阻断淋巴通道对梗阻性黄疸大鼠肠道细菌易位的影响

目的　从阻断淋巴通道角度探讨实验性梗阻性黄疸肠道细菌易位作用的机理。方法结扎Wistar大鼠胆管,制作梗阻性黄疸模型,6 0只大鼠分为假手术组(A组)、梗阻性黄疸组(B组)和梗阻性黄疸 乳糜管结扎组(C组) ,每组各2 0只,于术后15d剖腹分别抽取下腔静脉血、门静脉血,检测其内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)、白细胞介素6 (IL 6 )的含量,并对肠系膜淋巴结、肺组织行细菌培养,对末端小肠及肺组织行病理学检查。结果　大鼠梗阻性黄疸模型建立后15d ,外周静脉和门静脉血浆中内毒素含量均明显升高(P <0 0 1) ,同时外周静脉血浆TNF α、IL 6含量、肠系膜淋巴结及肺组织细菌培养阳性率亦明显升高(P <0 0 1) ,并伴有肺泡腔出血水肿及大量炎性细胞浸润;乳糜管结扎显著降低外周血内毒素、TNF α、IL 6含量(P <0 0 1) ,明显减轻肺细菌易位率及肺病理损伤程度(P<0 0 1)。结论　阻断淋巴通道可减轻梗阻性黄疸时肠道细菌易位所致的高内毒素血症及炎症因子的过表达,改善肺损伤程度     

静脉注射内毒素法制作大鼠肠道细菌易位模型

目的探讨静脉注射内毒素制作大鼠肠道细菌易位模型的方法。方法60只雄性SD大鼠(体重200～250g)随机分为4组(15只/组)。其中3组为实验组,按组别不同分别给予尾静脉注射内毒素2、4、6mg/kg;对照组给予尾静脉注射生理盐水0.5ml。观察各组大鼠的体温、呼吸频率、外周血白细胞计数及死亡率,7d后将各组大鼠分别开腹取门静脉血、下腔静脉血、肠系膜淋巴结、肝、脾和胰腺组织作细菌培养。结果注射内毒素后各组大鼠的体温、呼吸频率及外周血白细胞均有不同程度的升高。2mg/kg组大鼠无死亡,组织细菌培养阳性率为24.4%。4mg/kg组的死亡率为20.0%,细菌培养阳性率为47.2%,其中肠系膜淋巴结阳性率为83.3%。6mg/kg组的死亡率为46.7%,细菌培养阳性率为64.6%,其中肠系膜淋巴结阳性率为100.0%。结论4mg/kg剂量的内毒素静脉注射是制作大鼠肠道细菌易位模型的较为理想可行的方法。     

大鼠急性胰腺炎肠道细菌易位的实验研究

目的 本实验是观察大鼠急性胰腺炎后经胃肠道给予庆大霉素或各氨酰胺对肠道细菌易位的影响。方法 结扎封闭群Wistar大鼠的胆管，制成急性胰腺炎模型。分假手术组、急性胰腺炎组、庆大霉素组和各氨酰胺组4组。各组又分5个亚组，分别于术后24、48、72、96和144小时处死动物。无菌下取回盲部淋巴结、胰腺、脾、肝、门静脉血和盲肠内容做细菌培养、计数。胰腺和小肠组织做病理检查。结果 表明大鼠急性胰腺炎发生后，肠系膜淋巴结细菌数和阳性率明显增高，与门静脉血比较有显差异。庆大霉素组盲肠内容和肠系膜淋巴结的大脑杆菌数明显减少，革兰氏阳性菌明显增多。谷氨酰胺组盲肠内容和肠系膜淋巴结的细菌数均显减少。结论 大鼠急性胰腺炎发生后早期肠道细菌易位主要经肠系膜淋巴途径。经胃肠道给予谷氨酰胺可防止肠道内细菌易位，减少胰腺感染的发生。     

中药三七总苷对急性坏死性胰腺炎大鼠肠道细菌易位的影响

目的 探讨中药三七总苷对急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)大鼠的治疗作用及肠道细菌易位的影响。方法 逆行胆胰管注射5％牛磺胆酸钠溶液制成ANP模型。90只大鼠随机分为假手术组、ANP组和治疗组，每组各30只。每组10只观察1周生存率；另每组各20只观察术后不同时相血清淀粉酶及胰腺、肝、脾、肺和肠系膜淋巴结细菌培养情况及病理组织学变化。结果 治疗组的存活率明显高于ANP组．术后12h及24h血清淀粉酶明显低于ANP组，治疗组胰腺、肝、脾、肺及肠系膜淋巴结细菌培养阳性率亦低于ANP组．治疗组病理损害明显轻于ANP组。结论 中药三七总苷可保护肠黏膜屏障从而减少肠道细菌易位。     

大鼠急性胰腺炎肠道细菌易位的实验研究

目的本实验是观察大鼠急性胰腺炎后经胃肠道给予庆大霉素或谷氨酰胺对肠道细菌易位的影响。方法结扎封闭群 Wistar 大鼠的胆管,制成急性胰腺炎模型。分假手术组、急性胰腺炎组、庆大霉素组和谷氨酰胺组4组,各组又分5个亚组,分别于术后24、48、72、96和144小时处死动物。无菌下取回盲部淋巴结、胰腺、脾、肝、门静脉血和盲肠内容做细菌培养、计数。胰腺和小肠组织做病理检查。结果表明大鼠急性胰腺炎发生后,肠系膜淋巴结细菌数和阳性率明显增高,与门静脉血比较有显著差异。庆大霉索组盲肠内容和肠系膜淋巴结的大肠杆菌数明显减少,革兰氏阳性菌明显增多。谷氨酰胺组盲肠内容和肠系膜淋巴结的细菌数均显著减少。结论大鼠急性胰腺炎发生后早期肠道细菌易位主要经肠系膜淋巴途径。经胃肠道给予谷氨酰胺可防止肠道内细菌易位,减少胰腺感染的发生。     

精氨酸增强TPN与常规TPN对大鼠肠道细菌易位影响的比较研究

作者观查了精氨酸增强ＴＰＮ与常规ＴＰＮ对大鼠肠道细菌易位的影响。结果显示：常规ＴＰＮ１周及２周后肠系膜淋巴结细菌增减肠源性细菌阳性率分别为７／１６和１０／１６，与正常对照组比较差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５，Ｐ〈０．０１）；精氨酸增强ＴＰＮ１周和２周后肠系膜淋巴结细菌培养分别为３／１６和４／１６，与正常对照组比较无统计学差异，而与常规ＴＰＮ２周比较差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５），细菌学分类埃希氏杆菌占５８．３％     

缺血后处理对小肠缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：观察缺血后处理减轻肠缺血再灌注引起的小肠及远隔脏器损伤的效果,并探讨其机制。方法将家兔48只随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、缺血后处理组,每组16只。再灌注2 h 后采集各组动脉血、静脉血及部分肠道组织、肝、肺组织,测动脉血中 TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10水平,测静脉血中 ALT、AST、BUN,Cr、LDH、CK-MB 活性,测内毒素水平,测定血清及小肠、肝、肺组织 MDA、MPO、CAT、SOD 水平,HE 染色,观察肠黏膜损伤情况,细菌培养观察细菌易位率。结果与缺血再灌注组比较,缺血后处理组血清及小肠、肝、肺组织中 MDA、MPO 水平明显降低, SOD、CAT 水平明显升高,静脉血 ALT、AST、LDH、CK-MB、BUN 下降;动脉血中 TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、内毒素降低,IL-10水平升高,肠黏膜损伤评分明显降低。结论缺血后处理可以减轻肠黏膜损伤,减少内毒素易位,促进抗炎因子的激活,抑制炎性介质的过度释放,提升小肠组织及远隔脏器的氧自由基的抗氧化能力,减轻小肠及远隔脏器组织损伤。     

猪急性重症胰腺炎与肠源性细菌／内毒素易位

目的 建立猪急性重症胰腺炎(ASP)模型，并观察ASP后肠源性内毒素／细菌的易位。方法 选健康长白种猪40头，体重17～22kg，雌雄不限，随机分为ASP组(n=34)和对照组(n=6)。在麻醉状态下，进腹向胰总管内注入1ml／kg 5％牛磺胆酸钠混合液(内含8000-10000BAEE单位胰蛋白酶／ml，pH7．6)诱导ASP。以0．9％NaCl磷酸盐缓冲液取代5％牛磺胆酸钠混合液即为对照组。采集腔静脉血作内毒素测定(鲎试剂法)。ASP后72小时，采集门、腔静脉作系列细菌定量培养和细菌鉴定。然后推注10％氯化钾20ml处死后立即进胸腹取大小肠系膜淋巴结、肺组织、肺门淋巴结、胰组织．称重后研磨成组织匀浆，并作细菌定量培养和细菌鉴定。结果 血浆内毒素水平ASP后6h明显升高．48h达峰值(P均<0．01)。ASP后72h．在门、腔静脉、肺门淋巴结、大小肠系膜淋巴结、肺及胰腺组织中出现大量易位细菌。结论 (1)成功地建立了猪ASP模型；(2)ASP后早期出现血浆内毒素水平明显升高，最大可能系肠道内毒素易位所致；(3)ASP后72h在门、腔静脉血和肠道远离器官和组织中可出现大量易位细菌。     

银杏叶提取物预处理对胰腺移植受体大鼠 小肠肠黏膜屏障的影响

目的 ：探讨银杏叶提取物（EGb）对胰腺移植受体大鼠肠黏膜屏障的保护作用及其机制。方法 ：12只正常SD大鼠为对照组;糖尿病大鼠随机分为胰腺移植组（PT组， n =12）及银杏叶提取物预处理胰腺移植组（EGb组， n =12），大鼠均接受同系胰腺移植。EGb组于移植前1d和30min予受体静脉注射EGb （1.5mL/kg）。移植术后5 d测定小肠通透性和吸收功能，检测血清TNF-α，NO，SOD和淀粉酶活性。取受体回肠黏膜组织测定小肠黏膜湿重、微绒毛厚度及宽度、MDA含量及MPO活性。同时取肠系膜静脉血、肠系膜淋巴结、肝及脾组织行细菌培养，观察细菌易位情况。结果 ：EGb组血清TNF-α含量（ P <0.01）、淀粉酶活性（ P <0.01）、MDA含量（ P <0.05）、MPO活性（ P <0.05）、小肠通透性（ P <0.01）、细菌易位率（ P <0.01）和小肠黏膜损伤程度均低于PT组;血清NO和SOD含量、小肠吸收功能均高于PT组( P <0.01)。结论 ：EGb预处理可保护胰腺移植受体大鼠小肠肠黏膜屏障，降低细菌易位率，机制可能与抗氧化、清除自由基、减少TNF-α生成、减轻嗜中性粒细胞黏附与聚集、增加内源性NO的生成有关。     

猪急性重症胰腺炎与肠源性细菌/内毒素易位

目的建立猪急性重症胰腺炎(ASP)模型,并观察 ASP 后肠源性内毒素/细菌的易位。方法选健康长白种猪40头,体重17～22kg,雌雄不限,随机分为 ASP 组(n=34)和对照组(n=6)。在麻醉状态下,进腹向胰总管内注入1ml/kg 5%牛磺胆酸钠混合液(内含8000～10000BAEE 单位胰蛋白酶/ml,pH7.6)诱导 ASP。以0.9%NaCl 磷酸盐缓冲液取代5%牛磺胆酸钠混合液即为对照组。采集腔静脉血作内毒素测定(鲎试剂法)。ASP 后72小时,采集门、腔静脉作系列细菌定量培养和细菌鉴定。然后推注10%氯化钾20ml 处死后立即进胸腹取大小肠系膜淋巴结、肺组织、肺门淋巴结、胰组织,称重后研磨成组织匀浆,并作细菌定量培养和细菌鉴定。结果血浆内毒素水平 ASP 后6h 明显升高,48h 达峰值(P均<0.01)。ASP后72h,在门、腔静脉、肺门淋巴结、大小肠系膜淋巴结、肺及胰腺组织中出现大量易位细菌。结论 (1)成功地建立了猪 ASP模型;(2)ASP 后早期出现血浆内毒素水平明显升高,最大可能系肠道内毒素易位所致;(3)ASP 后72h 在门、腔静脉血和肠道远离器官和组织中可出现大量易位细菌。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.