豫东睢县农村居民感染性腹泻病原学调查研究

为了解农村居民中感染性腹泻珠病原学情况，我们于１９９０年１～１２月对睢县刘小庄，王老集两个自然进行了调查，结果：检查腹泻病人３１８例，检出病原者１３２例（４１．５１％），检出病原１５种１７２株，检出率４９．３７％，检查健康人群３１０名，检出病原者６３名（２０．３２％），检出病原１２种６９株，检出率２２．２６％，检查外环境标要４０５份，其中４０份（９．９７％），检出病原菌，共检出病原菌６种４４株，检     

腹泻婴幼儿600例粪便标本的病原学分析

目的探讨婴幼儿腹泻标本病原学特点，为临床诊断及治疗提供依据。方法对河南省新乡医学院第二附属医院2007年1—12月门诊及住院的600例婴幼儿的腹泻标本进行细菌学检查。结果600例婴幼儿腹泻标本病原学阳性307例（51．17％），检出病原菌17种309株，内源性肠道条件致病菌、外源性肠道病原菌以及轮状病毒3种病原构成比依次为33．98％、33．33％、32．69％。病原主要为轮状病毒101株（32．69％），志贺菌55株（17．80％），克雷伯菌40株（12．95％），致泻性大肠埃希菌33株（10．68％），枸橼酸杆菌31株（10．03％）。结论引起婴幼儿腹泻的病原种类繁多，轮状病毒居首位，内源性肠道条件致病菌在腹泻标本中的构成比大于外源性肠道致病菌，已成为腹泻的重要病原菌。     

手术切口感染与术中切缘拭子培养细菌学分析

目的 了解外科手术患者切口感染病原微生物与术中切缘拭子培养细菌学情况，分析手术切口感染病原特征，提出控制措施。方法 调查医院2004年6月-2005年9月住院手术患者，对术中切缘拭子培养情况和手术切口感染患者资料进行调查分析。结果 2004年6月-2005年9月住院手术患者10278例，发生手术切口感染124例（1．29％），送检术中切缘拭子标本94份，其中阳性58份（61．70％），检出病原菌59株，其中大肠埃希菌32株（54．24％），凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌10株（16．95％），肺炎克雷伯菌3株（5．08％）；手术切口感染患者送检118份标本进行感染病原检测，其中阳性102份（86．44％），检出病原菌120株。结论 Ⅰ类切口感染以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主，Ⅱ类切口和Ⅲ类切口感染以大肠埃希菌等G-杆菌为主；术中切缘拭子培养结果对预防和治疗切口感染具有重要的价值。     

病原性大肠埃希菌腹泻的实验与临床研究

目的：探索病原性大肠埃希菌腹泻的实验与临床关系。方法：采集临床门诊急性腹泻患者粪便，进行ETEC，EPEC，EIEC等病原菌常规检测，并收集患者病史临床表现。结果：从839例腹泻患者中检出病原性大肠埃希菌235株，检出率为28．01％；其中ETEC 118株（14．06％），。EPEC 93株（11．08％），EIEC 24株（2．86％），占病原菌检出的61．84％。对214印例病原性大肠埃希菌腹泻患者病史临床表现分析，3种病原性大肠埃希菌引起腹泻，临床表现不尽相同。病原性大肠埃希菌问或同其它病原菌混合感染43例13．5％），其临床表现，同单一病原菌感染比较，差异无显著性。结论：病原性大肠埃希菌引起腹泻的临床表现差异甚大；实验室病原检测是重要依据；对腹泻病因诊断有重要参考意义。     

豫东睢县住院腹泻患者致泻病原学研究

为了解住院腹泻患者致泻病原情况，１９９０年１～１２月对豫东睢县住院腹泻患者３７２例进行了致泻细菌，轮状病毒，致泻寄生虫的一次性同步调查分析。结果：２０１例（５４．０３％）检出致泻病原，共检出１２种病原体计数２３７株，检出率６３．７１％，其中致泻细菌检出率４４．３５％，轮状病毒检出率１２．１０％，致泻寄生虫检出率为７．２６％，主要致泻病原为鼠伤寒沙门菌和轮状病毒，其构成比为４４．３０％及１８．９９％     

豫东瞧县住院腹泻患者致泻病原学研究

为了解住院腹泻患者致泻病原情况，１９９０年１－１２月对豫东睢县住院腹泻患者３７２例进行了致泻细菌、轮状病毒、致泻寄生虫的一次性同步调查分析．结果：２０１例（５４．０３％）检出致泻病原，共检出１２种病原体计２３７株，检出率６３．７１％，其中致泻细菌检出率４４．３５％、轮状病毒检出率１２．１０％、致泻寄生虫检出率７．２６％。主要致泻病原为鼠伤寒沙门菌和轮状病毒，其构成比为４４．３０％及１８．９９％。住院腹泻患者主要为０～１岁婴幼儿（占６７．６０％），各季度病原检出率差别不显著，发病人数以第３、４季度为多。还对流行病学主要特征、临床诊断及发病因素进行分析。     

徐州市2004年小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌人及动物带菌情况调查报告

目的：调查本地区小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌人群及动物感染情况，毒力基因携带情况，血清型分布情况及生物型别。方法：10月中旬采集牛、羊、猪、狗粪便共358份，4℃冷增菌后用选择性培养基进行病原菌分离培养并做生化实验，可疑菌株做血清学鉴定和生物分型及毒力检测。结果：检出阳性菌株15株（其中2株携带毒力基因），检出率为4．2％（其中猪的检出率5．1％；羊的检出率5．7％；狗的检出率4．3％；牛的检出率0％）。结论：本次调查在羊、猪、狗粪便标本中检出小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌，带毒菌株的血清型为0：3，生物型为1B。检出的其余血清型别菌株均不带毒力质粒。人和牛粪便标本中未检出小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌。     

生食水产品常见病原微生物污染与安全性评价

目的了解广东地区生食水产品以及养殖水等样品中常见病原微生物的污染情况。方法从珠江三角洲地区18家不同档次酒店采集生吃水产品148份、养殖水43份和砧板试样134份，采用国家标准方法进行病原菌检测；采取规范生吃水产品制作流程和消毒措施规范化等综合管理手段，超高压灭菌以及辐照杀菌等试验，对生食水产品进行食用安全性评价。结果采集各种样品325份，检出常见病原菌7种共79株，检出率为24．31％；从25份生鱼肉中检出华支睾吸虫5份，检出率为20％。高档酒店生食水产品中病原菌检出率14．46％，中、低档酒店检出率平均为34．59％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。采用400～800MPa的超高压作用30min或0．43kGy的钴^-60辐照剂量作用20min，均可保持生食水产品感官性状并同时杀灭病原菌。结论广东地区生食水产品中普遍存在常见病原微生物的污染，应加强食品卫生管理和食用安全性研究。     

384例急性腹泻细菌性病原学及某些流行病学特征

为长期监测引起急性腹泻的主要细菌病原及其构成的变化，1981年6~9月对天津市384例急性腹泻患者进行了细菌病原及某些流行病学特征的调査。384例患者检出病原菌的195例（50.8%）。共检出223株致病菌，其中痢疾杆菌（110株），检出率28.6%，约占病原菌总数的一半，其次是沙门氏菌（38株）和不凝集弧菌（37株），检出率为9.90%和9.64%，还有致病大肠杆菌、副溶血弧菌、绿脓杆菌和溶藻性弧菌等。检出两种以上病原菌的27例。384例患者中以20岁以上青壮年为多，此年龄组感染的病原谱较广泛，其它年龄组的病原谱均较单纯。沙门氏菌6、7月份检出率较高。不凝集弧菌8月份检出率较高。不凝集弧菌在水样便和稀便中检出率较高，分别为16.7%和15.5%，在痢疾杆菌中鲍氏菌比例突然增高，是值得注意的。     

1 874份前列腺分泌物标本病原学检测与药敏分析

目的了解某地区前列腺炎的病原体种类及其对抗菌药物的敏感性。方法收集前列腺炎患者的前列腺分泌物标本1874份进行病原学检测，并对检出的72株淋病奈瑟菌进行药敏试验（K-B法）。结果共检出452份阳性标本，阳性率为24．12％；其中检出单种病原体的标本334份，检出2种病原体的标本118份，两者所检出病原体以淋病奈瑟菌比率最高，分别占31．14％和55．09％。72株淋病奈瑟菌对环丙沙星、氧氟沙星和青霉素、四环素耐药率较高，分别为90．28％，83．33％，55．56％，25．00％；对壮观霉素100％敏感。结论该地区前列腺炎分泌物病原体检出率高，以淋病奈瑟菌为主。环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、青霉素和四环素已不宜作为该地区治疗淋病奈瑟菌感染的常规药物。     

Impact of private use of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) on pneumococcal carriage among Portuguese children living in urban and rural regions

In Portugal, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was commercially available between 2010 and 2015, following a decade of private use of PCV7. We evaluated changes on serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of pneumococci carried by children living in two regions of Portugal (one urban and one rural). Three epidemiological periods were defined: pre-PCV13 (2009–2010), early-PCV13 (2011–2012), and late-PCV13 (2015–2016). Nasopharyngeal samples (n = 4,232) were obtained from children 0–6 years old attending day-care centers. Private use of PCVs was very high in both regions (>75%). Pneumococcal carriage remained stable and high over time (62.1%, 62.4% and 61.6% (p = 0.909) in the urban region; and 59.8%, 62.8%, 59.5% (p = 0.543) in the rural region). Carriage of PCV7 serotypes remained low (5.3%, 7.8% and 4.3% in the urban region; and 2.5%, 3.7% and 4.8% in the rural region). Carriage of PCV13 serotypes not targeted by PCV7 decreased in both the urban (16.4%, 7.3%, and 1.6%; p < 0.001) and rural regions (13.2%, 7.8%, and 1.9%; p < 0.001). This decline was mostly attributable to serotype 19A (14.1%, 4.4% and 1.3% in the urban region; and 11.1%, 3.6% and 0.8% in the rural region, both p < 0.001). Serotype 3 declined over time in the urban region (10.1%, 4.4%, 0.8%; p < 0.001) and had no obvious trend in the rural region (4.2%, 6.7%, 2.4%; p = 0.505). Serotype 6C decreased in both regions while serotypes 11D, 15A/B/C, 16F, 21, 22F, 23A/B, 24F, 35F, and NT were the most prevalent in the late-PCV13 period. Intermediate resistance to penicillin and non-susceptibility to erythromycin decreased significantly in both regions (19.5%, 13.3%, and 9.3%; and 25.4%, 25.9%, and 13.4%; both p < 0.001, respectively in the urban region; and 12.4%, 11.1%, and 2.8% (p < 0.001); and 15.3%, 14.7%, and 9.2% (p = 0.037), respectively, in the rural region). In conclusion, private use of PCV13 led to significant changes on the pneumococcal population carried by children in Portugal.     

The Prevalence of Social Frailty Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ObjectiveTo report the overall prevalence of social frailty among older people and provide information for policymakers and authorities to use in developing policies and social care.DesignA systematic review and meta-analysis.Setting and participantsWe searched 4 databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) to find articles from inception to July 30, 2022. We included cross-sectional and cohort studies that provided the prevalence of social frailty among adults aged 60 years or older, in any setting.MethodsThree researchers independently reviewed the literature and retrieved the data. A risk of bias tool was used to assess each study’s quality. A random-effect meta-analysis was performed to pool the data, followed by subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression.ResultsFrom 761 records, we extracted 43 studies with 83,907 participants for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of social frailty in hospital settings was 47.3% (95% CI: 32.2%–62.4%); among studies in community settings, the pooled prevalence was 18.8% (95% CI: 14.9%–22.7%; P < .001). The prevalence of social frailty was higher when assessed using the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (32.3%; 95% CI: 23.1%–41.5%) than the Makizako Social Frailty Index (27.7%; 95% CI: 21.6%–33.8%) or Social Frailty Screening Index (13.4%; 95% CI: 8.4%–18.4%). Based on limited community studies in individual countries using various instruments, social frailty was lowest in China (4.9%; 95% CI: 4.2%–5.7%), followed by Spain (11.6%; 95% CI: 9.9%–13.3%), Japan (16.2%; 95% CI: 12.2%–20.3%), Korea (26.6%; 95% CI: 7.1%–46.1%), European urban centers (29.2%; 95% CI: 27.9%–30.5%), and the Netherlands (27.2%; 95% CI: 16.9%–37.5%). No other subgroup analyses showed any statistically significant prevalence difference between groups.Conclusion and ImplicationsThe prevalence of social frailty among older adults is high. Settings, country, and method for assessing social frailty affected the prevalence. More valid comparisons will await consensus on measurement tools and more research on geographically representative populations. Nevertheless, these results suggest that public health professionals and policymakers should seriously consider social frailty in research and program planning involving older adults.     

Anemia and Micronutrient Status of Women of Childbearing Age and Children 6–59 Months in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Little is known about the micronutrient status of women and children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is critical for the design of effective nutrition interventions. We recruited 744 mother-child pairs from South Kivu (SK) and Kongo Central (KC). We determined hemoglobin (Hb), serum zinc, vitamin B12, folate, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), retinol binding protein (RBP), C-reactive protein, and α-1 acid glycoprotein concentrations. Anemia prevalence was determined using Hb adjusted for altitude alone and Hb adjusted for both altitude and ethnicity. Anemia prevalence was lower after Hb adjustment for altitude and ethnicity, compared to only altitude, among women (6% vs. 17% in SK; 10% vs. 32% in KC), children 6–23 months (26% vs. 59% in SK; 25% vs. 42% in KC), and children 24–59 months (14% vs. 35% in SK; 23% vs. 44% in KC), respectively. Iron deficiency was seemingly higher with sTfR as compared to inflammation-adjusted ferritin among women (18% vs. 4% in SK; 21% vs. 5% in KC), children 6–23 months (51% vs. 14% in SK; 74% vs. 10% in KC), and children 24–59 months (23% vs. 4% in SK; 58% vs. 1% in KC). Regardless of indicator, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) never exceeded 3% in women. In children, IDA reached almost 20% when sTfR was used but was only 10% with ferritin. Folate, B12, and vitamin A (RBP) deficiencies were all very low (<5%); RBP was 10% in children. The prevalence of anemia was unexpectedly low. Inflammation-adjusted zinc deficiency was high among women (52% in SK; 58% in KC), children 6–23 months (23% in SK; 20% in KC), and children 24–59 months (25% in SK; 27% in KC). The rate of biochemical zinc deficiency among Congolese women and children requires attention.     

Impact of Cypermethrin on Na+–K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPases in Indian Major Carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Activities of ATPase in different organs of Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to cypermethrin with lethal (5.13 μg/L) and sublethal (1.02 μg/L) concentration was investigated. Decrease of Na⁺–K⁺-ATPase activity was observed in gills, liver and muscle to about 60.22%, 22.13% and 48.89% respectively, by lethal concentration. Whereas in sublethal concentration activity was increased to about 7.84%, 10.70% and 5.96%. Similarly, in case of Mg²⁺-ATPases activity as 57.61%, 48.82% and 28.59% for lethal and for sublethal it was 10.15%, 4.64% and 11.92%. Ca²⁺-ATPase activity was observed to be 55.24%, 41.66% and 47.66% by lethal and for sublethal it was 8.02%, 24.89% and 6.47%.     

IL4R and IL13 polymorphic variants and development of antibodies to surface antigen of hepatitis B virus in hemodialysis patients in response to HBV vaccination or infection

We searched for an association between the interleukin 4 receptor gene (IL4R) rs1805015 and interleukin 13 gene (IL13) rs20541 polymorphisms and the development of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) in the case of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination or infection in hemodialysis (HD) patients. HD patients who failed to respond to HBV vaccination did not differ in genotype frequencies of IL4R (TT 72.7%, CT 22.6%, CC 4.7%) and IL13 (CC 59.0%, CT 34.2%, TT 6.8%) from vaccine responders (IL4R TT 68.0%, CT 27.3%, CC 4.7%; IL13 CC 55.0%, CT 38.5%, TT 6.5%). HD patients who did not develop anti-HBs despite HBV infection also did not differ in genotype frequencies of IL4R (TT 67.8%, CT 26.8%, CC 5.4%) and IL13 (CC 60.7%, CT 33.9%, TT 5.4%) from HD patients who developed an anti-HBs response (IL4R TT 65.4%, CT 30.8%, CC 3.8%; IL13 CC 60.5%, CT 34.6%, TT 4.9%). In HD patients, neither the IL4R nor IL13 polymorphism is associated with anti-HBs development irrespective of whether an immunization is provoked by HBV vaccination or HBV infection.     

A French regional epidemiological investigation on antibiotic resistance of S. pneumoniae in 1999 (Rhône-Alpes)

Objective – The authors wanted to determine the state of pneumococcus resistance in the Rhône-Alpes region, in 1999.Patients and method – One thousand eight hundred and thirteen strains of S. pneumoniae (Sp) (64.5% adults, 35.5% children) were collected by 31 clinical microbiological laboratories. Susceptibility to oxacillin of the strains (isolated in pathogenic conditions) was measured according to CA-SFM standards. The MICs of penicillin (P), amoxicillin (AMX), and cefotaxime (CTX) were determined (E-test or ATB-Pneumo gallery) for all strains resistant to penicillin G (PRP). The regional coordinating center checked the MIC and serotype of each PRP strain.Results – The prevalence of PRP (MIC > 0.06 mg/L) was 40.5%. Resistance (I + R) to ERY, TET, SXT, and C was respectively 42%, 27.4%, 37.9%, and 19.2%. Among the 9.4% of strains resistant to P (MIC > 1 mg/L), 63.3% were intermediate to AMX (0.5 < MIC ⩽ 2 mg/L) and 0.8% resistant to CTX (MIC > 2 mg/L). The multiresistance was frequent in PRP: 70.7% to ERY, 72% to TET, 45% to SXT, 32.8% to C, and only 0.4% to RIF. PRP of serotype 14 (23.8%) were the most frequent, followed by serotypes 6 (16%), 23 (15.7%), 9 (12%), 19 (11%), and 15 (2.8%).Discussion – PRP have been increasing since 1997 (29.5% vs. 40.5%), AMX-R strains are still infrequent (2%), and CTX-R strains even though rare (0.3%) are now isolated.     

Hypolipidemic effect of the polysaccharide from Pholiota nameko

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to investigate the hypolipidemic effect of the polysaccharide isolated from Pholiota nameko (PNPS-1).MethodsHyperlipidemic Wistar rats were treated with PNPS-1 (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg orally).ResultsTreatment of hyperlipidemic Wistar rats with PNPS-1 led not only to significant decreases in very low-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (?48.98% and ?21.54%, 40 and 60 mg/kg), triacylglycerol (?19.70%, ?17.17%, ?32.32%), phospholipids (?9.90%, ?19.80%, ?27.08%), and consequently the atherogenic index (23.61%, 70.42%, 82.85%) and a increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (69.01% and 73.35%, 40 and 60 mg/kg) in serum, but also to significant decreases in total lipids (?10.24% and ?33.16%, 40 and 60 mg/kg), total cholesterol (?24.22%, ?34.26%, ?55.02%), triacylglycerol (?22.53% and ?38.50%, 40 and 60 mg/kg), and phospholipids (?27.41%, 60 mg/kg) in the liver. Further, PNPS-1 significantly suppressed lipid peroxidation by decreasing malondialdehyde and increasing antioxidant enzymes in serum (malondialdehyde, 9.94%, ?22.22%, ?32.75%; superoxide dismutase, 37.26%, 101%, 114%; catalase, 32.2%, 30.02%, 36.74%; glutathione peroxidase, 31.30%, 35.56%, 52.34%) of the 20-, 40-, and 60-mg/kg PNPS-1 groups and in the liver (malondialdehyde, ?32.26%, ?47.85%; catalase, 97%, 117%; glutathione peroxidase, 70.70%, 78.03%) in the 40- and 60-mg/kg PNPS-1 groups (superoxide dismutase, 24.35%, 67.49%, 234%). PNPS-1 was also effective in lowering body weight and some visceral weights (liver, heart, and kidney) in treated rats, except for the lung. PNPS-1 also ameliorated the pathologic changes in coronary arteries of hyperlipidemic rats.ConclusionThese results suggested that PNPS-1 significantly suppresses the development of hyperlipidemia and might be used as a potential therapeutic agent for hyperlipidemia.     

Insuficiencia cardíaca. Perspectiva desde atención primaria

ObjectiveOur aim was to find out the situation of heart failure (HF) in primary care.DesignCross-sectional multicentre study.SettingFour primary health care centres and a hospital in an urban area of Barcelona.ParticipantsFrom a registered population of 35,212 inhabitants older than 45 years, we studied all patients (333) diagnosed with HF in 2006 in primary care.MeasurementsA standardised questionnaire was used to record demographic, clinical and treatment data.ResultsThere were 61.4% females. Mean age was 74.5 (standard deviation [SD]: 10) for men and 79 (SD: 9.8) for women. A total of 46% of patients had HF for <5 years. The comorbidity diagnosis and at the beginning of the study were: hypertension 65.4% and 73%, diabetes 33.6% and 40%, dyslipaemia 40% and 53%, coronary disease 30% and 27%, and valvular disease 23.7% and 27%, respectively.A total of 64% of patients had registered New York Heart Association functional class (48% class II, 30% III and 6.6% IV). Blood pressure was controlled in 36% men and 20.5% women (P=0.002); 75.4% had an electrocardiogram, 57% X-ray; 58% of men and 46% of women (P=0.02) had echocardiography. The most prescribed drugs were diuretics 85.3%, the least, beta blockers 27%.ConclusionsPatients with HF in primary care are elderly females with a lot of comorbidities. We must be concerned by the suboptimal use of basic investigations (electrocardiogram and X-ray) and beta blocker treatments.     

Underutilised legumes: potential sources for low-cost protein

Seeds of 104 leguminous species belonging to 17 genera were analysed for their protein contents. The promising ones were investigated for fibre, carbohydrate, ash, oil, fatty acids, amino acid profile and trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA). The variation of fibre contents was 4.1-8.9%, carbohydrate 18.4-49.2%, ash 1.8-7.2%, TIA 48.7-87.5 mg/g, oil 1.3-19.8% and protein 11.0-51.6%. The protein content (41-45%) in Acacia mellifera (41.6%), Albizzia lebbek (43.6%), Bauhinia triandra (42.7%), Lathyrus odoratus (42.8%), Parkinsonia aculeata (41.6%), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (41.9%), Sesbania paludosa (41.2%) and S. sesban (43.8%) was in close proximity to soybean (42.8%), whereas Bauhinia retusa (51.6%), B. variegata (46.5%), Delonix elata (48.7%) and Gliricidia maculata (46.3%) showed higher percentages of protein than soybean. The essential amino acid composition of some of the seed proteins was reasonably well balanced (lysine up to 7.6%). The seeds of Bauhinia retusa (18.6%), B. triandra (16.5%), B. variegata (17.3%), Gliricidia maculata (16.2%), Parkia biglandulosa (18.9%) and Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (19.8%) had a good amount of oil, comparable to soybean (18-22%). The fatty acid composition of some genera/species was quite promising with high amount of unsaturated fatty acids.