右肺移植同期左肺减容术治疗终末期肺气肿的报告

目的　探讨人体单肺移植同期行对侧肺减容术(LVRS)在治疗慢性阻塞性肺气肿(COPD)中的治疗效果及经验。方法　供体:脑死亡患者,使用改良的4℃LPD肺保护液,顺行灌注后再逆行灌注,肺膨胀状态下取下整体肺块无菌冷保护下送受体手术室,解剖修整后取右肺供移植用。受体:终末期双侧COPD ,右侧重于左侧,切除右全肺,适当保留右主支气管、右肺动脉及右肺静脉心房袖供吻合,将供体右肺移植于受体右胸腔内,再作左肺上叶减容术,减容达左肺2 5 %。结果　手术经过顺利,移植肺成活,无急性排异反应。左肺减容侧因术后胸腔内活动性渗血再次开胸。患者肺功能恢复满意,已长期存活。结论　使用改良LPD液顺灌及逆灌供肺对保护其功能及减轻排异反应有明显的效果,气管套叠式吻合及吻合口周围使用生物蛋白胶对减轻支气管吻合口并发症有益。单肺移植同时进行另一侧肺减容对患者术后肺功能的改善有明显作用。     

四例单肺移植受者对侧肺的处理方法与效果

目的探讨单肺移植中受者对侧肺的处理方法与效果。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2004年8月4例单肺移植受者对侧肺的处理方法。4例中双肺囊肿并感染1例实行右侧单肺移植，对侧肺保留；慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）3例，其中1例对侧肺未手术，1例肺移植术后第47天Ⅱ期实行对侧肺减容术，1例单侧肺移植同时实行对侧肺减容术。结果4例肺移植受者，3例顺利出院存活至今，其中2例存活期超过18个月；住院期间死亡1例。结论终末期COPD患者行单肺移植，如果对侧肺有巨大肺大疱或者重度弥漫性肺气肿，可Ⅰ期手术切除肺大疱或行肺减容术；双肺囊肿患者非移植侧肺如果没有明显反复感染或毁损肺，可不予手术处理。     

肺移植治疗呼吸机依赖的终末期肺病三例

目的探讨肺移植治疗呼吸机依赖终末期肺病患者的合理选择、围手术期处理、撤机策略问题。方法我院2002年9月至2005年3月行15例肺移植，其中3例为术前呼吸机依赖终末期肺气肿患者，术前呼吸机依赖89、120、107d。手术行单肺移植1例，非体外循环下序贯式双侧单肺移植2例。结果3例患者分别于术后第22、6、11天脱机，第71、41、67天出院，生活质量明显改善，至今分别存活22、4、2个月。结论肺移植可有效治疗经选择的呼吸机依赖的终末期肺病。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿伴发支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗

目的：探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿伴发支气管胸膜瘘外科治疗的意义,以及一侧肺减容术后肺功能的变化情况。方法：采用肺大泡结扎、缝扎及同侧肺减容术治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿伴发支气管胸膜瘘。结果：手术疗效确切,更重要的是术后肺功能有显著改善。结论：对于老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿伴发支气管胸膜瘘可以行手术治疗,而同时进行的肺减容术可以改善肺功能。     

单肺移植术后活动性血胸的外科治疗

2004年7月及2004年12月，我们分别为2例终末期肺气肿患者成功实施了单肺移植，对侧肺减容术，术后均合并活动性血胸，经手术治愈，现报道如下。     

肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿

目的 评价肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿的疗效、手术适应证选择及围手术期处理经验.方法 对我们收治的27例重度肺气肿病人所实施的肺减容术进行分析总结,27例中18例行单侧肺减容,9例行双肺肺肺减容.其中5例电视胸腔镜肺减容术（4例单肺,1例双肺）,13例电视胸腔镜辅助小切口肺减容术（9例单肺,4例双肺）,5例行经后外侧切口单肺减容术,4例为胸骨劈开双肺减容术.结果 LVRS术后FEV1平均提高42%,术后6～12个月,FEV1改善达高峰.手术死亡率为0,术后并发症发生率38%.结论 肺减容术能明显改善部分具有手术适应证的重度肺气肿病人的临床症状和生理状况.     

肺移植术后移植肺自发性气胸1例

2004年7月26日，我们为1例终末期肺气肿患者成功实施了右单肺移植，同期左肺减容术，取得了满意的效果，术后14月移植肺合并自发性气胸，现报道如下。     

阻塞性肺气肿的肺减容术治疗

肺减容术(LungVolumereductionsurgery,LVRS)是一项新的手术方式,最初是为了避免在等待肺移植期间因肺功能恶化死亡而失去移植的机会,作为肺移植的过渡手术,后来逐渐发展为治疗部分重度阻塞性肺气肿的有效方法。LVRS的治疗原理是:通过手术切除过度充气而膨胀破坏的无功能肺组织     

Chartis系统辅助经支气管镜肺减容术治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺气肿1例临床观察

目的介绍Chartis系统辅助的经支气管镜肺减容术(BLVR)的方法及提高对其认识。方法对2011-05-05中国医科大学附属第一医院收治的1例重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺气肿患者行Chartis系统辅助的BLVR治疗的诊治过程及短期疗效。结果与治疗前比较,患者Chartis系统辅助的BLVR术后3个月的肺功能和圣乔治呼吸问卷(SGRQ)各指标得到了改善,6MWT中SpO2min略有提高,且出现SpO2min时的步行距离有所提高。术后第4天出现1枚气道瓣膜脱出,经重新植入后恢复良好。结论 Chartis系统辅助的BLVR安全、有效,并发症少。     

肺减容术治疗肺气肿

肺气肿是指终末性细支气管远端的气腔弹性减退、过度膨胀充气和肺体积增大 ,是一种严重威胁人类健康的慢性阻塞性肺病。终末期肺气肿病人的 5年生存率仅为 2 5 %左右 ,目前常规的治疗方法是内科保守治疗和功能锻炼 ,但对终末期患者疗效不佳。 80年代开始以肺移植治疗终末期肺气肿取得很大进展 ,但由于供体匮乏 ,移植费用昂贵及免疫排斥等因素使肺移植治疗终末期肺气肿难以普及推广。近年来一种切除部分过度膨胀的肺组织 ,减少肺容量 ,恢复肺的弹性回缩力的新术式——肺减容术 (L ung Volume Reduction Surgery,L VRS) [1 ,2 ] 引起胸外…     

Successful lung volume reduction surgery in a child with severe airflow obstruction and hyperinflation due to constrictive bronchiolitis

Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) may improve pulmonary function in patients with severe emphysema. However, its effects in other types of obstructive lung disease are unknown. To delay the need for lung transplantation, we performed LVRS in a 14-year-old boy with disabling airflow obstruction/hyperinflation secondary to postinfectious bronchiolitis nonresponsive to medical therapy. Within days after LVRS, a major improvement of symptoms and lung function occurred and persisted for > 1 year. Our observation suggests that LVRS may be a novel treatment option in selected patients with extreme hyperinflation even if the underlying disease is not emphysema.     

Use of endobronchial valves for native lung hyperinflation associated with respiratory failure in a single-lung transplant recipient for emphysema

Emphysema is a common indication for adult pulmonary transplantation. Double-lung transplantation is increasingly the preferred approach because severe posttransplant native lung hyperinflation (NLH) following single-lung transplantation may compromise allograft lung function. We describe successful emergency use of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction using endobronchial valves (EBVs) [Zephyr; Emphasys Medical; Redwood, CA] in a single-lung transplant recipient who was critically ill with ventilator dependence from complications of NLH and at excessive risk for lung volume reduction surgery or pneumonectomy. Following placement of 17 valves in all segments of the native lung, atelectasis of the native lung was accompanied by volume expansion of the allograft. Immediately following valve placement, peak airway pressure decreased and alveolar ventilation increased. The patient was subsequently weaned from mechanical ventilation. This report suggests the need for clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of EBVs in single-lung transplant recipients with less critical functional impairment associated with NLH.     

肺移植治疗肺纤维化10例临床分析

目的 探讨肺移植治疗肺纤维化的手术适应证、围手术期的处理及疗效.方法 2002年9月至2005年12月无锡市胸科医院采用肺移植治疗肺纤维化10例,包括特发性肺间质纤维化9例、术前长期依赖呼吸机（150 d）的重症肺炎后肺纤维化1例.手术方式均为单肺移植,其中2例在体外循环下进行,有1例为左侧供肺植入右胸腔.结果 术后1例于137 d死于重症肺部感染合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征,其余9例患者痊愈出院,平均术后住院时间为44 d.随访中1例术后9个月死于肺部感染,1例术后25个月溺水意外死亡,其余7例均健在,且肺功能有极大的改善.结论 单肺移植是治疗特发性肺间质纤维化的有效方法.     

Unilateral lung transplantation in end-stage pulmonary emphysema

Patients with end-stage pulmonary emphysema are usually proposed for either heart-lung or double-lung transplantation. The single-lung transplantation is reversed for patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Patients with emphysema are thought to be unsuitable for single-lung transplantation because of the ventilation-perfusion imbalance that is supposed to occur, the ventilation being preferentially distributed to the native lung when the perfusion is distributed to the transplanted lung. We now report a preliminary success with single-lung transplantation in two consecutive patients with end-stage pulmonary emphysema. Despite the persistence after transplantation of an obstructive syndrome, the clinical status was good, the blood gases were markedly improved, and ventilation-perfusion imbalance did not occur on lung scans. After discharge from the hospital, the patients could return to an almost normal life. Thus, our data support the feasibility of single-lung transplantation in patients with end-stage pulmonary emphysema, and we consider that single-lung transplantation could be the optimal form of lung transplantation in these patients.     

Lung volume reduction surgery as a bridge to lung transplantation

Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) improves lung function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in patients with advanced emphysema. In some patients with emphysema who are candidates for lung transplantation, LVRS is an alternative treatment option to lung transplantation, or may be used as a bridge to lung transplantation. Generally accepted criteria for LVRS include severe non-reversible airflow obstruction due to emphysema associated with significant evidence of lung hyperinflation and air trapping. Both high resolution computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest and quantitative ventilation/perfusion scan are used to identify lung regions with severe emphysema which would be used as targets for lung resection. Bilateral LVRS is the preferred surgical approach compared with the unilateral procedure because of better functional outcome. Lung transplantation is the preferred surgical treatment in patients with emphysema with alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency and in patients with very severe disease who have homogeneous emphysema pattern on CT scan of the chest or very low diffusion capacity.     

Why does the lung hyperinflate?

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often have some degree of hyperinflation of the lungs. Hyperinflated lungs can produce significant detrimental effects on breathing, as highlighted by improvements in patient symptoms after lung volume reduction surgery. Measures of lung volumes correlate better with impairment of patient functional capabilities than do measures of airflow. Understanding the mechanisms by which hyperinflation occurs in COPD provides better insight into how treatments can improve patients' health. Both static and dynamic processes can contribute to lung hyperinflation in COPD. Static hyperinflation is caused by a decrease in elasticity of the lung due to emphysema. The lungs exert less recoil pressure to counter the recoil pressure of the chest wall, resulting in an equilibrium of recoil forces at a higher resting volume than normal. Dynamic hyperinflation is more common and can occur independent of or in addition to static hyperinflation. It results from air being trapped within the lungs after each breath due to a disequilibrium between the volumes inhaled and exhaled. The ability to fully exhale depends on the degree of airflow limitation and the time available for exhalation. These can both vary, causing greater hyperinflation during exacerbations or increased respiratory demand, such as during exercise. Reversibility of dynamic hyperinflation offers the possibility for intervention. Use of bronchodilators with prolonged durations of action, such as tiotropium, can sustain significant reductions in lung inflation similar in effect to lung volume reduction surgery. How efficacy of bronchodilators is assessed may, therefore, need to be reevaluated.     

Surgery for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the place for lung volume reduction and transplantation

Lung volume reduction surgery and lung transplantation have been shown to improve lung function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in patients with advanced emphysema. Because the indications for both surgical procedures overlap, lung volume reduction surgery may be used as an alternative treatment or as a "bridge" to lung transplantation. In this article, we discuss patient selection, clinical outcome parameters, and the morbidity and mortality associated with each surgical procedure. We focus on the different preoperative predictors of good and poor outcomes after lung volume reduction surgery, the role of pulmonary rehabilitation, and the preferred surgical techniques for lung volume reduction surgery. An overview of the postoperative care of emphysema patients who undergo single-lung transplantation is also discussed.     

First Turkish experience with the MicroMed DeBakey VAD

Mechanical bridging to cardiac transplantation with a ventricular assist device may be a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage heart failure. Here we report our 3 cases of patients implanted with the MicroMed DeBakey VAD (ventricular assist device). Three male patients, aged 37, 41, and 40, had end-stage left heart failure due to idiopathic cardiomyopathy and were listed for cardiac transplantation. They had progressive hemodynamic deterioration. Although Patient 1 underwent surgery, after device implantation, for bowel necrosis caused by thromboemboli of unknown origin, heart transplantation was performed 70 days after implantation. Pump thrombosis occurred in Patient 2 on the 120th day. Outflow graft ligation was performed because the patient refused a pump exchange. This patient died on the 25th day after ligation and the 145th day after ventricular assist device implantation. A heparin-coated version of the device was implanted in Patient 3, whose preoperative profound biventricular failure had been improved by inotropic medication and intra-aortic balloon pump support. Successful heart transplantation was performed 161 days after implantation. These are the 1st implantations of a left ventricular assist device in Turkey. From these cases, we have learned that the DeBakey VAD supplies adequate blood flow during the bridging period and, due to its simplicity, portability, and low infection rate, enables discharge of the patient from the hospital. However, preoperative psychological evaluation and postoperative psychological support are important for a successful bridging procedure, as is close observation of coagulation and of pump operation.