老年患者股动脉和颈动脉及冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的比较

目的　探讨股动脉、颈动脉、冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性。方法　收集我院老年尸体解剖病例 15例 ,将所有病例的两侧股动脉、两侧颈动脉、左冠状动脉前降支进行连续取材 ,常规病理检查 ,部分节段行α 平滑肌肌动蛋白、CD6 8、bax染色。结果　股动脉粥样硬化斑块中的平滑肌细胞、巨噬细胞数量与颈动脉相近。与冠状动脉比较 ,股动脉粥样硬化斑块中的平滑肌细胞相对多 ,巨噬细胞相对少 ;bax在巨噬细胞的表达多 ,在平滑肌细胞的表达少。结论　平滑肌细胞、巨噬细胞数量的不同导致了 3种动脉粥样硬化斑块不同的稳定性。股动脉中的粥样硬化斑块较冠状动脉更稳定。     

超声检测股动脉、腹主动脉及颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的:探讨股动脉、腹主动脉及颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法: 采用高频超声测量109例行冠状动脉造影术后1周的患者股动脉、腹主动脉及颈动脉的内-中膜厚度（IMT）、斑块积分及斑块数目。结果: 股动脉、腹主动脉及颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化呈正相关（P<0.01、P<0.05）;股动脉斑块预测冠状动脉粥样硬化的灵敏度为89%,特异度为77%,准确度84%;腹主动脉斑块预测冠状动脉粥样硬化的灵敏度为73%,特异度为72%,准确度72%;颈动脉斑块预测冠状动脉粥样硬化的灵敏度为83%,特异度为79%,准确度82%。结论: 超声检查股动脉、腹主动脉及颈动脉IMT及斑块可间接预测不同程度的冠状动脉粥样硬化;股动脉的灵敏度与准确度较腹主动脉更好。     

颈、股动脉粥样硬化超声标识与冠心病的关系研究

目的:利用高频超声研究颈、股动脉粥样硬化超声标识与冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法:对91例冠状动脉造影受检者术前行双侧颈、股动脉超声检查,测定血管后壁内膜中层厚度(IMT)和斑块厚度,记录斑块数目,半定量估计斑块的严重程度。根据冠状动脉造影结果分为正常组和冠心病组。冠心病组分别按血管狭窄≥50%所累及主要病变血管支数分:单支病变、双支病变、3支病变,其中左主干累及定为双支病变。结果:随着冠状动脉病变程度的增加,颈、股动脉IMT值均增加,冠心病组与正常组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);颈、股动脉斑块分级与冠状动脉病变血管支数分级间显著相关(P<0.05);股动脉斑块对冠心病预测的准确度(69.23%)高于颈动脉斑块(56.04%)。结论:颈、股动脉粥样硬化超声标识似用以预测冠心病的严重程度。     

C反应蛋白与老年冠心病患者颈动脉病变及冠状动脉钙化的关系

目的通过对老年冠心病患者血清C反应蛋白（CRP）检测,颈动脉内膜中层厚度的测定,冠状动脉钙化积分的测定来探讨冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度与冠状动脉病变的相关性。方法96例老年冠心病患者分别检测血浆CRP值、颈动脉超声和螺旋CT冠状动脉钙化积分,观察颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）与CRP关系;不同级别颈动脉斑块与CRP的关系;以及颈动脉不同级别斑块与冠状动脉钙化积分关系。结果血清CRP随着IMT的增加而升高（P〈0．05）,血清CRP随着颈内动脉斑块级别的增加而升高（p〈0．05）。颈动脉内膜中斑块级别越高,检出冠状动脉钙化积分值越高（p〈0．05）。结论CRP不仅与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度成正比,与颈内动脉斑块的范围及严重程度也成正比。老年冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度与冠状动脉病变程度相一致。     

冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度与颈动脉粥样硬化及脑梗死的关系

目的探讨冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度与颈动脉粥样硬化及脑梗死的关系。方法入选经冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病的病例319例。将319例冠心病患者按照冠状动脉病变程度分为4组,比较各组之间颈动脉硬化等级积分、Crouse斑块积分、斑块数、脑梗死发生率的差异。另将319例冠心病患者根据有无脑梗死分为两组:脑梗死组、非脑梗死组,比较两组颈动脉斑块性质、颈动脉硬化等级积分、Crouse斑块积分、斑块数的差异。结果3支病变组、左主干病变组的颈动脉硬化等级积分、Crouse斑块积分、斑块数明显高于1支病变组、2支病变组(P0.05)。3支病变组脑梗死发生率为27.53%,左主干病变组脑梗死发生率为38.27%;1支病变组、2支病变组未发现脑梗死病例。脑梗死组不稳定性斑块发生率显著高于非脑梗死组(90.00%比46.02%,χ2=6.2949,P0.05)。结论冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度越严重,颈动脉粥样硬化越重,脑梗死发生率越高。颈动脉不稳定性斑块更易诱发脑梗死。     

超声检测缺血性脑卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作患者颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的探讨超声检测缺血性脑卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作患者颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法选取我院2014年4月~2016年3月收治的缺血性脑卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作患者122例为观察组,其中冠状动脉粥样硬化61例为A组,另选取120例同期健康体检者为对照组,均行颈动脉超声检测,观察比较颈动脉斑块发生率及斑块类型,观察对比A组不同病变支数间斑块积分、颈总动脉内径及颈动脉内-中膜厚度(intima-media thickness,IMT)。结果观察组斑块总发生率为88.52%,高于对照组33.33%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),其中软斑块最为常见,所占比例为37.36%,其次为混合斑块、硬斑块、扁平斑块;双支病变组及多支病变组斑块积分、颈动脉IMT、颈总动脉内径均高于单支病变组,多支病变组斑块积分高于双支病变组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),颈动脉IMT、斑块积分、颈总动脉内径随病变支数增加而增加,颈动脉病变程度与冠状动脉病变程度呈正相关。结论超声检测可有效显示颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度,颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化密切相关,并随冠状动脉粥样硬化程度加重而加重。     

老年患者颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉病变的相关性

目的　评价老年患者颈动脉与冠状动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法　对 81例接受冠状动脉造影检查的老年患者进行颈动脉超声检测。结果　冠心病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度 (IMT)值较对照组明显增大。随冠状动脉病变加重 ,斑块的严重程度增加 ,内膜中层厚度呈增厚趋势。颈总动脉IMT与改良Gensini评分呈正相关。结论　老年患者颈动脉与冠脉粥样硬化之间存在较密切的联系     

颈动脉粥样斑块与冠状动脉病变的相关性研究

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与冠状动脉病变的临床相关性。方法选择行冠状动脉造影确诊的冠状动脉病变患者133例。根据冠状动脉造影检查结果,按照病变严重程度,分为轻度狭窄组、中度狭窄组和重度狭窄组;按照冠状动脉病变支数,分为单支病变组、双支病变组和三支病变组;按照SYNTAX积分,分为0～22分组、23～32分组和≥33分组。超声检测入选患者颈总动脉、颈内动脉、颈外动脉及其分叉处有无斑块形成并进行粥样硬化斑块积分（AS积分）,分析各组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及积分与冠状动脉病变的相关性。结果颈动脉粥样斑块形成例数及粥样硬化斑块积分与冠状动脉病变严重程度呈正相关（r分别为0.632、0.751）;与冠状动脉病变支数呈正相关（r分别为0.597、0.655）;与SYNTAX积分呈正相关（r分别为0.643、0.597）。冠状动脉轻度狭窄组与中度及重度狭窄组比较,单支病变组与双支及三支病变组比较,冠状动脉SYNTAX积分0～22分组与23～32分组及≥33分组比较,颈动脉粥样斑块形成例数及粥样硬化斑块积分差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05～0.01）;冠状动脉中度与重度狭窄组比较,双支及三支病变组比较,SYNTAX积分23～32分组比较与≥33分组比较,颈动脉粥样斑块形成例数及粥样硬化斑块积分差异无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。结论颈动脉粥样斑块检查能够反映冠状动脉病变的情况,适合临床冠心病的普查及随访。     

二维超声检测冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化病变

对103例经选择性冠状动脉造影的患者作双侧颈动脉超声检查，探讨了颈动脉超声检查的方法学以及颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的好发部位和超声分型，发现颈动脉粥样硬化斑块好发于颈动脉分叉处，以左侧多见，且多为扁平斑；颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化之间有着密切的相关关系，冠状动脉病变支数越多，其颈动脉粥样硬化斑块积分也越高，不同冠状动脉病变组之间有非常显著的差异（P＜0．001）。     

合并糖尿病的冠心病患者冠状动脉粥样硬化与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的探讨合并糖尿病的冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法通过对73例合并2型糖尿病的冠心病患者行冠状动脉造影明确冠状动脉病变,同时行颈动脉超声检查,检测颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度.结果不同支数冠状动脉病变者之间比较,颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度、颈动脉斑块积分和斑块发生率差异有显著性(分别为P＜0.001、P＜0.005、P＜0.01).冠状动脉病变支数与颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度和颈动脉斑块积分有明显的相关性,其相关系数分别为0.71和0.68(P＜0.001).冠状动脉造影积分与颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度及颈动脉斑块积分相关系数分别为0.69和0.66(P＜0.001).结论合并糖尿病冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化存在显著的正相相关性,这类患者通过了解颈动脉病变可间接反映冠状动脉粥样硬化病变.     

高频超声评价颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉病变的关系

目的利用高频超声检测颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)、斑块形成情况,并与冠状动脉(冠脉)病变程度的关系进行分析。方法应用ASPEN彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,对428例健康人(对照组)及89例冠心病患者(冠心病组)进行颈动脉IMT、斑块形成的检测。冠心病组患者以冠脉病变支数分为3个亚组。结果冠心病组患者颈动脉IMT为(1.19±0.14)mm,而对照组为(0.92±0.13)mm,(P<0.01);IMT增厚检出率及斑块形成检出率冠心病组为43.21%、74.65%,而对照组为14.49%、34.35%,(P<0.01)。1支冠脉病变组IMT为(1.00±0.014)mm,斑块形成检出率为42.86%;2支冠脉病变组IMT为(1.15±0.018)mm,斑块形成检出率为65.52%;3支及以上冠脉病变组IMT为(1.31±0.018)mm,斑块形成检出率为74.49%,(P<0.01)。结论颈动脉IMT增厚、斑块形成对冠心病具有预测价值;颈动脉IMT增厚、斑块形成与冠脉病变严重程度呈正相关。     

ACE insert/delete polymorphism and atherosclerosis

We report on the results of a large autopsy study focusing upon the hypothesis that deletion of the Alu insert in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with: (a) greater prevalence or extent of atherosclerosis in the aorta and coronary arteries; and (b) microscopic qualities of established atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries. This study was conducted in young US black (n=290) and white (n=379) males using available materials and data from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study, a multi-center cooperative autopsy study organized in 1985 to explore the relationships of known cardiovascular risk factors to atherosclerosis in victims of accidents, homicides, or suicides in the age range of 15-34 years. The results provide strong evidence that ACE genotype may not be a predictor of either the prevalence or the extent of the lesions of atherosclerosis in the right coronary artery or the aorta of young adults, an observation that confirms previous studies that estimated the prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis using coronary angiography. In addition, the results suggest that ACE genotype does not contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions that have the characteristics of vulnerable plaques in the left anterior descending coronary artery of young adults.     

Atherosclerosis in the Human Brachial Artery

Objectives. We sought to assess the prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions in the human brachial artery.Background. Many investigators have recently studied endothelial and vascular function in the brachial circulation in humans to further their understanding of coronary artery disease and early atherogenesis. However, the prevalence of brachial atherosclerosis and its relation to coronary disease have never been documented.Methods. Arterial segments from the brachial, common carotid and left anterior descending coronary arteries were obtained during autopsy in 52 consecutively examined subjects (35 men, 17 women; 21 to 79 years old, mean [±SD] age 51 ± 16) and studied by light microscopy using standard histologic techniques. Severity of the atherosclerotic lesions was categorized as fatty streaks (grade 1), fibrous plaques (grade 2) and advanced lesions (grade 3).Results. Atherosclerotic lesions of any grade were found in the brachial artery in 39 (75%) subjects, common carotid artery in 51 (98%) and left anterior descending coronary artery in 52 (100%), and the prevalence and severity of disease increased with age in all three arteries. The grade of lesion severity in the brachial and coronary arteries was significantly correlated (r = 0.41, p = 0.003), as was severity in the brachial and carotid arteries (r = 0.53, p = 0.0001) and the carotid and coronary arteries (r = 0.69, p = 0.0001). The correlation between the brachial artery and the left anterior descending coronary artery was highly significant in subjects ≤50 years old (r = 0.54, p = 0.002), but not in those ≥50 years old (r = 0.37, p = NS).Conclusions. Atherosclerosis is common in the human brachial artery and is significantly correlated with both coronary and carotid disease. These results suggest that the brachial circulation may serve as a reasonable “surrogate” for studying atherosclerosis, particularly in younger adults.(J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:318–22)     

成人冠状动脉左前降支粥样硬化斑块中检测出肺炎衣原体

为了探索肺炎衣原体感染和冠状动脉粥样硬化之间的关系、利用肺炎衣原体主要外膜蛋白基因上的保守序列设计的3条引物，通过多聚酶链反应检测32例冠状动脉左前降支粥样硬化斑块以及7例正常冠状动脉左前降支中肺炎衣原体。结果发现，32例有粥样硬化斑块的冠状动脉左前降支中有14例多聚酶链反应阳性．阳性率为43．75％，7例正常冠状动脉中无一例阳性，阳性率为0％。结果提示肺炎衣原体在有粥样硬化冠状动脉和正常冠状动豚中存在显著差异。     

Ultrasound screening of multifocal atherosclerosis: markers for coronary heart disease

Background and Objective The frequency of multifocal atherosclerosis (MFA) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) has not been thoroughly studied. The purpose of our study was to perform ultrasound screening for MFA in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and make evaluation of the sensitivity and significance of different atherosclerosis markers. Methods Using Color Dupplex Ultrasound (CDU), we studied 32 clinically healthy persons and 87 patients of the city of B with clinical data for CHD where we also performed coronarography. Results In patients with coronary atherosclerosis we found high frequency of carotid atherosclerosis (93%) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) (81%). We established verifiable thickening of the intima-media (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) and common femoral artery (CFA) in patients with CHD. There is a correlation between the frequency of carotid and femoral stenoses and CHD proven by coronarography. Patients with CHD had a high relative risk to develop carotid (RR = 5) and peripheral atherosclerosis (RR=3.5) and high frequency of asymptomatic stenoses and thromboses of the internal carotid artery (86.9%) and femoral artery (78.3%), as well as aneurisms of the abdominal aorta (8.1%). Markers for CAD with high sensitivity were the atherosclerotic plaques of ICA (0.93) and CFA (0.81) as well as IMT of the CFA (0.84). Conclusions MFA are common among patients with CHD. Ultrasound diagnosis is the method of choice for simultaneous non-invasive screening of carotid, peripheral and MFA and provides sensitive markers for coronary atherosclerosis. The most sensitive and specific markers for CHD are the combination of the IMT and atherosclerotic plaques of CCA, ICA and CFA (100% sensitivity and 0.92 specificity).     

Natural resistance to atherosclerosis exhibited by the first centimeter of left and right coronary arteries

A combined gross and histologic study carried out on 270 selected male subjects with the common type of distribution of the coronary arteries revealed a natural resistance to intimal thickening and plaque development exhibited by the left main coronary artery and by the first centimeter of the right coronary artery. The importance of this natural resistance in children, adolescents, young and mature adults up to 55 years old was demonstrated by means of a comparative investigation, involving the degree of intimal thickness, the media thickness versus intima thickness ratio and the per cent of subjects with atherosclerotic plaques. These parameters were examined in 6 selected samples: (a) at 5 mm distal to the aortic origin of the left main coronary artery, compared with those detected at 10 mm and 20 mm distal to the point of origin of the anterior descending artery; (b) at 5 mm from the aortic origin of the right coronary artery, compared with those recorded at 20 mm and 30 mm from the same point of origin. The differences between the above-mentioned samples appeared statistically significant in all age groups investigated. The first atherosclerotic lesions developed about three decades later in the left main coronary artery than in the proximal segment of the anterior descending artery. In the age group 51-55 years old, only 13.3% of subjects showed atherosclerotic plaques in the left main coronary artery, compared to 77.6% in the proximal segment of the anterior descending artery. Also only 6.6% of subjects 51-55 years old showed atherosclerotic plaques at 5 mm distal to the aortic origin of the right coronary artery, compared to 50.0% at 30 mm.     

细胞凋亡蛋白bax和下肢动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的探讨细胞凋亡蛋白bax和下肢动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法收集正常对照组股动脉标本12例(正常对照组)。糖尿病及非糖尿病尸检病例的股动脉标本各8例分别为糖尿病组及非糖尿病组。将所有动脉标本每隔4 mm连续取材,常规病理学检查,并行免疫组织化学染色。结果正常股动脉内膜未发现bax的表达。动脉粥样硬化病变的脂纹中可见巨噬细胞bax的表达。但平滑肌细胞上未发现bax表达。在斑块中,bax在平滑肌细胞和巨噬细胞均有表达。和非糖尿病组比较,糖尿病组斑块中bax阳性的平滑肌细胞多,bax阳性的巨噬细胞少。结论细胞凋亡蛋白bax参与下肢动脉粥样硬化的形成。糖尿病可能通过影响斑块中bax的表达,使斑块不稳定。     

颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病关系的探讨

目的:研究颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的关系.方法: 超声检查205例冠心病(冠心病组)和41例风湿性心脏病或其它体检患者(非冠心病组)的颈动脉,测量血管的直径、内-中膜的厚度(intima-media thickness, IMT),血流的速度等参数,观察斑块的有无及形成情况,了解颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病以及非冠心病患者的关系.结果:确诊冠心病的患者205例中颈动脉超声有病变者195例,占 95.12%.其中冠状动脉三支病变者97例中颈动脉有病变者96例,达98.97%.41例非冠心病患者中颈动脉有病变者 11例,占26.83%,颈动脉无病变者30例,占73.17%.结论:冠心病和颈动脉粥样硬化存在着明显的相关性,颈动脉超声诊断技术对诊断冠心病有重要意义.     

老年女性冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化和血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的探讨

目的　观察老年女性冠心病患者颈动脉内中膜厚度 (IMT)、粥样斑块发生率及肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能的情况。方法　用高分辨超声技术对 89例老年女性行肱动脉血流介导的舒张功能 (FMD)、IMT及颈动脉粥样斑块的检测。结果　老年女性冠心病组FMD较对照组明显减弱 ,分别为 (3.5± 3.1) %及 (7.6± 3.5 ) % ,P <0 .0 0 1,老年女性冠心病组及对照组IMT分别为 (0 .88± 0 .2 0 )mm及 (0 .6 5± 0 .2 3)mm ,颈动脉粥样斑块发生率分别为 6 2 .2 %及11.4 % ,两组比较差异具有显著性意义 ,P <0 .0 0 1。结论　老年女性冠心病患者存在着严重的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍以及颈动脉粥样硬化 ,颈动脉B超及肱动脉血流介导的舒张功能对老年女性冠心病患者有一定的预测价值。