泌尿系结核的诊断体会(附30例报告)

目的 提高泌尿系结核的诊断水平。方法 回顾分析30例泌尿系结核的临床资料，总结其诊断经验。结果最常见的主诉为尿路刺激征和血尿，分别为66．7％和33．3％。尿沉渣涂片抗酸杆菌阳性率为％．7％。静脉尿路造影(IVU)、逆行肾盂造影、CT的确诊率分别为23．3％、66．7％和70．0％。30例接受手术治疗，术后病理检查均证实为泌尿系结核。结论 泌尿系结核的临床诊断应综合病史、尿液分析、影像学分析、病原学诊断等多种方法，X线检查应首选IVU和逆行肾盂造影，对两未能明确诊断，可选择CR检查，对于中、晚期肾结核，CT的诊断价值较逆行肾盂造影更大。     

南阳及焦作地区初治肺结核住院病人就医及诊断情况调查

目的了解近年南阳、焦作两地区肺结核延误发现情况。方法抽查 1997年 7月至 2 0 0 2年 6月 5 40例初治肺结核住院病人 ,对就诊时间、确诊情况等进行分析。结果 5 40例中延误就诊及延误诊断者 2 3 6例 ,延误率 43 7% ,其中因病人因素延误 82例 ,医生因素延误 97例 ,医患双方因素延误 5 7例。结论各级临床医生均应提高对结核病疫情的重视 ,加强对肺结核高发人群的卫生宣教工作 ,做好肺结核病人归口管理工作 ,提高肺结核的早期诊断率。     

高通量血液透析对维持性透析患者心血管并发症影响的临床观察

目的 初步探讨高通量血液透析(high-flux hemodialysis,HFD)对维持性血液透析患者(maintence hemodialysis,MHD)心血管疾病的影响,为临床提供资料.方法 将武警北京市总队第三医院44例MHD患者随机分为两组:常规血液透析组(hemodialysis,HD组)20例,高通量血液透析组(HFD组)24例.分别在0、6、12个月时观察两组患者的临床症状,并检测血红蛋白、肌酐、尿素氮、白蛋白、血磷、β2-微球蛋白、甲状旁腺激素、C-反应蛋白等指标;心脏超声检测心脏左室收缩末期内径、左室舒张末期内径、舒张早期、舒张晚期二尖瓣口最大血流速度比,计算心功能指数、左室射血分数,并对结果进行对比分析.结果 HFD组对高血压、心肌缺血的疗效优于HD组,对心律失常的疗效两组比较差异;HFD组左心室腔径明显缩小,射血分数、心脏指数增加,与HD组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 HFD可以明显改善MHD患者的心功能,减少心血管并发症的发生.     

Tuberculosis in dialysis patients, single centre experience from an endemic area

Because of immunity defect, patients with end-stage renal disease are at increased risk of developing infections, tuberculosis (TB) in particular. The incidence of TB is higher in dialysis patients than in general population. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of dialysis patients with TB in our facility. A total of 287 dialysis patients (153 male, 134 female, 223 haemodialysis (HD), 64 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, mean age 46 +/- 15) were reviewed from October 1997 to January 2002. TB developed in 30 patients (17 male, 13 female, 24 HD and six CAPD). Thirteen patients with TB presented with fever of unknown origin (FUO) and four of them subsequently developed military lesions on chest X-ray. Nine patients had pulmonary TB (four with pleural effusions), five patients had TB lymphadenits, two patients had TB peritonitis and one patient had vertebral TB. TB was presented mostly as FUO among dialysis patients in a region under poor socio-economic conditions. In such areas with endemic TB, dialysis patients who present with FUO should be carefully evaluated for the presence of TB, and test therapy for TB should be performed in otherwise unexplained FUO.     

血液透析联合血液灌流治疗尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的疗效观察

目的 观察血液透析联合血液灌流对慢性肾衰竭(CRF)维持血液透析患者甲状旁腺功能亢进症的疗效.方法 选取2006年1月至2009年1月深圳市中医院血液透析患者50例,并随机分为两组:常规血液透析组(HD组)、血液透析联合血液灌流组(HD+HP组).HD组行常规血液透析治疗,每周2～3次,HD+HP组在血液透析的基础上联合血液灌流治疗,每周2～3次血液透析,联合血液灌流1次,比较两组患者治疗前及治疗12周后血清钙(Ca)、磷(P)和血清全段反应性甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)的浓度.结果 HD+HP组患者血清P3+和iPTH下降明显,血清Ca2+增高.结论 血液透析联合血液灌流可以明显改善CRF维持血液透析患者的继发甲状旁腺功能亢进,并改善其临床症状.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the effeet of hemodialysis (HD) combination with hemoperfusion (HP) on chronic renal failure patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Methods A total of 50 cases of hemodialysis patients from January 2006 to January 2009 were divided into HD group and HD + HP group. HD group was treated with single HD two or three times per week. HD + HP group was treated with HD two or three times per week in connection with HP one time per week. The serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentrations were compared at 0 w and 12 w between two groups. Results The levels of serum P and iPTH were significantly decreased while serum Ca was increased in HD + HP group. Conclusions HD combination with HP could significantly increase the blood calcium level in the CRF patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and improve their clinical symptoms.     

Bronchoscopy and tuberculostearic acid assay in the diagnosis of sputum smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis: a prospective study with the addition of transbronchial biopsy.

A prospective study of the efficacy of bronchoscopy and tuberculostearic acid assay in the diagnosis of sputum smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was carried out in 39 patients with symptoms and radiographic changes suggestive of active pulmonary TB. The diagnosis of TB was confirmed in 15 patients, probable TB was diagnosed in eight and 16 patients did not have TB. An early diagnosis of TB was made by bronchoscopy in six patients (40 per cent). Culture of sputum obtained before bronchoscopy was positive in nine patients (60 per cent) while combined with bronchoscopy specimens, a positive mycobacterial culture was obtained in 12 patients (80 per cent). Mycobacteria were cultured from transbronchial biopsy specimens from five patients (33 per cent) but none of these was exclusively positive. Histological examination of transbronchial biopsy tissue was diagnostic of TB in four patients and it was the exclusive means of early diagnosis in two. Transbronchial biopsy also provided an alternative diagnosis in four other patients. Tuberculostearic acid assay had a sensitivity of 0.40 in bronchial aspirate, 0.80 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and 0.27 in transbronchial biopsy specimens: the combined result was 0.87. In nine patients with pulmonary TB in whom an early diagnosis could not be made, the tuberculostearic acid assay was positive in seven (78 per cent). We conclude that bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy is helpful in providing early diagnosis and positive culture results. Assay of tuberculostearic acid in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is a useful adjunct to early diagnosis. However, mycobacterial culture and assay of tuberculostearic acid in transbronchial biopsy specimens have little diagnostic value.     

Surveillance of Infectious Disease Occurrences in the Community: An Analysis of Symptom Presentation in the Emergency Department

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of a simulated emergency department (ED)-based surveillance system to detect infectious disease (ID) occurrences in the community. METHODS: Medical records of patients presenting to an urban ED between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2000, were retrospectively reviewed for ICD-9 codes related to ID symptomatology. ICD-9 codes, categorized into viral, gastrointestinal, skin, fever, central nervous system (CNS), or pulmonary symptom clusters, were correlated with reportable infectious diseases identified by the local health department (HD). These reportable infectious diseases are designated class A diseases (CADs) by the Ohio Department of Health. Cross-correlation functions (CCFs) tested the temporal relationship between ED symptom presentation and HD identification of CADs. The 95% confidence interval for lack of trend correlation was 0.0 +/- 0.074; thus CCFs > 0.074 were considered significant for trend correlation. Further cross-correlation analysis was performed after chronic and non-community-acquirable infectious diseases were removed from the HD database as a model for bioterrorism surveillance. RESULTS: Fifteen thousand five hundred sixty-nine ED patients and 6,489 HD patients were identified. Six thousand two hundred eight occurrences of true CADs were identified. Only 87 (1.33%) HD cases were processed on weekends. During the study period, increased ED symptom presentation preceded increased HD identification of respective CADs by 24 hours for all symptom clusters combined (CCF = 0.112), gastrointestinal symptoms (CCF = 0.084), pulmonary symptoms (CCF = 0.110), and CNS symptoms (CCF = 0.125). The bioterrorism surveillance model revealed increased ED symptom presentation continued to precede increased HD identification of the respective CADs by 24 hours for all symptom clusters combined (CCF = 0.080), pulmonary symptoms (CCF = 0.100), and CNS symptoms (CCF = 0.120). CONCLUSIONS: Surveillance of ED symptom presentation has the potential to identify clinically important ID occurrences in the community 24 hours prior to HD identification. Lack of weekend HD data collection suggests that the ED is a more appropriate setting for real-time ID surveillance.     

Development and evaluation of multiplex PCR in rapid diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis

The clinical features of abdominal tuberculosis (TB) are non-specific and establishing a diagnosis remains a challenge. A delay in diagnosis is likely to increase the morbidity in these patients. We developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 16SrRNA, IS6110, and devR, and evaluated it in comparison with other conventional tests in clinical suspects of abdominal TB. A total of 183 patients with clinical suspicion of abdominal TB (96 patients with intestinal TB and 87 with peritoneal TB) were enrolled for the study. Endoscopic or intraoperative biopsies were collected from patients suspected of intestinal TB and ascitic fluid was collected from patients with a suspicion of peritoneal TB. Of the intestinal tuberculosis group, there were 40 confirmed cases and 56 controls, while of the peritoneal tuberculosis group there were 37 confirmed cases and 50 controls. Multiplex PCR showed a high sensitivity and specificity in both the intestinal TB and peritoneal TB groups. When combined with histopathology, multiplex PCR could detect 97.5% of all the cases in the intestinal tuberculosis group, while in combination adenosine deaminase levels (ADA) in cases of peritoneal tuberculosis it increased the specificity of diagnosis of peritoneal tuberculosis to 95%. In combination with histopathology in suspected intestinal TB cases, and ADA testing in suspected peritoneal TB cases, it can be used as a highly sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostic tool with the ability to supplement the limitations of other diagnostic modalities.     

Evaluation of the diagnostic value of measuring IgG,IgM, and IgA antibodies to mycobacterial A60 antigen in active tuberculosis

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of detection of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM antibodies raised against the mycobacterial A60 antigen for the diagnosis and discrimination of active tuberculosis (TB) from other pulmonary diseases. Three commercially available ELISA kits (IgA, IgG, and IgM) (ANDA Biologicals, Strasbourg, France) were evaluated simultaneously in 246 serum samples from 3 groups of patients: group I, 171 patients with active TB (128 pulmonary TB and 43 extrapulmonary TB); group II, 73 patients with pulmonary non-TB diseases; and group III, 2 leprosies patients. The sensitivities of tests ranged from 31.3% (IgA) to 94% (IgG) in pulmonary TB patients and from 21% (IgA) to 84% (IgG) in extrapulmonary TB patients. The specificities of assays varied from 92% (IgG) to 96% (IgA) in the pulmonary non-TB group. Combination of IgG with IgA and/or IgM does not improve its sensitivity. Clinical use of the A60-based serodiagnostic IgG assay is of great value for the rapid diagnosis and discrimination between active TB and pulmonary non-TB diseases. Moreover, this test could be used to increase diagnostic accuracy, especially for smear-negative TB cases, which are difficult to diagnose.     

桥本病合并甲状腺乳头状癌106例诊治体会

[目的]总结桥本病(HD)合并甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)的外科诊断、治疗及预后.[方法]回顾分析1996年1月至2010年12月哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院经手术后病理证实为HD合并PTC 106例病人的临床资料.[结果]106例均经手术治疗,HD合并PTC的发病率占HD的17.24%,占PTC的10.16%.所有病人术前...     

浙江省瑞安市流动人口肺结核治疗和管理的影响因素

目的探讨影响瑞安市流动人口肺结核病治疗和管理的相关因素,为提高流动人口肺结核患者的治愈率和制定相应的政策提供科学依据。方法将2007-2008年于瑞安市结核门诊新诊断的304例流动人口涂阳肺结核患者作为观察组,选择同期户籍人口涂阳肺结核患者301例作为对照组,进行病例和病例对照研究。搜集患者就诊延误时间、治疗前症状、胸部影像学、痰涂片、治疗情况、治疗转归等因素数据,分析影响流动人口肺结核患者治疗和管理的因素。结果流动人口组与户籍人口组在性别上无明显差异。两组的年龄、就诊延误时间、治疗前症状、胸部影像学、痰涂片、治疗情况和治疗转归等经单因素分析,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在就诊延误的影响因素方面,发现不重视是主要原因,其次是症状轻。结论本次调查发现,与户籍人口肺结核病例对比,流动人口病例中以男性青壮年患者居多,流动人口的就诊延误时间更长,临床症状更重,治疗的规范性较差,治疗的转归亦不理想,我们必须加大对流动人口肺结核患者的管理力度,提高DOTS策略的效果。     

T-SPOT. TB和结核菌素试验在骨关节结核诊断中的敏感性和特异性分析

目的分析结核感染T细胞免疫斑点试验(T-SPOT. TB)和结核菌素试验在骨关节结核诊断中的应用价值。方法收集2014年1月至2016年8月医院采用手术或保守治疗的骨关节结核患者94例,以及2016年2月至2017年1月骨外科收治的手术治疗的骨关节病患者50例作为研究对象,均进行结核菌素试验与T-SPOT. TB,对比2种方法的诊断效用。结果结核菌素试验诊断敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、符合率分别为46.81%、98.00%、97.78%、49.49%、64.58%,TSPOT. TB则为93.62%、100.00%、100.00%、89.29%、95.83%,结核菌素试验敏感性、阴性预测值、符合率低于T-SPOT. TB及2种方法联合检测,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。T-SPOT.TB出现6例漏诊,均为早期脊柱结核病,表现为空洞形成,未见脊柱神经缺损。结核菌素试验出现1例误诊,50例漏诊,漏诊者主要病情相对较轻,伴风湿关节病等免疫疾病的患者。结论 TSPOT. TB是诊断骨关节结核病的理想方法,但存在干扰因素,需合理应用,结核菌素试验操作简单,尽管敏感性不足,但在结核病筛查中有一定的价值。     

低剂量螺旋CT在肺结核中的诊断价值

目的:探讨低剂量螺旋CT在肺结核诊断中的应用价值。材料与方法:采用东芝公司Active 16排螺旋CT对98例胸部DR平片怀疑肺结核的患者进行常规剂量螺旋CT扫描,同时对病变部位行低剂量螺旋CT扫描。所得图像由3名从事影像诊断工作主治医师以上的医生进行判读,分别就肺结核在螺旋CT上的主要征象进行逐一判定,最后做出定性诊断。结果:98例胸部DR平片怀疑肺结核患者,最后通过查痰、活检或肺结核菌阴性确诊的肺结核患者有80例。对以上确诊的80例肺结核患者的两种扫描方式所得图像进行判定,低剂量螺旋CT与常规CT在肺结核征象的检出率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:低剂量螺旋CT大幅度降低患者的辐射剂量,能获得常规剂量CT扫描相同的诊断效果,在肺结核的诊断中具有临床应用价值。     

二维及彩色多普勒超声对回盲区病变的诊断价值

目的　探讨二维及彩色多普勒超声对回盲区病变诊断的临床价值。方法　对右下腹疼痛或包块为主诉患者行二维及彩色多普勒超声检查。结果　 12 9例回盲区病变中急性阑尾炎 65例 (5 0 .4% ) ,急性阑尾炎并周围脓肿 2 0例(15 .5 % ) ,阑尾黏液囊肿 3例 (2 .3 % ) ,盲肠或回肠末端腺癌 2 5例 (19.4% ) ,肠套叠 8例 (6.2 % ) ,回肠末端淋巴瘤 3例(2 .3 % ) ,Crohn病 1例 (0 .78% ) ,回盲部结核 1例 (0 .78% ) ,回盲部结石 3例 (2 .3 % ) ,全部病例均经手术、内镜、病理或治疗后复查证实。结论　回盲区是肠道疾病的高发区 ,二维和彩色多普勒超声对回盲区病变有良好的发现效果 ,有助于临床诊断和鉴别诊断。     

Killer applications: toward affordable rapid cell-based diagnostics for malaria and tuberculosis

In many resource-poor areas, the HIV/AIDS epidemic coexists with epidemics of two much older diseases, malaria and tuberculosis, and the three diseases together kill approximately six million people per year. Although HIV/AIDS is treatable, but not curable, many if not most cases of malaria and tuberculosis (TB) can be cured if diagnosed correctly and promptly. The diagnosis of both malaria and TB is cell-based, typically made by microscopy of stained smears of blood (malaria) and sputum (TB). Cytometry has been shown to be effective for diagnosis of both conditions; however, conventional cytometers have been too complex and costly to be widely applied. It is likely that a newly developed small, simple, robust, inexpensive, energy-efficient low-resolution fluorescence image cytometer, employing a light-emitting diode for excitation and a megapixel digital camera chip for detection, could be used in resource-poor areas for malaria and TB diagnosis and for rapid (24-48 h) determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.     

T-SPOT.TB联合ADA活性检测对结核性胸腔积液患者诊断效能的影响

目的:探讨T-SPOT.TB联合ADA活性检测对结核性胸腔积液患者诊断效能的影响。方法:选取2018年1月〜2020年6月我院结核性胸腔积液患者64例作为观察组,同期非结核性胸腔积液患者53例作为对照组。均行T-SPOT.TB、ADA活性检测,对比两组T-SPOT.TB、ADA水平,统计T-SPOT.TB、ADA单独及联合检测结果,分析二者联合检测对结核性胸腔积液诊断效能的影响。结果:观察组T-SPOT.TB阳性率、ADA水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);T-SPOT.TB单独检测阳性52例,阴性65例;ADA单独检测阳性55例,阴性62例;T-SPOT.TB联合ADA活,性检测阳性68例,阴性59例,T-SPOT.TB联合ADA活,性检测结核性胸腔积液的敏感度92.19%高于T-SPOT.TB 71.88%、ADA 75.00%单独诊断,漏诊率7.81%低于T-SPOT.TB 28.13%,ADA 25.00%单独诊断,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);T-SPOT.TB联合ADA活性检测结核性胸腔积液的特异度、准确率、误诊率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值与T-SPOT.TB、ADA活性检测单独诊断对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:结核性胸腔积液患者T-SPOT.TB、ADA水平升高显著,二者联合检测可进一步提高诊断效能,便于为临床鉴别诊断,制定治疗方案提供参考。     

痰涂片阳性与阴性初治肺结核患者临床状况的比较

目的通过对痰涂片阳性（简称涂阳）与痰涂片阴性（简称涂阴）初治肺结核患者患病前后的情况进行比较分析,了解涂阳肺结核患者的高危因素、疾病特征和心理特点。方法对101例初治肺结核患者（涂阴55例、涂阳46例）患病前后的有关情况进行问卷调查,并采用描述性统计、X^2检验及秩和检验进行统计学分析。结果涂阳组与涂阴组患者在性别、患病前的健康状况、劳累程度、确诊时间、治疗时间、血浆白蛋白、抑郁发生率和血糖等方面均有统计学意义（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结论保持良好的健康状况、避免过度劳累、积极治疗和控制各种慢性病对预防肺结核的发生、减轻病情、降低传染性具有重要意义;肺结核的高危人群应定期体检;对肺结核患者应做好饮食指导及心理辅导,帮助患者树立战胜疾病的信心和良好的心态,以利于疾病的康复。     

Tuberculosis hepatitis: a clinical review of 96 cases

Hepatic tuberculosis was confirmed in 96 patients presenting with the features of liver disease, only 14 of whom had other concomitant hepatic pathology. Although respiratory symptoms occurred in 74 per cent of cases, these were overshadowed by the abdominal manifestations. The latter most frequently included right hypochondrial pain, abdominal distension, firm tender hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and ascites. Icterus was observed in 11 cases (only one of whom had concurrent hepatic pathology) and liver failure was found in 10 patients. A surgical presentation occurred in three patients. Four of 15 patients with pancytopenia were noted to have hypersplenism. Abnormalities in coagulation were noted in 26 patients (24 with low prothrombin index and two with moderately raised fibrinogen degradation products). The characteristic serum profile included hyponatraemia (64 per cent of cases), raised alkaline phosphatase (83 per cent) and gamma glutamyl transferase (77 per cent), hypoalbuminaemia (63 per cent) and hypergammaglobulinaemia (83 per cent). Transaminase levels were moderately elevated in 78 per cent of cases. Hepatic imaging techniques were frequently misleading. Chest radiographs aided the diagnosis but were normal in 25 per cent of cases. Histologically, acid fast bacilli, caseation and granulomas were seen in 9, 83 and 96 per cent of cases respectively. Adverse prognostic features included age (below 20 years), miliary TB, coagulation defects and the presence of predisposing factors; these were of value in selecting appropriate therapy. The overall mortality was 42 per cent. Liver biopsy was the most useful aid to correct diagnosis which was suspected clinically in only 47 per cent of cases.     

艾滋病合并结核病及马尔尼菲青霉病患者的护理

目的 通过分析艾滋病合并结核病及马尔尼菲青霉病患者的临床资料,提高对三病并存的护理认识.方法 分析并总结26例艾滋病合并结核病及马尔尼菲青霉病住院患者的临床特点、治疗及护理方法.结果 本组患者治愈5例,好转13例,死亡8例.存活患者随访6～30个月均未复发.结论 三病并存时临床表现复杂,无特异性,护理难度大,应仔细观察病情,及早诊治,精心护理,对改善预后有重要意义.     

肾结核患者的外科诊治体会

目的 探讨肾结核的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾分析42例肾结核患者的临床资料,总结其诊断和治疗经验.结果 肾结核最常见的症状为膀胱刺激症状(78.6%,33/42)和血尿(64.3%,27/42).尿常规异常为83.3%(35/42),尿沉渣涂片找抗酸杆菌阳性率为28.6%(12/42);B超、静脉尿路造影(IVU)、逆行肾盂造影、CT的阳性率分别为19.0%(8/42)、33.3%(14/42)、26.2%(11/42)和71.4%(30/42).36例行手术治疗;6例患者予抗结核治疗,3例痊愈,3例6～12个月后因患肾功能严重损害而行肾及部分输尿管切除术;39例手术患者术后病理检查均证实为肾结核.结论 肾结核的临床诊断应综合病史、尿液分析及影像学检查等多种方法.抗结核治疗需严密随访,对肾脏破坏严重或无功能肾应行手术切除.