慢性阻塞性肺疾病与致纤维化型间质性肺疾病患者阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停对比研究

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)与慢性呼吸系统疾病(CRDs)交互作用可能的病理生理机制,对比评价致纤维化型间质性肺疾病(ILD)和慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者中OSA的发生情况和严重程度。方法选择2015年9月至2018年12月于中日友好医院呼吸与危重症医学科诊断的73例COPD患者和77例致纤维化型ILD患者,进行多导睡眠监测、肺功能检查和其他临床评估。OSA定义为睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)≥5次/h。结果不依赖于年龄、性别、体质指数(BMI)、白日嗜睡程度及并发症情况,致纤维化型ILD患者较COPD患者发生中、重度OSA更为常见(61%vs. 44%, P=0.02),程度更为严重[AHI(22.4±16.5)次/h vs.(16.8±13.2)次/h, P=0.02]。OSA的严重程度(AHI)与COPD和ILD患者的用力肺活量、肺总量及弥散功能无关。结论 OSA常见于慢性呼吸系统疾病患者,与COPD相比,致纤维化型ILD患者的OSA更为常见,程度更为严重;静态肺功能指标与慢性呼吸系统疾病患者OSA的严重程度无关。提示有必要开展ILD疾病特异性的OSA的临床研究及治疗方式探讨。     

COPD合并慢性肺源性心脏病与否的肺功能对比分析

目的 通过对单纯COPD与肺心病患者的肺功能进行对比分析,了解COPD合并肺心病与否时的肺功能改变.方法 对所有入选的COPD患者进行肺功能和心脏超声检查,COPD患者GOLD分级为Ⅱ～Ⅳ级.根据有无肺心病将入选患者分为单纯COPD组和COPD合并肺心病组.单纯COPD组37例;COPD合并肺心病组31例.结果 COPD合并肺心病组DLCO% pred显著低于单纯COPD组(P<0.05);两组间FEV1% pred、FVC% pred、FEV1/FVC、RV% pred、TLC% pred、RV/TLC和共振频率无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论 COPD合并肺心病患者较单纯COPD患者肺弥散功能的损害更为显著.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者氧化应激与肺功能的相关性

目的探讨COPD患者氧化应激状态以及对肺功能的影响。方法选择COPD患者88例,行肺功能测定,根据FEV1%及FEV1/FVC分为轻、中、重三组,并对所有入选者抽取静脉血,化学比色法检测血清还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的水平。结果与轻度组比较,中、重度COPD患者SOD、GSH水平明显下降,MDA明显升高(P<0.05、P<0.01)。相关分析显示:MDA与肺功能(FEV1%、FEV1/FVC)呈负相关(P<0.01、P<0.05),SOD、GSH与肺功能呈正相关(P<0.01、P<0.05)。结论 COPD患者体内存在氧化应激失衡,随着氧化/抗氧化功能失衡加重,肺功能下降加剧。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺癌临床分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)合并肺癌的临床特点.方法 对35例COPD合并肺癌的病例进行分析.结果 COPD分级:Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级17例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅳ级3例.CT表现:肿块影28例;阻塞性肺炎9例;胸腔积液6例;肺不张5例.细胞类型:鳞癌16例,腺癌9例,小细胞癌7例,大细胞癌1例,未定型2例.肺癌TNM分期:Ⅰa期2例,Ⅰb期4例,Ⅱa期2例,Ⅱb期5例,Ⅲa期7例,Ⅲb期8例,Ⅳ期7例.转归:死亡29例,生存期1～28个月.结论 COPD合并肺癌时,早期常不易被发现,确诊时多为晚期.故COPD合并吸烟的患者,如出现可疑肺癌征象,应高度引起重视,及早完善检查及明确诊断,以降低死亡率,延长生存期.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺癌发病机制的研究进展

据统计,目前慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)在全球40岁以上人群中发病率高达9%～10%.而世界卫生组织最新数据显示,肺癌发病率占全球新发癌症的11. 6%,病死率达18. 4%,是中国乃至全球发病率和病死率最高的癌症. COPD合并肺癌的年发病率为16. 7%,且仍在上升. COPD合并肺癌治疗难度大,需在两种疾病基础上...     

Advances in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by progressive airflow limitation in the presence of identifiable risk factors. Inflammation is the central pathological feature in the pathogenesis of COPD. In addition to its pulmonary effects, COPD is associated with significant extrapulmonary manifestations, including ischaemic heart disease, osteoporosis, stroke and diabetes. Anxiety and depression are also common. Spirometry remains the gold standard diagnostic tool. Pharmacologic and non‐pharmacologic therapy can improve symptoms, quality of life and exercise capacity and, through their effects on reducing exacerbations, have the potential to modify disease progression. Bronchodilators are the mainstay of pharmacotherapy, with guidelines recommending a stepwise escalating approach. Smoking cessation is paramount in managing COPD, with promotion of physical activity and pulmonary rehabilitation being other key factors in management. Comorbidities should be actively sought and managed in their own right. Given the chronicity and progressive nature of COPD, ongoing monitoring and support with timely discussion of advanced‐care planning and end‐of‐life issues are recommended.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴肺大疱患者的微创外科治疗

目的探讨微创外科治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）伴肺大疱的效果。方法对2001年10月至2009年6月收治的72例COPD伴肺大疱患者行胸腔镜肺大疱切除术,其中COPD伴肺大疱患者52例,伴气胸者20例;若胸腔内粘连尚可分离、肺大疱呈非弥漫性分布,予完全胸腔镜下肺大疱切除;若胸腔镜探查发现胸腔内广泛粘连、肺大疱太多或呈弥漫分布,则采用胸腔镜加小切口肺大疱切除术;并对手术前后患者肺功能进行对比分析。结果完全胸腔镜手术36例次,行胸腔镜＋小切口手术46例次（双侧肺大疱患者10例行分期手术）。手术时间30~240 m in,住院时间10~72 d。术后随访64例2~72个月,患者胸闷、气促等症状明显改善,术前气胸者无气胸复发;术后3、6个月肺功能均较术前明显提高（P〈0.05）。结论微创外科治疗COPD伴肺大疱疗效显著。手术指征、手术方法以及术后管理对治疗效果起决定作用。     

Biological meaning of the prospective epidemiological study on chronic obstructive lung disease and aging

An epidemiological follow-up study on the occurrence of the chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) in the elderly was carried out in a probability sample of Cracow inhabitants. The research dealt with defining the high risk groups. The health status of the population studied was appraised by standardized interviews and spirometric measurements. Prevalence of COLD was rather strongly related to age both in men and in women but the increase with age was not uniform, being linear below 50 yr and steep in older age groups. The logistic curve appeared to fit quite well to the empirical data regarding the frequency of COLD in relation to age. The overall relative risk of developing COLD estimated by odds ratio was also affected greatly by smoking and by respiratory symptoms. Against expectations, the study showed that the elderly run a substantial risk of developing COLD even without any respiratory symptoms and being a non-smoker. The data obtained indicate that age groups above 50 yr are more vulnerable as the pace of lung function deterioration is much higher than in younger persons. The changes produced by relatively mild pulmonary symptoms like productive cough adding to pre-existing changes caused by aging may precipitate definite chronic obstructive lung disease.     

COPD合并非小细胞肺癌103例临床分析

目的 探讨COPD合并原发性非小细胞肺癌的临床特征.方法 分析我院近5年103例COPD合并非小细胞肺癌患者的临床资料.结果 COPD合并非小细胞肺癌多为有吸烟史男性老年人.103例患者中,鳞癌56.31%,腺癌34.95%.较常见的症状有咳嗽（86.41%）、咯血或痰中带血（54.37%）、呼吸困难（41.75%）等.胸部X线主要表现为肺门肿块（64.08%）、肺门和/或纵隔淋巴结肿大（24.27%）、阻塞性肺炎或肺不张（21.36%）.大多数患者经支气管镜检活检确诊（62.14%）.结论 COPD患者发生非小细胞肺癌风险高,如出现可疑肺癌征象,应尽早行相关检查.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者夜间缺氧与肺功能损减的关系

目的分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者肺功能受损与夜间低氧缺氧的关系。方法对排除了睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的160例稳定期COPD患者进行夜间脉搏氧饱和度监测和肺功能检测。进行年龄及体质量指数匹配后,按COPD肺功能分级将患者分为3组：轻度缺氧、中度缺氧、重度缺氧组。比较各组间夜间缺氧的严重程度。结果各组间在夜间平均血氧饱和度血氧饱和度低于90％时间占总睡眠时间百分比、夜间平均脉搏、每小时脉搏上升6次的次数等方面差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。而且肺活量占预计值百分比、1秒钟用力呼气容积占预计值百分比、残气容积、残气容积与肺总量比值差异亦有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论COPD患者夜问缺氧的严重程度与肺功能受损的程度明显相关,这可能会影响患者的心血管系统。     

家庭氧疗对COPD患者肺功能影响研究

目的 探讨不同临床分级慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者经过长期家庭氧疗（LTOT）后肺功能变化情况.方法 选取220例COPD患者按照肺功能分级不同分为四组,所有患者均进行长期家庭氧疗,四年后复测所有患者的肺功能及相关生化、动脉血气指标.结果 四年后肺功能I、Ⅱ级患者的FEV1、FEV1/FVC%、FEV1%预计值及日间SaO2有下降趋势,且有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.而在肺功能Ⅲ、Ⅳ级患者中上述指标然也有下降趋势,但这种趋势无统计学差异.结论长期家庭氧疗对于所有COPD患者均有益处,尤其对于肺功能Ⅲ、Ⅳ级患者其延缓肺功能恶化的作用更为显著.     

Prevalence of undiagnosed and undertreated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in lung cancer population

Background and objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor and important coexisting disease for lung cancer; however, the current status of management of COPD in lung cancer patients is not fully described. This study addressed this issue in a general teaching hospital in China. Methods: Medical records of hospitalized lung cancer patients in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, between January 2006 and December 2010 were reviewed. The definition of COPD was according to the spirometric criteria of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) document. The diagnostic rate (COPD recorded as a discharge diagnosis/spirometry‐defined percentage) and conformity to GOLD treatment guidelines were investigated. The factors influencing diagnosis were analysed. Results: During the study period, the prevalence of spirometry‐defined COPD in hospitalized lung cancer patients was 21.6% (705/3263). The overall diagnostic rate of COPD was 7.1%, and the treatment conformity for stable and acute exacerbation of COPD was 27.1% and 46.8%, respectively. Respiratory physicians had a higher diagnostic rate than non‐respiratory doctors (34.8% vs 2.9%, P < 0.001) and a better treatment conformity for acute exacerbation of COPD (63.6% vs 37.5%, P = 0.048). Patients with COPD as a discharge diagnosis had more chance to receive guideline‐consistent treatment. The diagnostic rate of COPD was higher among patients with a history of smoking, respiratory diseases or symptoms. Conclusions: COPD is substantially underdiagnosed and undertreated in a hospitalized lung cancer population. History of smoking, respiratory diseases and symptoms promotes diagnosis. Education of COPD knowledge among patients and doctors is urgently required in this special population.     

Prevention of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with endobronchial valves

IntroductionBronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) with endobronchial valves (EBVs) has emerged as an important treatment method for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are a frequent complication following BLVR with EBV. However, there is no consensus on the prevention of AECOPD.ObjectivesOur study aims to compare the outcomes of different prophylactic measures on the occurrence of AECOPD after BLVR with EBV.MethodsWe conducted a multicenter, retrospective study of patients who underwent BLVR with EBV at six different institutions. Emphasis was directed towards the specific practices aimed at preventing AECOPD: antibiotics, steroids, antibiotics plus steroids, or no prophylaxis. Subgroups were compared, and odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsA total of 170 patients were reviewed. The rate of AECOPD was 21.2% for the full cohort. Patients who received prophylaxis had a significantly lower rate of AECOPD compared with those who did not (16.7% vs. 46.2%; p = 0.001). The rate was lowest in patients who received antibiotics alone (9.2%). There was no significant difference in the rate of AECOPD between patients who received steroids alone or antibiotics plus steroids, compared with the other subgroups. The OR for AECOPD was 4.3 (95% CI: 1.8–10.4; p = 0.001) for patients not receiving prophylaxis and 3.9 (95% CI: 1.5–10.1; p = 0.004) for prophylaxis other than antibiotics alone.ConclusionsAdministration of antibiotics after BLVR with EBV was associated with a lower rate of AECOPD. This was not observed with the use of steroids or in combination with antibiotics.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者诱导痰中DCs及CCR6的变化及意义

目的分析树突状细胞（DCs）及趋化因子受体6（CCR6）在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）发病机制中的作用。方法以COPD患者为研究对象,并以健康人作为对照,采用沙丁胺醇加高渗盐水超声雾化吸入方法诱导排痰,以流式细胞技术检测痰液中DCs水平,以ELISA检测CCR6的含量。同时,常规方法测定肺功能FEV1％及FEV1／FVC。结果DCs、CCR6在COPD分期的GOLDⅠ级、GOLDⅡ级以及GOLDⅢ～Ⅳ级均高于正常对照组和吸烟无COPD组（P〈0．01）。DCs、CCR6与COPD患者FEV1％之间均呈负相关关系（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论COPD患者DCs及CCR6升高,且与病情的严重程度明显相关,提示DCs及CCR6可能参与了COPD的炎症反应过程。     

COPD HRCT影像学表型与肺功能的相关性分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺病HRCT影像学表型与肺功能的相关性.方法 分析了入住我院的120例COPD患者的临床资料,根据GOLD方案分级,其中Ⅰ级46例（A组）、Ⅱ级34例（B组）、Ⅲ级23例（C组）以及Ⅳ级17例（D组）.对本组全部入选患者的肺功能、血气分析以及HRCT等方面进行检查,对比上述四组之间的变化与相关性.结果 与A组相比,B、C、D三组患者HRCT异常定量评分呈现出显著性升高的发展趋势,且比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）;而且,上述四组之间HRCT定量评价与肺功能分级具有较好的相关性（P＜0.05）.结论 HRCT能够作为定量评价不同级别COPD患者的有效方法.     

Spontaneous bilateral rupture of the Achilles tendon in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A 69-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presented with an exacerbation of cough and breathlessness, as well as a 5 day history of sudden-onset bilateral calf tenderness. He had been commenced on inhaled steroids 41/2 years earlier and then received maintenance oral prednisone. Upon examination, there was a haematoma inferior to the medial malleolus with no Achilles tenderness on the left side. On the right side, there was focal tenderness over the mid-portion of the Achilles tendon with pain accentuated upon dorsi flexion. A venous duplex study confirmed superficial venous thrombosis involving the left gastrocnemius vein extending proximally to the popliteal vein junction. The major axial deep veins of the left lower leg were patent. Findings on the right side were normal. A subsequent diagnostic ultrasound demonstrated unequivocal bilateral Achilles tendon ruptures. The patient subsequently underwent corrective surgery. There have been several reports of bilateral Achilles tendon rupture associated with long-term corticosteroid use. It is likely that this entity is underdiagnosed because of a lack of awareness of this association by physicians. Recognition and surgical intervention are likely to reduce morbidity and improve outcome.     

Risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with corticosteroids

Background and objective: Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is thought to be associated with immunosuppressive treatments, but insufficient information is available on the effect of corticosteroids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of HBV reactivation in hepatitis B surface antigen‐seropositive patients with asthma or COPD, who were treated with systemic corticosteroids (SCS) in addition to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Methods: Patients with asthma or COPD (n = 198), who were hepatitis B surface antigen‐seropositive and had been treated with ICS, were identified retrospectively. To evaluate the additional effects of SCS, the SCS group was divided into those who received intermittent or continuous SCS (≥3 months of continuous SCS treatment), and into those who received low‐dose (≤20 mg/day of prednisolone) or medium‐to‐high‐dose SCS. The study outcome was HBV reactivation. Results: HBV reactivation occurred in 11.1% of patients in the SCS group, which was significantly higher than the reactivation rate in the ICS group. HBV reactivation was more frequent in the SCS group compared with the ICS group (OR 3.813, 95% CI: 1.106–13.145, P = 0.032), and in the continuous and medium‐to‐high‐dose SCS subgroups compared with the ICS group (OR 5.719, 95% CI: 1.172–27.905, P = 0.048 and OR 4.884, 95% CI: 1.362–17.511, P = 0.014, respectively). Conclusions: These results suggest that addition of SCS to ICS increases the risk of HBV reactivation, especially when SCS are administered chronically or at high doses.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者发生骨质疏松的危险因素

目的 探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者发生骨质疏松的危险因素及与肺功能损害程度的关系.方法 选择COPD急性加重(AECOPD)入院治疗的患者180例(女性82例,男性98例),入院期间采用双能X线骨密度测定仪测定患者腰椎2～4节段和髋关节的骨密度,依据骨密度检测结果将患者分为COPD合并骨质疏松组和单纯COPD组,并记录所有患者吸烟史、骨折发生次数、激素使用情况等.入院期间测定肺功能、6min步行距离(6MWD)、体质指数(BMI)、血浆白蛋白水平等.结果 患者年龄65～79岁,平均(72±7)岁,平均吸烟量(59±27)包/年,第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1%)为(36.5±9.8)%,其中30%(54/180)患者近期吸入或口服糖皮质激素大于3个月.骨密度测定结果显示,171例(95%)的患者骨密度低于正常,其中119例(66%)患有骨质疏松,男性61例,发生率62%,女性58例,发生率70%,性别间差异无统计学意义(x2=1.435,P=0.330),52例(29%)骨量减少.骨折发生人数女性15例(18%),略高于男性的12例(12%)(x2=1.281,P=0.258).BMI与骨质疏松相关(r=0.362,P=0.000),6MWD与骨质疏松相关(r=0.635,P=0.048),肺残气占预计值百分比(RV%)与骨质疏松相关(r=0.688,P=0.037),用力肺活量占预计值百分比(FVC%)与骨质疏松明显相关(r=0.973,P=0.006).结论 骨质疏松是老年COPD患者主要的肺外表现之一,中、重度COPD患者骨质疏松发生率明显高于同龄健康人群,应给予足够的重视和积极的干预.     

Fulminant hepatitis in patients with chronic liver disease

The changing epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the UK has led to a decline in natural immunity against the virus. It is estimated that in the UK, HAV is responsible for 10%-20% of cases of liver failure, and an overall mortality rate of 0.1%. It is clear that certain factors predispose patients to more severe HAV disease and increased mortality, although the reasons for this have yet to be elucidated. The age at which infection occurs clearly influences the outcome, with the risk of severe hepatitis increasing sharply after the age of 40 years. Intravenous drug users, homosexual men, individuals with an excessive alcohol intake or patients with chronic liver disease are also at increased risk of severe disease. An analysis of data from King's College Hospital was performed to determine the factors that influence the outcome or clinical course of HAV infection in at-risk patients. Data compiled from 1991 to 1998 revealed 187 cases with confirmed HAV, 45 of whom developed severe hepatitis. Outcomes were varied, eight (17.7%) patients developed acute liver failure and two (4.4%) died.     

普米克令舒联合可必特雾化吸入改善肺癌合并重度COPD患者术前肺功能及扩大手术适应症研究

目的观察普米克令舒联合可必特雾化吸入对肺癌合并重度COPD患者术前肺功能影响,探讨该疗法能否扩大肺癌手术的适应症。方法收集我院肺癌合并COPD,拟行肺叶切除术的患者,给予普米克令舒联合可必特雾化吸入两周后比较患者FEV1、MVV%、PaO2、PaCO2的改善情况及手术耐受情况。结果研究期间入组27例重度COPD合并肺癌Ⅰ-Ⅲa期患者,经治疗2周后FEV1、MVV%、PaO2、PaCO2均较治疗前显著改善(P<0.05)。其中有21例患者肺功能提高至手术指标,进行单侧肺叶切除并淋巴结清扫术,但与同期轻中度COPD合并肺癌患者比较,前者并发症发生率较后者增加(P<0.01)。结论雾化吸入普米克联合可必特可在短时间内明显提高肺癌合并重度COPD患者肺功能水平,可使其中部分患者较安全的耐受肺叶切除术。