Lung cancer.

Only patients with localized lung cancer benefit from curative resection. Curative radiotherapy is recommended in patients with a resectable tumor in whom surgery is precluded for medical reasons. Adjuvant preoperative or postoperative therapy of any type does not improve the results of surgery except in patients with Pancoast tumor. Therapy for nonlocalized tumors does not affect survival. Radiotherapy has a palliative effect in 50 to 75 per cent of patients presenting with symptoms from either a primary lesion or metastases and should therefore be recommended in symptomatic patients. The palliative effect of chemotherapy is limited in lung cancers other than small cell carcinomas. However, chemotherapy alone or in association with radiotherapy produces remarkable tumor regression and some improvement of survival in small cell carcinoma. The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of lung cancer is still under evaluation.     

Lung cancer immunotherapy

Recent insights into anti-tumor immunotherapy have led to a wave of clinical trials involving immunotherapy for lung cancer. Vaccines have evolved from nonspecific immune stimulants, like Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), to much more specific and potent strategies, some of which generate active immune responses against tumor-associated antigens. Understanding the mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity and identifying target antigens will likely improve these therapeutic strategies and provide them with a niche in the future of lung cancer therapy.     

肺癌干细胞与肺癌的发生

背景：肺癌具有高度异质性,能够抵抗化疗药物治疗,5年生存率小于15%,目前难以确定肺癌的异质性和耐药性的发病基础。肿瘤干细胞模型近年来吸引了相当多的关注,通过这种模型可以解释各种肿瘤的异质性、耐药性、休眠、复发和转移的机制。目的：通过综述各类肺癌的组织学类型和肿瘤生长部位的特征,概括肺癌干细胞与各种肺癌发生的关系,从而为消灭肺癌干细胞攻克肺癌提供理论依据。方法：以英文检索词为“lung cancer,cancer stem cel ,lung cancer stem cel ,lung cancer occur,tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance,gene mutation,signal pathways”由第一作者检索1990至2014年Sciencedirect/PubMed 数据库,查阅近年肺癌干细胞对肺癌发生的影响的相关文献,最终保留48篇文献。结果与结论：肿瘤干细胞模型近年来吸引了相当多的关注,通过这种模型可以解释各种肿瘤的异质性、耐药性、休眠、复发和转移。肺癌干细胞被认为是一类异质的细胞群,多种信号通路可以有针对性的有效的消除他们,从而有助于增强治疗效果。目前多学科通力合作,正在进行肺癌干细胞表征和靶定,这将给肺癌治疗领域带来显著的治疗受益。