphagic and nondysphagic patients. Further research with a broader sample of healthy controls and stroke patients is mandatory.     

Hyoid-complex elevation and stimulation technique restores swallowing function in patients with lateral medullary syndrome:Two case reports

BACKGROUND A swallowing disorder may occur following a brainstem stroke,especially one that occurs in the swallowing centers.Lateral medullary syndrome(referred to as LMS),a rare condition in which a vascular event occurs in the territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery or the vertebral artery,has been reported to lead to more severe and longer lasting dysphagia.CASE SUMMARY We report two patients with dysphagia due to LMS and propose a novel technique named hyoid-complex elevation and stimulation technique(known as HEST).The two patients had no other functional incapacity back into life,but nasogastric feeding was the only possible way for nutrition because of severe aspirations.Swallowing function was evaluated by functional oral intake scale,modified water swallow test,surface electromyographic signal associated with video fluorography swallowing study to assess the situation of aspiration,pharyngeal residue,pharyngeal peristalsis,upper esophageal opening and the ability of deglutition.Both patients were treated with the HEST method for dysphagia and recovered quickly.CONCLUSION HEST is effective for shortening the in-hospital time and improving the quality of life for patients with dysphagia who suffer from LMS and likely other strokes.     

Comparison of effortful and noneffortful swallows in healthy middle-aged and older adults

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of effortful swallowing, a common compensatory strategy for dysphagia, on the bolus and swallowing mechanism of middle-aged and older men and women. DESIGN: Case-controlled design in which subjects completed both the intervention technique and the control behavior. SETTING: A university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-four healthy men and women between 45 and 93 years of age from the community. INTERVENTIONS: Participants swallowed 3-mL thin liquid boluses both normally and using the effortful swallow strategy. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: The biomechanics and bolus flow patterns of swallows were analyzed from videofluoroscopic and simultaneous oral pressure data. RESULTS: Subjects at all ages generated significantly increased oral pressures at each sensor location using the effortful swallow (p = .0001), with the pressure increase greater for the middle-aged subjects compared with older subjects. Several durational measures were significantly longer with the effortful swallow including: hyoid maximum anterior excursion (p < .04), laryngeal vestibule closure (p < .0001), and duration of the upper esophageal sphincter opening (p =.0001). The hyoid bone moved further in the superior direction with the effortful swallow (p = .002). There was a trend of decreased oral residue with the effortful swallow (p = .06). CONCLUSION: Biomechanical and bolus flow aspects of swallowing changed when healthy individuals performed effortful swallows with 3-mL boluses.     

不同频率健侧半球重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的影响

目的 观察高频、低频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）作用健侧半球吞咽皮质代表区对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的影响。 方法 选取42例脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者,采用随机数字表法将其分为高频组（14例）、低频组（13例）及对照组（15例）。3组患者均给予传统吞咽康复训练,高频组对健侧半球舌骨上肌群运动皮质代表区给予5 Hz rTMS治疗,低频组于相同部位给予1 Hz rTMS治疗,对照组则给予假rTMS刺激;3组患者刺激时间及疗程均相同。于治疗前、治疗2周后分别给予患者吞咽造影（VFSS）及表面肌电检查（sEMG）,并采用渗透-误吸量表（PAS）、功能性吞咽障碍量表（FDS）、均方根值（RMS）对各组患者进行疗效评估。 结果 治疗后3组患者PAS评分、FDS评分及sEMG检查结果均较组内治疗前显著改善（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,治疗后高频组、低频组PAS评分、FDS评分均明显改善（P<0.05）。高频组治疗前、后FDS差值［（9.92±4.45）分］明显大于低频组FDS差值［（7.15±3.13）分］,组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 高频、低频rTMS刺激健侧半球舌骨上肌群运动皮质代表区均可有效改善脑卒中患者吞咽功能,并以高频rTMS的治疗效果可能更显著。     

Dysphagia Characteristics of Patients Post SARS-CoV-2 During Inpatient Rehabilitation

ObjectiveTo investigate dysphagia in patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2 admitted to acute inpatient rehabilitation by summarizing clinical swallow evaluation and videofluoroscopic swallow study findings.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingUrban inpatient rehabilitation hospital.ParticipantsThe first inpatients admitted with SARS-CoV-2 (N=40) who participated in a videofluoroscopic swallow study.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresPatient characteristics upon admission (duration of intubation, tracheostomy status, comorbidities, videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) completion at previous level of care); admission International Dysphagia Diet level (IDDSI); Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA), Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), dysphagia severity rating; penetration aspiration scale (PAS) rated during VFSS; and IDDSI level recommended after completion of VFSS.ResultsTwenty percent of patients had been evaluated by videofluoroscopy in acute care. Nineteen of 37 (51%) individuals were upgraded to IDDSI level 7 regular diet with level 0 thin liquids and achieved a FOIS of 7 after the completion of the VFSS. Five individuals (13%) received a diet downgrade or remained on the same diet recommendations from their admission. Total numerical score (TNS) of less than 170 on the MASA predicted presence of aspiration in 27% of patients (6 of 22). Seventy-two percent of the sample (16 of 22) had a TNS less than 170 but did not demonstrate any instances of aspiration. The odds of patients having a PAS of 3 or greater increased by approximately 15% (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.27; P=.013). Thus, with each additional day of intubation during acute care stay, there was a 15% greater likelihood of having airway invasion.ConclusionsInstrumental swallow evaluations are imperative to diagnose and treat dysphagia in the post-coronavirus disease population. Because of the heterogeneity of this population, high incidence of prolonged intubation, and limitations of the clinical swallowing evaluation, instrumental assessments need to be performed on a more consistent basis as infection prevention protocols evolve.     

外周磁刺激与神经肌肉电刺激治疗脑卒中后咽期吞咽障碍的疗效对比

目的 观察对比外周磁刺激（PMS）与神经肌肉电刺激（NMES）治疗脑卒中后咽期吞咽障碍的疗效。 方法 采用随机数字表法将60例符合筛选标准的脑卒中咽期吞咽障碍患者分成对照组、电刺激组及磁刺激组,每组20例。3组患者均给予常规吞咽功能训练,电刺激组在此基础上辅以神经肌肉电刺激,磁刺激组则辅以外周磁刺激,上述干预均每天治疗2次,每周治疗6d。于治疗前、治疗4周后分别采用标准吞咽量表（SSA）、功能性经口摄食量表（FOIS）及包括渗透-误吸量表评分（PAS)和视频吞咽障碍分级（VDS)在内的视频透视吞咽检查（VFSS）对3组患者治疗效果进行评价。 结果 治疗4周后发现3组患者SSA评分、渗透-误吸量表（PAS)评分、视频吞咽障碍分级（VDS)评分及FOIS评分均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）;进一步分析发现,电刺激组、磁刺激组SSA评分［分别为(30.6±3.2)分、(24.1±2.8)分］、VDS评分［分别为(24.4±5.6)分、(18.2±8.2)分］、PAS评分［分别为(3.25±1.12)分、(2.56±0.66)分］及FOIS评分［分别为(4.31±0.97)分、(4.94±0.81)分］改善幅度均显著优于对照组（P<0.05）,并且磁刺激组上述指标的改善幅度亦显著优于电刺激组,组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 外周磁刺激可明显改善脑卒中后咽期吞咽障碍,其治疗效果明显优于神经肌肉电刺激。     

Lateral Pharyngeal Wall Motion Analysis Using Ultrasonography in Stroke Patients with Dysphagia

We aimed to analyze lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) motion using ultrasonography. The subjects were stroke patients with dysphagia (n = 26) and normal controls (n = 15). The stroke patients were divided into two groups based on a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). Group A (n = 12) had a penetration or aspiration in VFSS findings, while group B (n = 14) had no evidence of a penetration or aspiration. We assessed LPW motion using B/M-mode ultrasonography. We performed the comparative analysis among each group and the relationship between LPW motion parameters and the VFSS parameters of the pharyngeal phase. The mean LPW displacement of group A, B was significantly decreased than that of normal controls. The mean LPW duration of group A, B was increased than that of normal controls, but not statistically significant. The mean LPW displacement of group A was significantly correlated with the residue in valleculae, pharyngeal delay time and laryngeal elevation, but that of group B was not significantly correlated. The mean LPW duration of group A, B was not significantly correlated with the VFSS parameters of the pharyngeal phase. We suggest that LPW motion analysis could be a useful alternative method for the evaluation of the pharyngeal phase in stroke patients with a penetration or aspiration in VFSS findings.     

A randomized controlled trail of combination therapy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and balloon dilatation in the treatment of radiation-induced dysphagia in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients

Dysphagia is a most common complication induced by radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. This randomized controlled trail (RCT) was performed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of combination therapy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and balloon dilatation in the treatment of radiation-induced dysphagia in NPC patients. Sixty NPC patients with radiation-induced dysphagia were assigned to either the combination rehabilitation group (treatment group) or the routine rehabilitation group (control group) at random. Both groups were subjected to routine rehabilitation treatment, while the combination rehabilitation group also received combination therapy of NMES and balloon dilatation for 4 months. The water swallow test (WST) and videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) were used to evaluate the severity of dysphagia. The treatment group showed a significant improvement in swallowing function when compared with the control group. When the WST was used, the efficacy rate (percentage of patients with excellent and effective results) of treatment group was higher than that of control group (90.1 vs. 76.3%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ² = 8.55, p = 0.036). When the VFSS was used, the videofluoroscopy results in our study showed that the values of oral transit time (OTT), swallow reaction time (SRT), pharyngeal transit time (PTT) and laryngeal closure duration (LCD) in treatment group were notably improved when compared with those in control group. In conclusion, combination rehabilitation treatment can improve swallow function in the treatment of radiation-induced dysphagia in NPC patients.

Implications for Rehabilitation

• Dysphagia is also a most important complication associated with radiotherapy and may result in serious complications, such as aspiration pneumonia, and permanent or long-term feeding tube dependence which significantly decrease the quality of life of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients (NPC).

• Rehabilitation treatment is the most important therapy scheme for radiation-induced dysphagia, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation and balloon dilatation are useful therapy method for dysphagia.

• Combination rehabilitation treatment can improve swallow function in the treatment of radiation-induced dysphagia in NPC.

     

脑卒中急性期吞咽障碍的临床影像评价

目的:探讨脑卒中急性期吞咽障碍的临床及影像学检查的表现,分析脑卒中部位与吞咽障碍发生类型的关系。方法:首次发病的急性脑卒中患者62例,根据不同病变部位分为单侧大脑半球组、双侧大脑半球组、脑干与小脑组及多发性卒中组。入院后3d内完成临床吞咽功能评估;入院7d进行吞咽X线荧光透视检查(VFSS);记录分析吞咽障碍的类型和脑卒中的病变部位。结果:入院3d内临床吞咽评定4组患者中有29例(46.8%)存在吞咽困难,其中脑干及小脑组发生吞咽困难的百分率明显高于其他组(P0.05);于7d时VFSS检测11例能完成,其中单侧大脑半球组3例、双侧大脑半球组2例,多出现口腔期困难;脑干及小脑组2例,多出现咽期困难;多发卒中组4例,口腔期和咽期均受影响。吞咽异常表现类型为唇闭合无力、舌运动减弱、误吸及环咽肌功能不全、吞咽反射延迟、喉上抬差、会厌谷和/或梨状窝滞留、喉渗透等。结论:脑卒中后吞咽障碍的临床评定可明确吞咽口阶段的生理状态,VFSS可明确咽阶段及有无误吸。为避免吞咽困难所致的并发症及预防或治疗吞咽困难,需尽早完成吞咽评定,且可以节省患者总体费用及加快改善预后。     

经颅直流电刺激治疗脑干卒中后吞咽障碍的疗效观察

目的:探讨经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)治疗脑干卒中后吞咽障碍的疗效。方法:将47例吞咽功能障碍的脑卒中患者随机分为观察组23例和对照组24例。2组患者均进行脑卒中基础治疗、吞咽康复训练和针刺治疗,观察组再给予tDCS阳极交替刺激双侧口咽部皮层感觉区域,对照组以tDCS阳极假刺激同一区域。治疗前及治疗3周后,采用标准吞咽功能评估(SSA)、电视荧光透视检查(VFSS)及渗透-误吸指数(PAS)对2组患者进行评估。结果:治疗3周后,2组SSA评分各阶段较组内治疗前的同一阶段比较均明显降低(均P<0.05),且治疗后总分较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05);观察组咽期、误吸情况评分及总分较治疗前及对照组均明显提高(均P<0.05),且观察组PAS分级情况明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:经颅直流电刺激双侧口咽部感觉皮层能更好地改善吞咽功能,对治疗脑干卒中后吞咽障碍有一定的疗效。