经腹腔镜胆囊切除术1650例的经验

本文报告我院为各种类型的胆囊良性疾病患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）１６５０例，中转手术３２例，发生各种并发症３１例，其中肝外胆管损伤４例，术后需剖腹止血３例，胆囊管残端瘘１例。治愈１６４９例，死亡１例。重点讨论ＬＣ手术的并发症与学习曲线，中转开腹手术指征，强调ＬＣ术中正确辩论胆囊壶腹与胆囊管交界部在预防肝外胆管损伤中的作用和地位。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症的防治

为了提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）的安全性，作者对６００例ＬＣ的并发症加以回顾性总结。结果全组共发生并发症２９例（术中１４例，术后１５例），占４．８３％，包括胆管损伤２例，出血９例，皮下气肿２例及胃窦穿孔１例。中转剖腹１４例，其中因术中出现并发症中转４例，因术后并发症再手术２例，全组均治愈出院。因此，及时中转剖腹是避免严重并发症的重要措施，为了积极稳妥地开展ＬＣ手术，手术并发症的防治值得重视。     

Mirizzi综合征的诊断与腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗的体会

目的 探讨Ｍｉｒｉｚｚｉ综合征的诊断和应用腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）治疗１型Ｍｉｒｉｚｚｉ综合征。方法 对３５例１型Ｍｉｒｉｚｚｉ综合征病例,在诊断和ＬＣ的方法进行回顾性分析。结果 该综合征１型在术前确诊２６例（７４．２９％）,其中临床症状结合Ｂ诊断１１例（２５．７１％）,３５例ＬＣ中转开腹胆囊切主４例,延期剖腹及ＥＲＣＰ诊断１５例（５７．６９％）,术中确诊９例（２５．７１％）。３５例ＬＣ中 工腹胆     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症的防治

为了提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）的安全性，作者对６００例ＬＣ的并发症加以回顾性总结。结果全组共发生并发症２９例（术中１４例，术后１５例），占４．８３％，包括胆管损伤２例，出血９例，皮下气肿２例及胃窦穿孔１例。中转剖腹１４例，其中因术中出现并发症中转４例，因术后并发症再手术２例，全组均治愈出院。因此，及时中转剖腹是避免严重并发症的重要措施，为了积极稳妥地开展ＬＣ手术，手术并发症的防治值得重视。     

逆行胰胆管造影、乳头括约肌切开配合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆石症

为治疗伴有或可疑伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人，在对胆囊结石病人行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）时，对ＬＣ术前可疑伴有胆总管继发性结石的１４２例病人（术前组）和ＬＣ术后可疑胆总管残留结石的３９例病人（术后组）选择性地行逆行性胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）检查和乳头括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）治疗。结果：术前组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管继发结石６５例，ＥＳＴ清除结石６０例，清除率９１．５％；术后组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管残留结石６例，ＥＳＴ清除结石５例。结果提示ＥＲＣＰ、ＥＳＴ配合ＬＣ治疗伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人是一种安全有效的好方法，明显减少了ＬＣ的并发症和胆总管结石开腹手术的比例。     

“三管一孔一脏器”显露在预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的价值

目的研究胆囊各种病理形态、胆囊动脉变异和胆囊管变异情况下，腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）胆管损伤防治预案．方法ＬＣ患者１０６５例，急诊ＬＣ２０７例，择期ＬＣ８５８例，在全麻、ＣＯ２气腹状态下，采用经Ｃａｌｏｔ’ｓ三角后侧径路方法，显露“三管一孔一脏器”（ＴＯＯ）作为胆囊切除术的安全标志．结果“ＴＯＯ”显露１０２１例，占９５８６％，未显露４４例，占４１４％．胆囊动脉变异１４０例，胆囊管变异１５２例，均经ＬＣ顺利完成．全组无胆管损伤等并发症和死亡．结论“三管一孔一脏器”显露在ＬＣ预防胆管损伤起着重要作用．     

内镜扩约肌切开术治疗胆总管继发性结石

目的评价逆行胰胆管造影术（ＥＲＣＰ）和内镜括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）在腹腔镜胆囊切除前后诊断和治疗胆总管继发结石中的作用．方法采用ＥＲＣＰ和ＥＳＴ在ＬＣ术前或术后诊断和治疗胆总管继发结石２２８例,其中包括ＬＣ术前发现的１８５例和术后确诊的４３例．常规ＥＲＣＰ检查,证实胆总管内有结石后行ＥＳＴ．然后根据结石形态、大小和数目不同采取不同方法处理结石．①自然排石,适合于直径在０３ｃｍ～０８ｃｍ的结石;②取石网篮取石,适合于直径在０９ｃｍ～１５ｃｍ的结石;③碎石篮碎石,适宜直径大于１５ｃｍ以上的结石．结果全部２２８例患者中,ＥＳＴ成功２１７例（９５２％）,胆总管结石完全排出２０９例（９１７％）,发生各种并发症１９例（８８％）,主要并发症为急性胰腺炎、急性胆管炎和Ｏｄｄｉ扩约肌切口渗血,全部经非手术治疗愈合,无死亡病例．结论ＥＲＣＰ和ＥＳＴ是ＬＣ术前和术后诊治胆总管结石安全有效的方法之一．     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前ERCP的应用评价（附57例报告）

５７例临床表现为单纯胆囊良性疾患的病人行术前ＥＲＣＰ检查，成功率为９２．９％，其中发现胆道变异３例（５．２％），６例（１２．８％）合并胆总管结石，并在术前行内镜乳头切开取石术，５４例接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术。通过对ＥＢＣＰ影像特点与术中难易程度关系的分析，提出ＥＲＣＰ对于腹腔镜胆囊切除术前病例的选择，判断术中操作的难易程度有参考价值，对合并胆总管结石的处理有很大的帮助。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术严重并发症69例临床分析

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）与常规开腹胆囊切除术（ＯＣ）相比，具有创伤小、痛苦小、康复快、住院期短等优点，但其引起的严重并发症应使腔镜医师高度重视。本院自１９９３年４月至１９９７年３月共完成ＬＣ２５３６例，发生严重并发症６９例。现报告如下。临床资料一、一般资料本组２５３６例中，男５９６例，女１９４０例；年龄１８～８３岁，平均４７．７岁。急性胆囊炎／结石３０８例，慢性胆囊炎／结石２１６３例，胆囊息肉６５例。术前均行Ｂ超检查。手术时间１７～１６０分钟。顺利完成手术２２５５例，中转开腹手术２２７例（８．９…     

急性胰腺炎早期ERCP及内镜治疗66例

目的探讨急性胰腺炎患者早期ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗应用的价值及安全性．方法急性胰腺炎患者作早期（１ｄ～７ｄ内）ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗（ＥＲＣＰ组，６６例），并以同期保守治疗的急性胰腺炎患者６０例作对照（对照组），观察两组患者血清淀粉酶恢复时间，腹痛缓解时间、住院天数、住院费用及并发症发生情况．结果ＥＲＣＰ组中，３６例为胆道疾病患者，４例为胰管结石，４例为胰腺分裂症，３例为乳头旁巨大憩室，１７例ＥＲＣＰ未见异常．作内镜下治疗３３例，其中ＥＰＴ及取石术１７例，４例作了副乳头切开及扩张术，１２例作了鼻胆管引流术．ＥＲＣＰ组腹痛缓解天数及平均住院天数分别为１１５ｄ±３６ｄ及２１７ｄ±５０ｄ，明显短于对照组（１５４ｄ±７８ｄ及３３０ｄ±６８ｄ，Ｐ＜００１）．血清淀粉酶恢复时间及住院费用两组相差不显著．两组均未发生严重并发症．结论急性胰腺炎早期ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗经济安全、有效，可缩短腹痛缓解时间及住院天数，作者认为对胆源性胰腺炎应尽早行ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗．     

Single-session minimally invasive management of common bile duct stones

Up to 18% of patients submitted to cholecystectomy had concomitant common bile duct stones. To avoid serious complications, these stones should be removed. There is no consensus about the ideal management strategy for such patients. Traditionally, open surgery was offered but with the advent of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) minimally invasive approach had nearly replaced laparotomy because of its well-known advantages. Minimally invasive approach could be done in either two-session (preoperative ERCP followed by LC or LC followed by postoperative ERCP) or single-session (laparoscopic common bile duct exploration or LC with intraoperative ERCP). Most recent studies have found that both options are equivalent regarding safety and efficacy but the single-session approach is associated with shorter hospital stay, fewer procedures per patient, and less cost. Consequently, single-session option should be offered to patients with cholecysto-choledocholithiaisis provided that local resources and expertise do exist. However, the management strategy should be tailored according to many variables, such as available resources, experience, patient characteristics, clinical presentations, and surgical pathology.     

三种外科疗法治疗老年胆囊结石并发肝外胆管结石病人的疗效比较

目的探讨3种外科疗法治疗老年胆囊结石并发肝外胆管结石病人的疗效与并发症。方法选取我院2016年7月至2019年6月收治的178例胆囊结石并发肝外胆管结石的老年病人作为研究对象,其中63例采用腹腔镜胆囊切除术联合腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LC+LCBDE),61例采用内镜逆行胰胆管造影联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(ERCP+LC),54例采用胆囊切除术联合胆总管探查术(OC+OCBDE),对3种术式治疗前后病人的肝功能、手术情况及并发症发生情况进行比较分析。结果3组病人术后5 d AST、ALT以及总胆红素等肝功能指标均较术前明显降低(P<0.05);3组肝功能差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。OC+OCBDE组手术时间较LC+LCBDE组和ERCP+LC组明显缩短(P<0.05),OC+OCBDE组术中出血量、肛门排气时间以及住院时间均较LC+LCBDE组和ERCP+LC组明显增加(P<0.05)。LC+LCBDE组、ERCP+LC组和OC+OCBDE组术后并发症的发生率分别为7.94%、21.31%和25.93%,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论3种外科疗法治疗胆囊结石并发肝外胆管结石均可有效清除结石,改善肝功能,其中OC+OCBDE术式在缩短手术时间上具有一定的优势,LC+LCBDE术式发生术后并发症的风险最小。     

Introduction of a "Safety Zone" for the Safety of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Anatomic variations of the biliary tract were found in 18 cases of 600 patients (3.0%) undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All bile duct anomalies were confirmed preoperatively by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. In every case, the cystic duct and cystic artery were exposed in a "safety zone" near the gallbladder neck in Calot's triangle. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was successfully performed on all 18 cases. Intraoperative cholangiography clearly demonstrated the anatomic variations in all cases, unequivocally identified the cystic duct, and confirmed the absence of bile duct injury. Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and intraoperative cholangiography, which have been performed routinely in all patients, improve the safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Moreover, the observance of the essential rule of "keep operating in the safety zone" protects against inadvertent complications, especially against bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was thus successfully performed on all 600 cases in the present series, except for three cases, which were converted to open surgery (conversion rates, 0.5%), because of pin-hole bleeding on the portal vein in our first case of 600, and severe adhesion in two (46th and 302nd) cases.     

胆囊后三角入路三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨胆囊后三角入路三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的可行性。方法回顾分析25例胆囊后三角入路三孔法LC的临床资料,主要包括手术时间、出血量及手术并发症。结果 25例手术均获成功,无1例转四孔法,手术时间25～60 min,平均40 min;术中出血量1～10 ml,平均3 ml。全组无胆管损伤、胆漏、出血等严重并发症。25例随访4～13个月,平均7个月,无胆管狭窄及胆系症状。结论胆囊后三角入路有助于解剖和辨认Calot三角内的组织结构,可有效的减少术中出血和胆管损伤等并发症,胆囊后三角入路三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全、可行的。     

Prevention of common bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND:Since the widespread adoption of laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)in the late 1980s,a rise in common bile duct(CBD)injury has been reported.We analyzed the factors contributing to a record of zero CBD injuries in 10 000 consecutive LCs. METHODS:The retrospective investigation included 10 000 patients who underwent LC from July 1992 to June 2007. LC was performed by 4 teams of surgeons.The chief main surgeon of each team has had over 10 years of experience in hepatobiliary surgery.Calot's triangle ...     

Management of gallbladder and common bile duct stones: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined with preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy versus open surgery

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) combined with preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is becoming more widely employed as a therapeutic option for the management of gallbladder stones (GBS) and common bile duct stones (CBDS). To compare the results of LC plus preoperative EST with the results of open surgery, in terms of morbidity, mortality, hospital stay, length of operation, and hospital cost, we reviewed the charts of 105 patients who had concomitant GBS and CBDS: in 34, preoperative EST had been attempted, and 71 had undergone open surgery. Twenty-six of the 71 patients who had undergone open cholecystectomy, common bile duct exploration, and T-tube placement were selected for comparison as a T-tube group, since they had exhibited no condition that contraindicated LC. EST was unsuccessful in 6 of the 34 patients in whom it was attempted, and all 6 underwent open surgery. Successful EST and duct clearance were achieved in 28 patients (82.4%); 4 of them had serious medical problems and were followed without operation, 7 underwent open cholecystectomy, and the remaining 17 underwent LC (LC-after-EST group). Total hospital stay was longest in the 6 patients who underwent open surgery because of unsuccessful EST, and their total hospital cost was significantly higher than that of the patients in the LC-after-EST group. Operation time, rate of early postoperative complications, and hospital stay were significantly lower in the LC-after-EST group than in the T-tube groups, although total hospital cost was not different. The combination of preoperative EST and LC is a safe and effective option for the management of GBS and CBDS. However, when EST is unsuccessful and the patient is switched to open surgery, the hospital stay is much longer and more costly than when EST and LC are successful. The patient should be informed of the disadvantages if EST should fail.     

Handling of biliary complications following laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the setting of Tripoli Central Hospital

BackgroundLaparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has an increased incidence of bile duct injury and bile leak when compared with open cholecystectomy. This study reviews management of these complications in a general hospital setting. Data collected from patients diagnosed and treated in one surgical unit for biliary complications after LC between 1992 and 1996 were analysed.MethodA total of 14 patients were examined. Diagnosis was defined mainly by Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and undetected choledocholitiasis was discovered in association with two of these complications. 43% of patients presented after LC with early postoperative bile leak or jaundice due to partial or complete bile duct excision or slippage of clips from the cystic duct. 57% presented with late biliary strictures. Thirteen patients were treated surgically, with biliary reconstruction (11 patients), direct repair (one) and cystic duct ligation in combination with clearance of bile duct from large multiple stones (one). One patient,who had clip displacement from cystic duct in combination with misplaced clip on right hepatic duct, was treated elsewhere. Postoperatively, one patient developed anastomotic leak and another died from sequellaie of bile duct transection requiring staged operations.ConclusionsIt is concluded that, in an environment similar to that where the authors had to work, LC should be performed in hospitals with facility to perform ERCP or when access for this technique is available in a nearby institution. Early recognition and immediate management of biliary injuries is dependent on individual resources and circumstances but, if required, consultation with colleagues or referral of patients with suspected or established biliary complications should not be delayed.     

Imaging of the common bile duct in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Options for managing the common bile duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy include routine peroperative cholangiography and selected preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The use of these methods was reviewed in 350 patients with symptomatic gall stones referred for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Unit A (n = 114) performed routine cystic duct cholangiography but undertook preoperative ERCP in patients at very high risk of duct stones only; unit B (n = 236) performed selected preoperative ERCP on the basis of known risk factors for duct stones. The detection rate for common bile duct stones was similar for units A and B (16% v 20%). In unit A, five of seven patients who had preoperative ERCP had duct stones. Operative cholangiography was technically successful in 90% of patients and duct stones were confidently identified in 13, one of whom went on to immediate open duct exploration. Postoperative ERCP identified duct stones in only four patients, indicating spontaneous passage in eight. In unit B, preoperative ERCP was undertaken in 76 of 236 (32%) patients and duct stones were identified in 47 (20%). Duct clearance was successful in 42 (18%) but failed in five (2%), necessitating elective open duct exploration. Both protocols for imaging the common bile duct worked well and yielded satisfactory short term results.