杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)基因多态性与系统性红斑狼疮的关联性研究

目的 探讨杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体（KIR）基因多态性与系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）的关联性。方法 采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应（SSP-PCR）法，分析93例SLE患者和123例无血缘关系的健康对照K／R基因位点的多态性。结果 SLE病例组KIR2DS1（P〈0．001）、KIR2DL2（P〈0．001）基因的阳性率较随机对照组显著升高。具有2个或2个以上活化性基因个体在SLE组（80．7％）较对照组（66．7％）明显增多，差异具有统计学意义（P=0．025）。SLE患者狼疮肾炎与非狼疮肾炎组K／R基因分布频率比较差异无统计学意义。按发病年龄分组后，SLE患者中不同发病年龄组间K／R基因频率分布比较差异无统计学意义。结论 KIR2DS1、KIR2DL2基因频率升高可能与SLE发病相关。     

NK受体KIR生物学功能的研究进展

杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(Killer Ig-like receptor,KIR)为免疫球蛋白超家族成员,表达于NK细胞和某些T细胞亚群。KIR包括抑制型和激活型受体,其通过识别表达于靶细胞上的人类白细胞抗原1(HLA-Ⅰ)类分子,调节NK细胞的杀伤活性,在自身免疫性疾病、妊娠、移植等生理病理过程中起重要的作用。本文综述了近年来关于KIR研究的最新进展,主要包括KIR的结构、其特异性配体、KIR介导的信号传导和KIR的生物学功能。     

KIR基因的进化、表达与功能

KIR基因位于人染色体19q34,呈共显性表达.编码蛋白主要分布于NK细胞和T细胞,特异性识别HLA分子,传导活化或抑制信号,调控杀伤功能.观察表明,骨髓移植时供者KIR表型与受者HLA表型可影响骨髓移植的预后.不同种族的KIR表达有着明显的差异,因此有必要研究中国人的KIR遗传背景.本文对杀伤免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)的进化、遗传、表达规律和功能进行综述.     

NK细胞受体识别的多样性

TCR和BCR介导T、B细胞的识别活化是现代免疫学研究的核心内容之一,比ICR和BCR更为复杂的是NK细胞的受体,迄今为止,已发现有数十种之多,分属抑制性受体和活化性受体两大类,各大类又包括数个家族,体现了NK细胞受体的多样性,介导了NK细胞的不同识别模式,分别传递不同的活化信号和抑制信号,各种信号在细胞表面如何整合,在细胞内部如何传递,最终赋予NK(细胞何种生物学功能,成为近期免疫学研究的热点问题。     

杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体基因多态性与不明原因复发性早期自然流产的关联性研究

目的探讨杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体（killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor，KIR）基因多态性与不明原因的复发性早期自然流产的关联性。方法采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应（PCR-SSP）法，分析我院就诊的100例不明原因的复发性早期自然流产（unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortions，URSA）患者和112例无血缘关系的正常妇女KIR基因位点的多态性。结果URSA病例组KIR2DS1（P=0．003）、KIR2DS2（P=0．008）、KIR2DL5（P=0．003）基因的阳性率较随机对照组显著升高，URSA病例组活化性KIR基因数目较对照组显著增多（P=0．002）。具有3个或3个以下活化性KIR基因的个体在病例组中占40．00％，在对照组中占58．04％；而具有3个以上活化性KIR基因的个体在病例组中占60．00％，在对照组中占41．96％，两者差异具有统计学意义（P=0．009）。结论活化性KIR基因数目增多可能参与不明原因复发性早期自然流产的发病。KIR2DS1、KIR2DS2、KIR2DL5基因频率升高可能是不明原因复发性早期自然流产的原因之一。     

浙江汉族人群KIR2DL3基因遗传多态性

目的探讨浙江汉族人群KIR2DL3基因的多态性分布情况。方法采用PCR测序分型方法进行KIR2DL3等位基因分型。首先合成引物特异性扩增KIR2DL3基因的两个片段,然后对KIR2DL3基因第4、5、7、8和9外显子进行测序分析,根据多态性位点格局判断样本的KIR2DL3等位基因情况。结果样本中共检测到两种等位基因,其中KIR2DL3*001等位基因占77%。结论PCR测序分型方法可有效检测KIR2DL3等位基因。     

浙江汉族人群KIR3DL2等位基因的多态性分析

目的探讨浙江汉族人群KIR3DL2等位基因的多态性分布情况。方法KIR3DL2等位基因分型采用聚合酶链反应寡核苷酸探针杂交方法，利用引物特异性扩增KIR3DL2基因的两个片段，合成21条探针检测KIR3DL2基因的多态性位点，根据探针的格局判断出样本的KIR3DL2等位基因情况。结果样本中共发现17种探针格局，检测到7种等位基因，其中KIR3DL2＊002等位基因占57％。1例样本无法用现有等位基因探针格局进行分析。结论聚合酶链反应寡核苷酸探针杂交方法可有效检测KIR3DL2等位基因，浙江汉族人群KIR3DL2等位基因的分布有其特点。     

桥本甲状腺炎患者杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体基因多态性分析

目的 探讨杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, KIR)基因多态性与桥本甲状腺炎(HT)的关联性.方法 选择100例散发HT患者,260例无血缘关系的正常人作为对照,提取全血基因组DNA,采用序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应(PCR-SSP)的方法,对KIR2DL1～5、KIR3DL1～3、KIR2DS1～5、KIR3DS1及KIR2DP1共15个KIR基因进行检测,其中除KIR2DS5基因外,每个基因均采用2对不同的特异性引物.结果 HT病例组中KIR2DL5基因的基因频率较对照组显著降低(0.200 vs 0.312,RR=0.64,P<0.01).结论 KIR2DL5基因频率的降低可能与HT的发病相关.     

KIR2DL5基因研究进展

杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(killer-cell immunoglobulin-1ike receptors，KIRs)是由一组位于19q13.4的紧密成簇的基因编码的免疫球蛋白超家族受体，蛋白结构具有多样性。KIR2DL5由于其独特的基因转录表达特征、单倍体分布、群体分布和表达的多样性，以及D0-D2免疫球蛋白样胞外段结构域和较长的胞内段结构特征而有别于其他KIR，在KIR研究中尤为重要。本文拟对这一基因的研究进展作一综述。     

NK细胞可溶性KIR3DL1分子检测双夹心ELASA的建立

<正>自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cells,NK细胞)是固有免疫中一类十分重要的淋巴细胞,约占循环淋巴细胞总数的15%。目前根据CD56和CD16的表达水平可将NK细胞分为CD56hi、CD56dim和CD56-CD16+3个亚群。由于NK细胞不表达T细胞受体(T cell receptor,TCR)和B细胞受体(B cell receptor,BCR),如何区别"自己"和"非己"一直是个     

HLA-Cw在广东汉族人群中的分布频率及其意义的初步分析

目的 :检测HLA Cw在广东汉族人群的分布频率 ,初步分析该人群中KIR与HLA Cw之间识别方式的特点及意义。方法 :骨髓移植供者 12 2例 ,ACD抗凝血提取DNA ,半量全自动PCR RSSO分型检测Cw。结果 :广东汉族人群HLA Cw基因频率分布由高至低依次为 :Cw 0 3(0 2 371) >Cw 0 7(0 2 15 9) >Cw 0 1(0 175 2 ) >Cw 0 8(0 112 9) >Cw 0 4 (0 0 5 0 5 ) >Cw 14、15(0 0 4 19) >Cw 12 (0 0 376 ) >Cw 0 6 (0 0 333) >Cw 0 5 (0 0 0 82 ) >Cw 16 (0 0 0 4 1)。第一组Cw 0 2 ,0 4 ,0 5 ,0 6识别KIR分子中2DL 2DSI;第二组Cw 0 1,0 3,0 7,0 8识别KIR分子中 2DL2 2DL3;2DS2 2DS3。两组分布频率相比有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :广东汉族人群HLA Cw 0 1,0 3,0 7,0 8出现频率较高 ,其与KIR的识别方式均属第二组。     

Diversity of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in Indonesian populations of Java, Kalimantan, Timor and Irian Jaya

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) regulate the activity of natural killer and T cells through interactions with specific human leucocyte antigen class I molecules on target cells. Population studies performed over the last several years have established that KIR gene frequencies (GFs) and genotype content vary considerably among different ethnic groups, indicating the extent of KIR diversity, some of which have also shown the effect of the presence or absence of specific KIR genes in human disease. We have determined the frequencies of 16 KIR genes and pseudogenes and genotypes in 193 Indonesian individuals from Java, East Timor, Irian Jaya (western half of the island of New Guinea) and Kalimantan provinces of Indonesian Borneo. All 16 KIR genes were observed in all four populations. Variation in GFs between populations was observed, except for KIR2DL4 , KIR3DL2 , KIR3DL3 , KIR2DP1 and KIR3DP1 genes, which were present in every individual tested. When comparing KIR GFs between populations, both principal component analysis and a phylogenetic tree showed close clustering of the Kalimantan and Javanese populations, while Irianese populations were clearly separated from the other three populations. Our results indicate a high level of KIR polymorphism in Indonesian populations that probably reflects the large geographical spread of the Indonesian archipelago and the complex evolutionary history and population migration in this region.     

Investigation of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene diversity in KIR3DL1 and KIR3DS1 in a transplant population

Several overlapping amplicons were used to obtain the sequence of genomic DNA covering most of the coding regions of KIR3DL1 and KIR3DS1 from a family and 77 bone marrow transplant patients and their unrelated donors. Alleles 3DL1*00101 and *002 were most frequently observed in addition to 12 other known 3DL1 alleles. A single 3DS1 allele, 3DS1*01301, was identified in the 31 of 32 individuals carrying this gene. Two new alleles, 3DL1*01702 and 3DS1*058, were characterized. Three samples appeared to carry the duplicated killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) haplotype observed in other studies based on the presence of 3DS1 and two 3DL1 alleles. Additionally, one sample appeared to carry a novel KIR haplotype containing one 3DL1 and two 3DS1 alleles.     

IL-15 induces CD8+ T cells to acquire functional NK receptors capable of modulating cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion

During the last years several authors have described a small population of CD8+ T cells expressing NK receptors (NKRs). Although their origin remains largely unknown, we have recently demonstrated that IL-15 is capable of inducing NKR expression in purified human CD8+CD56− T cells. In this study we show that IL-15-driven NKR induction in CD8+ T cells was linked with CD56 de novo acquisition, consistent with an effector-memory phenotype, increased anti-apoptotic levels, high granzyme B/perforin expression and with the ability of displaying in vitro NK-like cytotoxicity. Interestingly, dissection of NKR functional outcome in IL-15-cultured CD8+ T cells revealed: (i) that NKG2D cross-linking was able per se to upregulate degranulation levels and (ii) that KIR and NKG2A cross-linking upregulated secretion of cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10. These results suggest that IL-15 is capable of differentiating CD8+ T cells into NK-like T cells displaying a regulatory phenotype.     

Real-time PCR分型法检测苏南地区汉族人群KIR基因多态性

目的利用SYBR Green I Real-time PCR分型方法检测杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(killer cell immunoglobulin-likereceptor,KIR)基因,探讨苏南地区汉族人群KIR基因的分布特点。方法应用SYBR Green I Real-time PCR法对191名苏南地区汉族非亲缘健康人群进行KIR基因分型。结果 SYBR Green I Real-time PCR法有效地进行了KIR基因分型。已知的16种KIR基因在苏南地区汉族人群均被检出。框架基因2DL4、3DL2、3DL3和假基因3DP1存在于所有受检个体中。最常见的非框架基因为2DL1、2DL3、3DL1、2DS4以及假基因2DP1。共检出33种KIR基因型,最常见的为AA1(39.27%),其次为BX2、BX4和BX8。发现仅在新加坡华人报道的罕见基因型BX331和BX337,及仅在墨西哥人群罕见的基因型BX427。结论苏南汉族人群中检测出已知的16种KIR基因,共发现33种基因型,最常见的为AA1,并见到3个罕见基因型BX331、BX337和BX427。     

Killer immunoglobulin receptor gene and allele frequencies in Caucasoid, Oriental and Black populations from different continents

Parallel to the growth in interest in the past few years in the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes has been the elucidation of the presence/absence of these genes and to a very limited extent, the frequency of alleles of these genes in many populations. In the present study, we have chosen seven populations to investigate the presence/absence of the KIR genes and their alleles, i.e. Cuban, Brazilian, Oman, Hong Kong Chinese, Singapore Chinese, South African Xhosa and South African San. The populations were chosen to represent different continents of the world. We show the divergence in the frequencies of these genes, and their alleles, in the different populations. Many new sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe patterns represent new alleles, each occurred in only one of the populations. The KIR gene frequencies of these seven populations were calculated and genetic distances were represented by neighbour-joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. Also, the presence or absence of 17 KIR loci in the presently studied populations was compared with the presence or absence of the same loci in 56 worldwide populations (available on the website www.allelefrequencies.net). In total, 5134 individuals were analysed and the populations grouped, with some exceptions, according to a geographical gradient.     

Association of KIR2DL2 polymorphism rs2756923 with type 1 diabetes and preliminary evidence for lack of inhibition through HLA-C1 ligand binding

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) on chromosome 19q13.4 regulate the function of not only human natural killer (NK) cells but also T cells. An increase in activating KIR– human leucocyte antigen ligand pairs has been associated with an additional risk to develop type 1 diabetes (T1D). T1D families [ n  = 184 (552 individuals); n  = 176 (528 subjects)], unrelated T1D patients ( n  = 380; n  = 394) and healthy controls ( n  = 315; n  = 401) from Germany and Belgium, respectively, were genotyped for the rs2756923 polymorphism within the KIR gene cluster haplotype B in exon 8 of the KIR2DL2 gene. We observed in both Germans and Belgians an overtransmission of the allele 'G' of the KIR2DL2-rs2756923 polymorphism (64.2% vs 35.8%, P  = 3 × 10⁻⁴ and 60.0% vs 40.0%, P  = 0.02, respectively). In addition, this allele was more frequent in German patients than in healthy controls (78.4% vs 21.6%, P  = 1 × 10⁻³). Preliminary results from a cytotoxicity assay suggest that inhibition of NK-cell cytotoxicity may be impaired in individuals carrying the rs2756923 G allele. These data suggest a potential role of the KIR2DL2-rs2756923 polymorphism in T1D in Germans and Belgians.