再次椎体成形术的应用

目的探讨再次经皮椎体成形术(PVP)处理首次PVP术后疼痛不缓解的可行性、方法及疗效。方法骨质疏松症并椎体压缩骨折9例共9节行PVP治疗后疼痛不缓解,其中轻度压缩3例、中度以上压缩6例,包括合并囊性积液4例4节和粉碎性压缩2例2节;椎体转移性肿瘤4例共5节行经皮椎体成形术治疗后2～4个月疼痛复发。均采用再次PVP治疗,术后CT观察PMMA分布状况和有无渗漏,并进行临床疗效评价和观察有无并发症。结果再次PVP技术均成功,再注入PMMA量平均为4．8ml,随访1～18个月,CR10例、PR3例。CT证实椎体周围PMMA渗漏2例,但无一例出现临床症状。2例椎体转移肿瘤分别于再次PVP后4、5个月死亡,但无明显相应病变椎体平面疼痛。结论对骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折PVP后疼痛不缓解及椎体内转移性肿瘤疼痛复发者,再次PVP的疗效显著。关键技术是经椎弓根穿刺至椎体内致痛区并充分充填PMMA。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折的价值.方法 27例老年骨质疏松症患者共33节椎体骨折,均经MRI、CT及平片证实.在透视监视下经椎弓根行椎体穿刺,注入粉(g)GA955液(ml)GA955硫酸钡粉(g)为15GA95510GA9553的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA),术后即刻摄X线正侧位片,1 d后CT观察PMMA分布渗漏状况,定期观察疗效和椎体高度.结果 PVP技术成功率100%,PMMA平均注入量4.6 ml (2.3～7.5 ml),术后1 d CT证实椎体周围PMMA少量渗漏7节,但无临床症状.术后1 d,所有病例腰背部疼痛明显减轻,平均随访8个月,疼痛均无复发,椎体高度无进一步塌陷.结论 PVP对治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折所致的腰背疼痛是有效的.     

椎体成形术治疗合并囊腔样变的骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的　研究经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗合并椎骨内囊腔样变的椎体压缩骨折关键技术、近期疗效及对椎体高度的恢复。方法　回顾分析4年来PVP治疗2 0 7例骨质疏松症并32 6节椎体压缩骨折,其中2 7例共32节椎体压缩为合并椎骨内囊腔样变。PVP操作均在透视监视下经椎弓根行椎体穿刺,所有椎体均用非离子造影剂行椎体造影。术后1dCT观察聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)分布状况和有无渗漏,测量PVP前后椎体高度,观察临床疗效和有无并发症。结果　PVP技术成功率1 0 0 %。椎体造影主要表现为造影剂注入压缩骨折椎体内后呈囊状分布并滞留。PMMA平均注入量为6 .8ml。CR、PR和NR分别为6 6 .7%、1 8.5 %、1 4 .8%,总有效率为85 .2 %。椎体前缘高度恢复2～1 5mm ,平均5 .38mm ,中央高度恢复3～1 6mm ,平均6 .4 1mm ,前缘和中央高度恢复有统计学意义(P <0 .0 5 ) ;后缘高度恢复0～1mm ,平均0 .0 6mm ,两者差异无显著性(P >0 .0 5 )。CT证实椎体前侧旁PMMA渗漏3例,但无1例出现临床症状。结论　PVP治疗椎体内合并囊腔样变的压缩骨折的疗效显著,可明显恢复压缩椎体高度,且发生PMMA渗漏的可能性更小。提高疗效的关键是抽去椎体内囊腔积液和尽可能多地充填PMMA ;椎体造影有助于预测注射PMMA在椎体内的分布状况和发生渗漏的可能性。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗症状性椎体血管瘤远期疗效分析

目的分析经皮椎体成形术治疗症状性椎体血管瘤的远期疗效。方法17例患者19处椎体血管瘤,13处椎体无压缩骨折,6处椎体已发生压缩骨折。17例患者均诉不同程度胸背部或腰部疼痛,其中5例发生压缩骨折的患者还伴有不同程度的神经功能缺陷(4例)或脊髓受压症状(2例)。在DSA监测下行经皮椎体成形术(PVP)。术后随访6～32个月,平均(15.8±8.7)个月。结果19处血管瘤椎体PVP均获得成功,术中每个椎体注射PMMA2～6ml,4例发生椎旁渗漏,2例发生硬膜外渗漏,但未出现明显的临床症状,1例椎体其上椎间盘发生渗漏。短期随访显示17例患者胸背部或腰部疼痛均有不同程度缓解,2例神经根或脊髓受压患者症状消失,其余3例患者症状仍存在。长期随访示2例患者疼痛加剧,系邻近椎体骨质疏松性压缩骨折引起。结论PVP是治疗症状性椎体血管瘤的一种安全、有效、创伤小的方法,远期疗效可靠。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的适应证、椎体造影表现、关键技术、近期疗效及并发症的预防。资料与方法 43例骨质疏松症并55节椎体压缩骨折。患者在透视监视下经椎弓根行椎体穿刺，所有椎体均用非离子型对比剂行椎体造影，注入粉／液／对比剂比例为3：2：1的聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂(poly—methylmethaerylate，PMMA)，术后CT观察PMMA分布状况和有无渗漏，并进行临床疗效评价和观察有无并发症发生。结果 PVP技术成功率100％。椎体造影主要有4种表现，其中独特的征象是对比剂注入压缩骨折椎体内后呈囊状分布并滞留。PMMA平均注入量胸椎3．3ml，腰椎4．5ml。随访1-18个月，完全缓解(CR)、部分缓解(PR)和无效(NR)分别为74．4％、20．9％和4．7％，总有效率95．3％。CT证实椎体周围PMMA渗漏5例，但无l例出现临床症状。结论 PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折安全可行；椎体造影有助于预测注射PMMA在椎体内的分布状况和发生渗漏的可能性；主要并发症为PMMA渗漏，防止渗漏的关键是必须在PMMA黏稠阶段及透视监视注射。     

The Curative Effect of Percutaneous Vertebroplasty in the Treatment of Symptomatic Vertebral Hemangiomas

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗症状性椎体血管瘤的疗效.资料与方法 回顾性分析35例(44个椎体)PVP治疗的症状性椎体血管瘤患者临床资料及影像学资料.29例(82.9％)患者表现为不同程度的颈、胸、腰背部疼痛.6例(17.1％)患者合并病理性骨折,除患处疼痛外,还表现为不同程度的神经功能受损.所有患者均在术前及术后1周采用视觉模拟评分(visual ananlog scale,VAS)评价患者的疼痛程度.术后第3～6个月行门诊随访,术后6个月以后行门诊或电话随访.结果 35例患者44个病变椎体,骨水泥用量1.5～11.0ml,平均5.5ml.其中5个(11.3％)椎体发生椎旁渗漏,2个(4.5％)椎体发生椎间盘渗漏.所有患者均未出现肺栓塞或者其他较严重的并发症.术前VAS评分平均为6.8±1.1,术后VAS评分平均为2.6±0.7,两者比较P＜0.05,术后疼痛缓解明显,差异有统计学意义.结论 PVP是治疗椎体血管瘤的一种安全、有效、微创的方法,并发症少,长期随访效果明确.     

36例经皮椎体成形术的临床应用分析

目的 分析经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗椎体压缩骨折的临床应用.方法 36例患者(41节责任椎体)采用单侧或双侧入路行PVP,通过术前与术后1周VAS评分以及椎体高度的测量,显示差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),分析临床疗效和有无并发症.结果 41节责任椎体采用PACS自带软件测量到术前PVP穿刺参数测量值,选择单侧入路14节,双侧入路27节.PVP均按照术前设计方案顺利完成,PVP技术成功率100％.骨水泥注入量(4.0±1.1)ml.术前与术后1周VAS评分有明显差异(P＜0.01),疼痛缓解率97.2％.41节PVP前后椎体前缘和中央测量的和后缘测量的高度变化差异有统计学意义(P分别＜ 0.01和0.05).有8节椎体出现不同形式的骨水泥渗漏,发生率19.5％,骨水泥主要是向椎旁组织、椎间盘及椎静脉丛渗漏,仅出现一过性刺激症状,经对症治疗后均消失.结论 PVP已成为椎体压缩骨折的有效治疗手段,其对疼痛有明显的缓解率,降低了VAS评分.同时可显著恢复压缩椎体高度,加固了椎体,防止椎体进一步塌陷.     

椎体成形术中是否有必要行骨静脉造影

目的 探讨在椎体成形术中是否有必要行椎体骨静脉造影.资料与方法回顾性分析533例患者共779节椎体成形,分为两组:组1为先行椎体骨静脉造影后再注入骨水泥(PMMA)共247例362节椎体,包括骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折135例177节椎体、椎体转移性肿瘤112例185节椎体;组2为直接注入PMMA共286例417节椎体,包括骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折194例288节椎体、椎体转移性肿瘤92例129节椎体.PVP后1天均作CT复查观察PMMA分布及有无椎体周围渗漏.比较两组近期疗效、PMMA渗漏情况、注入量、手术成本及术中X线辐射时间.结果两组病例在性别、年龄、疼痛程度、病变部位、疾病种类及穿刺操作等方面无显著性差异.组1有效为214例(86.6%),组2为258例(90.2%)(P=0.995);组1椎体周围PMMA渗漏为41节,组2为53节(P=0.995);组1平均注入PMMA量为3.74 ml,组2为4.06 ml(P＜0.01);组1平均手术费用为6.77千元/节,组2为5.72千元/节(P＜0.01),组2比组1节省约1.05千元/节;组1平均X线照射时间为12.93 min,组2为8.81 min(P＜0.05),组2比组1减少约4.1 min.结论椎体骨静脉造影不能提高PVP疗效和安全性,相反增加了手术成本和X线照射时间.     

经皮椎体成形术的常见并发症及其预防

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)常见的并发症及其发生机理和预防。资料与方法 对PVP术治疗中所发生的并发症进行回顾性分析，包括临床资料及CT、MRI检查。结果 PVP术治疗27例31个椎体，其中23例27个椎体在术中及术后均未见并发症发生，4例骨质疏松性压缩骨折中4个椎体在术中发生聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂(PMMA)渗漏。发生外渗的比率，按病例计算为14．8％(4／27)，按治疗的椎体数计算为12．9％(4／31)。对这4例在术后进行对症治疗并作了随访，以后患者症状基本解除。结论 PMMA的渗漏是PVP术最常见的并发症之一，少量渗漏可以不产生症状。中量渗漏可以产生症状，对症治疗后症状可以减轻。     

症状性椎体血管瘤应用经皮椎体成形术治疗的疗效评估

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗症状性椎体血管瘤的疗效。资料与方法回顾性分析35例(44个椎体)PVP治疗的症状性椎体血管瘤患者临床资料及影像学资料。29例(82.9%)患者表现为不同程度的颈、胸、腰背部疼痛。6例(17.1%)患者合并病理性骨折,除患处疼痛外,还表现为不同程度的神经功能受损。所有患者均在术前及术后1周采用视觉模拟评分(visual ananlog scale,VAS)评价患者的疼痛程度。术后第3～6个月行门诊随访,术后6个月以后行门诊或电话随访。结果 35例患者44个病变椎体,骨水泥用量1.5～11.0 ml,平均5.5 ml。其中5个(11.3%)椎体发生椎旁渗漏,2个(4.5%)椎体发生椎间盘渗漏。所有患者均未出现肺栓塞或者其他较严重的并发症。术前VAS评分平均为6.8±1.1,术后VAS评分平均为2.6±0.7,两者比较P<0.05,术后疼痛缓解明显,差异有统计学意义。结论 PVP是治疗椎体血管瘤的一种安全、有效、微创的方法,并发症少,长期随访效果明确。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体良恶性病变的临床技术应用探讨

目的：探讨经皮椎体成形术（PVP）在治疗椎体良恶性病变中的技术操作问题。方法：对29例的41个椎体病变共行46侧PVP治疗，包括椎体转移瘤16例，骨质疏松压缩性骨折7例，椎体血管瘤3例，骨髓瘤1例，外伤性压缩性骨折1例及不明原因骨破坏1例。PVP在C形臂X线机或C形臂X线机＋CT组合机监视下进行，骨水泥（PMMA）的粉、液比例为3：2，按椎体计算骨水泥用量为2-8ml。结果：46侧PVP成功45侧（97．8％）。本组疼痛完全缓解（CR）者19例（19／29），部分缓解（PR）者9例（9／29），无效（NR）者1例（1／29）。随访2－11个月无复发。PVP术后无一例椎体塌陷加重或发生新的压缩，无一例发生严重并发症。结论：PVP技术安全可行，对腰椎等多数椎体行PVP只要在C形臂X线机上监视下即可，熟练地掌握PMMA使用方法是PVP技术成功的关键因素。     

Percutaneous Vertebroplasty

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) with acrylic cement [polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)]consists of injecting PMMA into vertebral bodies weakened by osseous lesions. The aim of PVP with PMMA is to obtain an antalgic effect by consolidation in destructive lesions of the spine. There are three major indications: vertebral angiomas, osteoporotic vertebral crush syndromes, and malignant vertebral tumors. Indications in vertebral angiomas only concern patients with aggressive clinical signs (severe pain or nervous compression) and/or aggressive radiological signs. Indications in osteoporotic vertebral crush syndromes only concern patients suffering from back pain related to one or two adjacent vertebral collapses resistant to medical treatment for several weeks. Indications in malignant vertebral tumors only concern patients suffering from severe back pain related to a destruction of the vertebral body, not involving the major part of the cortical bone. Complications of PVP occur essentially in patients with vertebral metastasis. In the great majority of cases, these complications heal under medical treatment. In patients with osteoporotic vertebral crush syndromes or vertebral angiomas, the complications are represented by the increase or onset of radiculalgias (in less than 1%), which disappear after local anesthetic injection.     

CT引导下经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体良恶性病变的技术探讨

目的：探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗脊柱病变时技术的优化和并发症的防治.方法：对45例共62个椎体行经皮穿刺椎体成形术,其中血管瘤4例4个椎体、骨质疏松7例12个椎体、椎体恶性肿瘤34例46个椎体.经CT扫描定位,将不透X线骨水泥（主要成分为粉剂甲基丙烯酸树脂多聚体和液态甲基丙烯酸树脂单体）按粉剂与液体为4∶1比例混合调制成糊状,用1ml注射器匀速缓慢注入病变椎体.结果：本组完全缓解率（CR）77.78%,部分缓解率（PR）17.78%,有效率为95.56%.止痛作用2周至18个月持续有效.CT和平片随访观察骨水泥密度、形态与术后所见无变化,未见椎体进一步压缩.术后即刻CT证实有7例10椎骨水泥向椎体周边组织渗漏,只有1例硬膜外渗漏者导致暂时性神经根性痛.结论：经皮穿刺椎体成形术适用于椎体血管瘤、骨质疏松、转移瘤等溶骨性病变,只要我们操作得当,可以避免多数并发症的发生.     

旋转DSA的软组织断层重建技术在经皮椎体成形术后并发症诊断中的价值

目的探讨旋转DSA的软组织断层重建技术(DynaCT)在经皮椎体成形术后并发症诊断中的应用价值。方法对30例中36个胸椎和腰椎行经皮椎体成形术(PVP),术后经X线摄片、DynaCT和螺旋CT扫描,对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)的椎体外渗漏和胸膜腔的图像和临床情况进行分析。结果所有病例的手术都获得成功。所有病例术中和术后未出现严重的并发症。在经PVP术后的36个椎体中,30个椎体的无椎体外渗漏,都经X线正侧位、DynaCT和CT确诊。6个椎体出现椎体外渗漏,经X线正侧位、DynaCT和CT检查确诊,其中2例中2个椎体出现椎间盘渗漏;2例2个椎体出现椎旁软组织渗漏;1例1个椎体出现静脉丛渗漏。1例椎弓根渗漏在侧位X线片怀疑为椎体后缘硬膜外渗漏,但在DynaCT重建图像和螺旋CT显示,PMMA位于两侧椎弓根内,椎管内并无PMMA。X线摄片和DynaCT、CT都未发现气胸和胸腔积液。结论DynaCT对PVP术后并发症的迅速判断提供了有益的信息。     

骨水泥混合与注射一体化装置行经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨骨水泥混合与注射一体化装置行经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折的操作技术、临床疗效。方法2002～2004年间共计治疗了108例诉有严重疼痛的椎体压缩性骨折患者,其中骨质疏松性压缩性骨折85例,椎体恶性肿瘤31例。穿刺入路采用双侧椎弓根穿刺法,所有患者均在透视监视下双侧注射聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethylmethacrylate,PMMA),注射设备为骨水泥混合与注射一体化装置。术后随访患者6个月。结果共计注射116个椎体(腰椎69个,胸椎47个),双侧穿刺和骨水泥注射成功率100％,99例患者(91．7％)术后疼痛明显缓解,6个月内疼痛无复发95例(95．6％),9例患者(8．3％)术后疼痛无缓解。发生骨水泥外漏12例(11％),有临床症状5例(4．6％)。结论骨水泥混合与注射一体化装置行经皮椎体成形术创伤小、并发症少,而且止痛疗效显著,是一种非常有前景的治疗椎体压缩性骨折的介入手术方法。     

经皮椎体成形术及血管内栓塞化疗治疗椎体恶性肿瘤

目的：观察经皮椎体成形术（PVP）、PVP和血管内栓塞化疗术综合治疗椎体恶性肿瘤的疗效。方法：29例患者（男性16例，女性13例）共40个椎体，转移性肿瘤28例，多发性骨髓瘤1例，均表现为胸腰部疼痛，2例有不同程度的脊髓功能障碍。18例患者共26个椎体单独行PVP治疗，11例16个椎体先后行PVP和（或）血管内栓塞化疗术。结果：29例患者经PVP和血管内栓塞化疗后症状完全缓解者16例（55.1％），部分缓解13例（44.9％），其中PVP不成功1例，再经血管内栓塞化疗疼痛减轻，所有患者无严重并发症发生。结论：椎体恶性肿瘤经PVP和（或）血管内栓塞综合治疗可获得很好的近期疗效，明显提高患者的生存质量。     

Complications of percutaneous vertebroplasty and their prevention

Complications due to vertebroplasty may be divided into two categories whether or not they are related to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement leakage from the compressed vertebral body. PMMA leakage is a very frequent occurrence in vertebroplasty is also the main source of complications. Neurological complications are due to cement leakage into the spinal canal and less exceptionally into the intervertebral foramen. The transpedicular needle approach reduces the risk of cement leakage into the foramen. Pulmonary embolism of PMMA may occur when there is a failure to recognize venous migration of cement early during the procedure. Cortical destruction, presence of an epidural soft-tissue mass, highly vascularized lesions, and severe vertebral collapse are factors which increase the rate of complications, which is therefore much higher in metastatic than in osteoporotic vertebral collapse. Prevention of PMMA leakage-related complications is a multifactorial issue including procedure preparation, needle approach and placement, and cement application. The technical refinements which may help reduce the risk of PMMA leakage are reviewed in this article. Experimental data have shown that systemic reactions may occur during vertebroplasty in the absence of cement leakage. These reactions may be partly related to vascular embolism of bone marrow fat. Another controversial issue is a possible increase in the risk of vertebral collapse of adjacent vertebrae following vertebroplasty. Prospective randomized studies are needed to resolve this issue.     

CT-guided vertebroplasty: analysis of technical results, extraosseous cement leakages, and complications in 500 procedures

The aim of this study was to analyze the technical results, the extraosseous cement leakages, and the complications in our first 500 vertebroplasty procedures. Patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures or osteolytic lesions caused by malignant tumors were treated with CT-guided vertebroplasty. The technical results were documented with CT, and the extraosseous cement leakages and periinterventional clinical complications were analyzed as well as secondary fractures during follow-up. Since 2002, 500 vertebroplasty procedures have been performed on 251 patients (82 male, 169 female, age 71.5 ± 9.8 years) suffering from osteoporotic compression fractures (n = 217) and/or malignant tumour infiltration (n = 34). The number of vertebrae treated per patient was 1.96 ± 1.29 (range 1–10); the numbers of interventions per patient and interventions per vertebra were 1.33 ± 0.75 (range 1–6) and 1.01 ± 0.10, respectively. The amount of PMMA cement was 4.5 ± 1.9 ml and decreased during the 5-year period of investigation. The procedure-related 30-day mortality was 0.4% (1 of 251 patients) due to pulmonary embolism in this case. The procedure-related morbidity was 2.8% (7/251), including one acute coronary syndrome beginning 12 h after the procedure and one missing patellar reflex in a patients with a cement leak near the neuroformen because of osteolytic destruction of the respective pedicle. Additionally, one patient developed a medullary conus syndrome after a fall during the night after vertebroplasty, two patients reached an inadequate depth of conscious sedation, and two cases had additional fractures (one pedicle fracture, one rib fracture). The overall CT-based cement leak rate was 55.4% and included leakages predominantly into intervertebral disc spaces (25.2%), epidural vein plexus (16.0%), through the posterior wall (2.6%), into the neuroforamen (1.6%), into paravertebral vessels (7.2%), and combinations of these and others. During follow-up (15.2 ± 13.4 months) the secondary fracture rate was 17.1%, including comparable numbers for vertebrae at adjacent and distant levels. The presence of intradiscal cement leaks was not associated with increased adjacent fracture rates. CT-guided vertebroplasty is safe and effective for treatment of vertebral compression fractures. CT-fluoroscopy provides an excellent control of the posterior vertebral wall. The number of cement leakages alone is not directly associated with clinical complications. However, even small volumes of pulmonary PMMA embolism might be responsible for the fatal outcome in cases with underlying cardiopulmonary insufficiency.     

经皮椎体成形术和椎体后凸成形术治疗脊柱恶性肿瘤的临床应用

目的探讨并比较经皮椎体成形术(PVP)与椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗脊柱恶性肿瘤的临床应用价值。方法自2007年12月-2011年7月苏州大学附一医院对45例脊柱恶性肿瘤患者实施PVP或PKP,其中PVP组30例46节椎体、PKP组15例20节椎体。通过观察两组住院时间、住院费用、并发症、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和日常生活活动能力评分(改良巴氏指数BI)来评价治疗效果。结果术后两组VAS评分及BI评分与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组间VAS评分和BI评分差值比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组间住院时间及住院费用比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),PVP治疗费用及住院时间低于PKP组(P<0.05)。PVP组、PKP组骨水泥渗漏的发生率为分别为30%(9例)、13.3%(4例),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组均无肺栓塞等严重并发症发生。结论采用PVP及PKP治疗脊柱恶性肿瘤均能迅速改善临床症状。PKP骨水泥渗漏发生率低,但价格昂贵,住院时间长;PVP组操作简便,疗效确切,费用低廉,但骨水泥渗漏发生率相对较高。