Long-term followup after nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease.

We reviewed the long-term outcome of nephron sparing surgery in 9 patients with localized bilateral renal cell carcinoma and von Hippel-Lindau disease. One patient died of metastatic renal cell carcinoma 43 months postoperatively. One patient has not had recurrent tumor and was alive at 74 months postoperatively. The remaining 7 patients (mean followup 88 months) had local recurrence of tumor in the operated kidney and a secondary renal operation was done in 6 of them. Overall, 6 patients are free of tumor but only 3 of them retain functioning native renal parenchyma. We conclude that the results of nephron sparing surgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma and von Hippel-Lindau disease are less satisfactory than in patients with sporadic renal cell carcinoma.     

Conservative surgery for renal cell carcinoma: a single-center experience with 100 patients

From January 1956 to March 1987, 100 patients underwent a conservative (parenchyma-sparing) operation as curative treatment for renal cell carcinoma at our clinic. This series includes 56 patients with bilateral (28 synchronous and 28 asynchronous) and 44 with unilateral renal cell carcinoma; in the latter category the contralateral kidney was either absent or nonfunctioning (17 patients), functionally impaired (17), involved with a benign disease process (6) or normal (4). The pathological tumor stage was I in 75 patients, II in 9, III in 10 and IV in 6. A nephron-sparing operation was performed in situ in 86 patients and ex vivo in 14. Postoperatively, 93 patients experienced immediate function of the operated kidney, while 7 required dialysis (4 temporary and 3 permanent). The incidence of dialysis was greater after ex vivo than in situ surgery (p equals 0.0005). The mean postoperative serum creatinine level in 97 patients with renal function was 1.7 mg. per dl. (range 0.9 to 4.6 mg. per dl.). The over-all actuarial 5-year patient survival rate in this series is 67 per cent including death of any cause and 84 per cent including only deaths of renal cell carcinoma. Survival was improved in patients with stage I renal cell carcinoma (p less than 0.05). Survival also was improved in patients with unilateral renal cell carcinoma (p less than 0.05) and fewer patients in this category had recurrent disease postoperatively (p less than 0.0005). Nine patients (9 per cent) had local tumor recurrence postoperatively and 5 of these were rendered free of tumor by secondary surgical excision. Conservative surgery provides effective therapy for patients with localized renal cell carcinoma in whom preservation of renal function is a relevant clinical consideration.     

腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗早期肾癌的临床研究（附32例报告）

目的探讨腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗早期肾癌的方法和疗效。方法采用腹腔镜技术，术中使用超声刀、电凝钩对32早期。肾癌患者行保留肾单位手术，患者年龄31～72岁，平均49±1．8岁。肿瘤平均直径1．5±4．5cm，平均（2．8±0．8）cm。25例行后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术，7例行经腹途径腹腔镜保留肾单位手术，影像学检查示32例肿瘤突出于肾脏表面，肾上极10例，肾下极13例，肾脏中部5例，近肾盂部位4例；偏背侧18例，腹侧14例。结果32例除1例转开放手术外，余31例为腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾肿瘤切除术。平均手术时间（105±15．4）min，平均出血量（120±21．6）ml，6例术中输血400ml。2例术后发生尿漏，予负压吸引15d后引流量小于20ml后拔出肾周引流管。术后住院时间平均7～17d，平均（9±2）d。术后病理报告：肾透明细胞癌28例，肾颗粒细胞癌3例，嗜酸性细胞癌1例。随访时间3-53个月，平均（21±4）个月，肿瘤无复发。结论腹腔镜保留肾单位术治疗早期肾癌安全、可行。     

介入超声在腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术中的应用

目的 探讨介入超声辅助后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗肾肿瘤的方法与疗效.方法 肾肿瘤患者20例.男11例,女9例.年龄33～73岁,平均53岁.肾癌12例,肿瘤平均直径2.9(1.4～4.6)cm,临床分期均为T1 N0M0;肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤7例,肿瘤平均直径4.5(1.8～8.0)cm;肾嗜酸细胞瘤1例,直径3.1 cm.行后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术,术中以腹腔镜超声探头定位肿瘤,观察肿瘤血流及其周围是否存有小的肿瘤病灶.记录手术时间、肾动脉阻断时间及手术疗效.结果20例手术均顺利完成,无中转开放手术.平均手术时间115(85～270)min,平均肾动脉阻断时间28(22～50)min.12例肾癌患者平均随访16(4～30)个月,肿瘤无复发.结论 介入超声有助于腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术中肿瘤定位、判断血管阻断是否完全及彻底切除肿瘤.     

Renal cell carcinoma: evaluation of the 1997 TNM system and recommendations for follow-up after surgery.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the tumor recurrence pattern after radical or nephron-sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma. Based on this pattern, we suggest a surveillance protocol after surgery. METHODS: The outcome of 200 consecutive patients with localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that were operated on between January 1982 and December 1997 was evaluated retrospectively. Radical nephrectomy was performed in 155 patients (77.5%), and nephron-sparing surgery in 45 patients (22.5%). The timing and site of disease recurrence were correlated with parameters of the primary tumor. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-four patients (62%) had pathological stage T1, 26 (13%) had stage T2, and 50 (25%) had stage T3 (41 stage T3a, 8 stage T3b, and 1 stage T3c). The mean follow-up was 47 months (range 6--169 months). Four patients (3.2%) with stage T1, 6 patients (23%) with T2, and 13 patients (26%) with T3 developed recurrent disease. None of the patients with a stage T1 tumor, smaller than 4 cm, had tumor recurrence. There were no recurrences after nephron-sparing surgery compared to 23 recurrences (14.8%) among patients after radical nephrectomy (p = 0.01). Only 1 patient who underwent pulmonary lobectomy for asymptomatic metastases smaller than 2.5 cm, found by routine chest CT, attained long-term survival. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of patients after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma, smaller than 4 cm, is excellent and they do not need radiological follow-up. Patients with larger T1 tumors, 4--7 cm in diameter, or a higher stage should be followed with CT of the chest and abdomen done every 6 months for 5 years and then annually. Following partial nephrectomy of small renal tumors periodic renal ultrasonography should be done to rule out local recurrence in the operated kidney.     

Nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma in the solitary kidney

OBJECTIVE: Partial nephrectomy in solitary kidneys carries the risk of tumour progression as well as loss of renal function. We evaluated complications and outcome in patients with renal cell cancer in solitary kidneys who were treated by means of nephron-sparing surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1993 and 2003, 38 patients with renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney underwent nephron-sparing surgery (partial nephrectomy, n = 37; work-bench resection, n = 1). Of these patients, 21 had asynchronous and eight had synchronous bilateral tumours and underwent contralateral radical nephrectomy. The variables examined were tumour size, disease progression, pre- and postoperative renal function and early (within 30 days of nephron-sparing surgery) and late complications. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up period of 41.7 months (range 8-93 months) the mean serum creatinine level had increased from 1.25 mg/dl preoperatively to 1.62 mg/dl postoperatively. Seventeen patients retained normal renal function and 21 developed some degree of renal insufficiency. New-onset chronic renal insufficiency after nephron-sparing surgery with creatinine levels >2 mg/dl was the only late complication observed, occurring in 10 cases. None of the patients required dialysis. Transient urinary leakage was the most frequent early complication, occurring in four cases. Recurrence and/or progression were seen in six patients: four with local recurrence (three of whom also had distant metastases) and two with pure metastatic progression. Nephron-sparing surgery was repeated for the patient with isolated local tumour recurrence. The mean tumour size was 3.8 cm (range 0.7-9.9 cm). Tumour size was markedly greater in patients who developed disease progression (6.2 vs 3.5 cm) and in those who developed renal insufficiency (5.2 vs 3.3 cm). CONCLUSIONS: Nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma involving a solitary kidney provides effective curative treatment for small tumours, with preservation of renal function. However, patients who undergo partial nephrectomy for locally extensive tumours are at high risk of disease progression.     

遗传性肾癌11例临床分析

目的 探讨遗传性肾癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析11例遗传性肾癌患者的临床资料,其中男8例、女3例,年龄32～67岁,平均48岁;4例为双侧肾癌,4例为多发肾癌.2例诊断为希佩尔-林道病综合征,6例诊断为家族性肾透明细胞癌,3例诊断为遗传性乳头状肾癌.10例患者行保留肾单位的手术和（或）肾癌根治术,1例未手术.结果 随访12～114个月,4例发生肿瘤复发,1例死于肿瘤转移,2例死于其他原因,4例无瘤生存.结论 遗传性肾癌发病年龄较早,肿瘤双侧、多中心发病率较高,应尽量行保留肾单位手术.     

小肾癌的保留肾单位手术治疗

目的 探讨保留肾单位的肾部分切除手术治疗小肾癌的安全性和合理性。方法 对48例小肾癌患者行保留肾单位的肾部分切除术。男29例，女19例。平均年龄42岁（24～61岁）。平均肿瘤直径2．4cm（1．0～4．0cm）。病理分期T1N0M047例，双侧肾癌1例。评估肾蒂阻断时间、术后并发症及局部复发情况。结果 48例手术均顺利完成，肾蒂阻断时间平均18min（12～26min）。术后出血3例、漏尿1例。平均随访21个月，1例术后6个月局部复发行根治性手术，1例出现远处转移而死亡，余未见复发或远处转移。结论 保留肾单位的肾部分切除治疗小肾癌安全有效，手术指征可扩展至对侧肾脏正常的患者。     

后腹腔镜技术治疗双侧肾癌的有效性与安全性研究

目的:探讨后腹腔镜技术治疗双侧肾癌的方法及疗效。方法:回顾性分析2004年1月～2010年6月11例双侧肾细胞癌患者的临床资料,同时型6例,异时型5例,肿瘤直径平均(2.8±1.8)cm。11例患者均分期行后腹腔镜手术治疗,其中8例行双侧肾部分切除术,3例行一侧肾癌根治及对侧肾部分切除术。结果:所有手术均顺利完成,无中转开放,平均手术时间(102±27)min,平均热缺血时间(23.0±7.7)min,术中平均出血量(80.0±43.5)ml,术后平均住院时间(10.6±2.0)d。术后平均随访(3.5±2.0)年,9例未见复发及转移且术后肾功能无异常,1例术后肌酐升高,1例肺转移予靶向药物治疗至今。结论:后腹腔镜技术治疗双侧肾癌安全、可行、有效,具有创伤小、恢复快的优点,但其远期疗效尚需大样本对照研究和长期随访观察。     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.     

后腹腔镜下保留肾单位9例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术控制肾蒂及处理肾脏创面的方法。方法我院2003年12月~2007年1月行后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术9例,术中采取牵拉硅胶管不全阻断肾动脉,在距肿瘤0.5~1.0 cm超声刀切除肿瘤,生物蛋白胶、止血纱布及可吸收线缝合肾脏创面。结果9例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间2~3.5 h,平均2.6h;术中出血量50~400 ml,平均150 ml。围手术期无出血、尿漏等并发症。术后病理:8例透明细胞癌,1例血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,标本切缘均为阴性。9例随访4~36个月,平均13个月,肾功能正常,B超或CT显示无局部复发,B超、胸片、骨扫描显示无其他脏器转移。结论掌握一定的控制肾蒂及处理肾脏创面的方法,后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术安全、有效,可以在临床上推广使用。     

肾癌局部复发的手术治疗

目的 提高肾癌局部复发的治疗水平.方法肾癌术后局部肿瘤复发患者7例.根治性肾切除术5例,原发肿瘤直径5.6～9.6 cm,平均6.5 cm;保留肾单位手术2例,原发肿瘤直径均<3.0 am.年龄19～64岁,平均42岁.肿瘤局部复发时间为术后12～54个月,平均23个月.复发肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均5.2 cm.结果 行复发肿瘤切除术5例,复发肿瘤及肾切除术2例.7例手术均成功.术中出血150～3000 ml.患者术后恢复顺利.1例复发肿瘤压迫髂腹下神经,分离过程中因过度牵拉神经束,术后出现短暂的术侧下肢皮肤疼痛.1例术中分离损伤小肠,破孔1 cm,给予修补,术后恢复良好.余5例无明显术中和术后并发症.6例随访8～27个月,平均13个月.局部再次复发2例;出现远处转移2例,其中行免疫治疗1例,复发肿瘤切除术后22个月死亡1例.结论肾癌局部复发后再手术难度较大、出血较多,但大部分复发可以手术切除,延长患者的生存期.