血管紧张素—Ⅰ转换酶基因多态性与糖尿病与糖尿病肾病的关系

目的 探讨血管紧张素－Ⅰ转换酶基因（ＡＣＥ基因）多态性与糖尿病及糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）的易感性之间的关系。方法 应用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）方法扩增４８例正常人，７４例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＩＤＤＭ）患者（其中４０例不伴ＤＮ，３４例合并ＤＮ），１０２例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者（５７例不伴ＤＮ，４５例伴ＤＮ）的ＡＣＥ基因上２８７ｂｐ片断，根据插入或缺失来判断其多态性。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与糖尿病及其肾脏合并症发病的关系

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ）基因插入／缺失（Ｉ／Ｄ）多态性与Ⅱ型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）及其肾脏合并症发病的关系。方法应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增技术检测了１０９例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者及１５５例健康对照者的ＡＣＥ基因Ｉ／Ｄ多态性。结果位于ＡＣＥ基因第１６内含子的Ｉ／Ｄ多态性经ＰＣＲ技术扩增后分为三种基因型：纯合子缺失型（ＤＤ）,纯合子插入型（Ｉ）及杂合子插入／缺失型（ＩＤ）。１０９例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者与１５５例正常对照组之间基因型及等位基因频率差异均无显著意义;ＮＩＤＤＭ合并肾病者（ＤＮ）的基因型与未合并肾病者无显著性差异,但等位基因则有显著性差异（Ｄ、Ｉ等位基因为０４５和０５５对０３０和０７０）（Ｐ＜００２）;ＮＩＤＤＭ病程≤１年即伴有肾病者与病程≥５年仍无肾病者比较,ＤＤ型及Ｄ等位基因均显著高于无肾病组（Ｐ均＜００５）,后者以Ｉ型及Ｉ等位基因占绝对优势。结论ＡＣＥ基因多态性与ＮＩＤＤＭ发病无关,而与其肾脏合并症则明显相关,ＤＤ型是ＤＮ的易感基因,而Ｉ型则为其保护基因。     

河北地区汉族人血管紧张素转换酶基因与糖尿病肾病的相关性研究

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ）基因与糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）发病的关系。方法用ＰＣＲ方法检测１４９例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者及１００例正常对照的ＡＣＥ基因型。结果（１）ＡＣＥ基因型及等位基因构成比在正常对照组和ＮＩＤＤＭ组间无统计学差异;（２）ＤＤ基因型及Ｄ等位基因频率在ＤＮ组（０２７）显著高于非ＤＮ组（００９）。结论ＡＣＥ基因多态性与ＤＮ发病有关。     

糖尿病患者骨代谢研究

本文测定７４例糖尿病住院患者的血Ｃａ、Ｐ、ＡＫＰ、ＢＧＰ、２４小时尿ＨＯＰ及腰椎２～４正位骨密度（ＢＭＤ）。结果（１）糖尿病患者血Ｃａ、Ｐ、ＡＫＰ与正常对照无显著差异，并且胰岛素依赖型糖尿病组（ＩＤＤＭ）与非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病组（ＮＩＤＤＭ）之间也无显著差异。（２）血ＢＧＰ变化，在ＩＤＤＭ组，２０～３９岁的女性和４０～５９岁的男性ＢＧＰ低于正常对照；ＮＩＤＤＭ组６０岁以上的女性患者ＢＧＰ也明显低于正常对照，而在２０～３９岁的男女患者ＢＧＰ却高于正常对照。（３）糖尿病患者尿ＨＯＰ高于正常对照，并且ＩＤＤＭ组与ＮＩＤＤＭ组比较也有显著差异。（４）骨质疏松发生率ＩＤＤＭ组高于ＮＩＤＤＭ组，而骨量减低发生率ＮＩＤＤＭ组高于ＩＤＤＭ组。初步探讨了糖尿病性骨质疏松的发病机制。     

非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病家族遗传性与胰岛素基因的实验探讨

用分子生物学的实验方法对非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者的胰岛素基因进行检测。从ＮＩＤＤＭ患者（包括有糖尿病家族史）及正常人外周血的白细胞中提取ＤＮＡ，以胰岛素基因５＇－末端上游的某一ＤＮＡ序列做引物，对特定的靶序列进行体外扩增（即ＰＣＲ），将其扩增产物进行电泳分离，并在紫外分析仪下对照观察，结果发现：１６例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者的胰岛素基因有所改变，其中２例患者及１例末发病同胞兄弟的胰岛素基因有相     

ACE基因多态性与2型糖尿病肾病关系的研究

目的：明确血管紧张素Ｉ转换酶（ＡＣＥ）基因插入／缺失（Ｉ／Ｄ）多态性与２型尿病及其肾病发生及进展的关系。方法：ＡＣＥ基因内含子１６的一个２８７ｂｐ的Ａｌｕ顺序Ｉ／Ｄ型为多态标志，用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增基因片段，１％琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测ＰＣＲ产物。结果：（１）２２１例２例糖尿病与１００例正常对照组之间基因型分布无显著性差异；（２）２型糖尿病未合并肾病与合并肾病及肾功不全（ＲＦ）等各亚组之间基因型频率和等位基因频率无显著性差异。结论：ＡＣＥＩ／Ｄ多态性与２型糖尿病肾病和肾功能不全的发生无关。     

非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与动态血压及钠／？…

目的 探讨非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）与动态血压（ＡＢＰ）及红细胞钠／锂逆转运（ＳＬＣ）的关系。方法 放免法测定６９例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者ＵＡＥＲ，监测其２４小时ＡＢＰ，并用改良Ｃａｎｅｓｓａ法测定其ＳＬＣ。结果 ＮＩＤＤＭ伴ＵＡＥＲ增高者，其高血压患病率增加，血压（尤其是夜间收缩压）明显升高，血压昼夜节律紊乱的发生率升高及程度加重；ＵＡＥＲ与夜间血压、白天及２４小时     

非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病体内氧化代谢改变及与高血压的关系

目的：评价氧化损伤及抗氧化酶活性对非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病即Ⅱ型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）及其伴发高血压（ＨＴ）的影响。方法：采用鲁米诺依赖的中性粒细胞化学发光法,对１３６例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者（其中７０例不伴有ＨＴ,６６例伴有ＨＴ）及３０例年龄匹配的健康对照者,检测其外周血中性粒细胞产生氧自由基（ＯＦＲ）的水平。采用化学定量法,测定其血浆脂质过氧化终末产物－丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的浓度及抗氧化酶－超氧化物岐化酶（ＳＯ     

α-颗粒膜蛋白测定对NIDDM肾病的临床意义

α－颗粒膜蛋白测定对ＮＩＤＤＭ肾病的临床意义周鹏陈南衡杜同信王自正为观察糖尿病肾病患者α－颗粒膜蛋白（ＧＭＰ－１４０）水平变化，我们测定了４３例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者（其中２３例有糖尿病肾病，２０例无糖尿病肾病）体内血小板及血浆ＧＭＰ...     

胰岛素及卡托普利对糖尿病大鼠肾小球蛋白激酶C活性的影响

糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）的发生与众多血管活性物质和细胞因子的作用密切相关,而这种作用主要通过蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）所介导［１］。胰岛素、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ＡＣＥＩ）治疗可延缓ＤＮ肾功能恶化。我们以往的研究显示初发糖尿病大鼠肾小球内ＰＫＣ活性即增强［２］,本研究的目的为进一步观察胰岛素、ＡＣＥＩ（卡托普利）对糖尿病大鼠各阶段肾小球ＰＫＣ活性的影响。 一、材料与方法 １．动物：Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ－Ｄａｗｌｅｙ雄性大鼠１４２只,１５０～１７０ｇ。分为正常对照组刚组）,糖尿病组（ＤＭ）组,胰岛素组（ＤＩ组）及卡…     

Glucose transporter (GLUT1) allele (XbaI-) associated with nephropathy in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Although multiple factors contribute to the initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN), hyperglycemia and genetic predisposition are two major components implicated in the development of DN. Several pieces of experimental evidence suggest that glucose transporter (GLUT1) activity is an important modulator for the cell hypertrophy and extracellular matrix formation of glomerular mesangial cells. METHODS: To evaluate the role of the GLUT1 gene mutation in the development of DN in Chinese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), the polymorphic XbaI site of GLUT1 gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction in 124 normal subjects and 131 patients with NIDDM, among whom 64 were complicated with DN. DN was defined as persistent albuminuria with or without impaired renal function with no known cause of renal disease other than diabetes. RESULTS: The frequencies of XbaI (+/-) genotype (75 vs. 44%, P < 0.01) and XbaI (-) allele (44 vs. 29%, P < 0.05) were significantly higher in NIDDM patients with DN than those without nephropathy. There were no significant differences for GLUT1 genotype and allele frequency between NIDDM patients without nephropathy and normal subjects. The presence of the XbaI (-) allele appeared to have a strong association with the development of DN. The odds ratio was 1.915, and the 95% confidence interval was 1.044 to 3.514. In addition, no strong association was found between GLUT1 gene polymorphism and retinopathy in NIDDM patients. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the XbaI (-) allele of the GLUT1 gene might be a genetic marker of NIDDM with DN, and this genetic susceptibility is independent of its retinopathy in Chinese subjects.     

Lack of association between the heparan sulfate proteoglycan gene polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy in Japanese NIDDM with proliferative diabetic retinopathy

The development of diabetic nephropathy shows remarkable variation among individuals. Therefore, not only hyperglycemia but also genetic factors may contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) is thought to play an important role as a component of the charge selectivity barrier in the glomerular basement membrane. Recently, a BamHI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the HSPG gene (HSPG2) was reported to be associated with diabetic nephropathy in Caucasian insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The aim of the present study was to examine the contribution of the BamHI HSPG2 polymorphism to the development of diabetic nephropathy in Japanese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). For this purpose, we recruited 102 patients with diabetic nephropathy and 64 age-matched patients without diabetic nephropathy from Japanese NIDDM patients. Since all the subjects had proliferative diabetic retinopathy, it seems likely that they would be exposed to hyperglycemia for a long time. In the present study, the BamHI HSPG2 genotype and allele frequencies were not significantly different between the patients with nephropathy and the patients without nephropathy. Therefore, we conclude that the BamHI HSPG2 polymorphism is not associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy in Japanese NIDDM.     

Meta-analysis of the relationship between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetic nephropathy

Aims: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major cause for end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and the pathogenesis for DN developing into ESRD is not clear at present. Results from published studies on the relationship between angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) gene polymorphism and ESRD risk in DN patients are still conflicting. This meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the association between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and ESRD risk in DN patients. Methods: Association studies were identified from the databases of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library on 1 October 2011, and eligible investigations were identified and synthesized using the meta‐analysis method. Results were expressed using odds ratios (OR) for dichotomous data and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated. Results: Twelve studies reporting the relation between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and ESRD risk in DN patients were identified. In overall populations, there was a notable association between D allele or DD genotype and ESRD susceptibility (D: OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.11–1.56, P = 0.002; DD: OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.25–2.21, P = 0.0004). In the sub‐group analysis according to ethnicity, D allele or DD genotype was associated with ESRD risk in Asians. In Caucasians, the association of DD genotype with ESRD risk was observed, but the D allele was not. Furthermore, ACE I/D gene polymorphism was associated with ESRD risk in patients with DN due to diabetes mellitus type 2, but the association was not found for patients with DN due to diabetes mellitus type‐1. Conclusions: Our results indicate that D allele or DD homozygous is associated with the ESRD susceptibility in DN patients. However, more investigations are required to further this association.     

A polymorphic locus near the human insulin gene is associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

A polymorphic region flanking the human insulin gene on the short arm of chromosome 11, the insulin-gene-linked DNA polymorphism, can be described as a locus with at least three classes of alleles: a common small "class 1" allele averaging 570 base pairs, a rare intermediate "class 2" allele of about 1320 base pairs, and a large "class 3" allele averaging 2470 base pairs in size. We have determined the genotype at this locus of 393 unrelated diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Differences were observed in the genotypic and allelic frequencies between groups of different races. Asians [17 nondiabetic, 2 with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and 8 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)] exhibited the least variation in the size of this locus and 98% of the alleles in this group were class 1. A group of American blacks (32 nondiabetic, 5 with IDDM, and 40 with NIDDM) exhibited considerable variation in the size of this locus, and about 22% of the individuals examined had a genotype that included a rare class 2 allele. In neither of these two racial groups were the genotypic or allelic frequencies different between the nondiabetic and diabetic segments of these groups. However, in a group of Caucasians (83 nondiabetic, 113 with IDDM, and 76 with NIDDM), there was a significantly higher frequency of class 1 alleles and genotypes containing two class 1 alleles in the diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Modulation of the renal response to ACE inhibition by ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism during hyperglycemia in normotensive, normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients

ACE inhibition protects kidney function, but ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism affects renal prognosis in type 1 diabetic patients. ACE genotype may influence the renal benefits of ACE inhibition. We studied the impact of ACE I/D polymorphism on the renal hemodynamic changes induced by ACE inhibition in type 1 diabetes. We studied renal hemodynamics (glomerular filtration rate [GFR], effective renal plasma flow [ERPF], filtration fraction [GFR/ERPF], mean arterial pressure [MAP], and total renal resistances [MAP/ERPF]) repeatedly during normoglycemia and then hyperglycemia in 12 normotensive, normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetes and the II genotype (associated with nephroprotection) versus 22 age- and sex-matched subjects with the ACE D allele after three randomly allocated 2- to 6-week periods on placebo, 1.25 mg/day ramipril, and 5 mg/day ramipril in a double-blind, cross-over study. During normoglycemia, the hemodynamic changes induced by ramipril were similar in both genotypes. During hyperglycemia, the changes induced by ramipril were accentuated in the II genotype group and attenuated dose dependently in the D allele group (treatment-genotype interaction P values for ERPF, 0.018; MAP, 0.018; and total renal resistances, 0.055). These results provide a basis to different renal responses to ACE inhibition according to ACE genotype in type 1 diabetes.     

ACE gene polymorphism and the prognosis and treatment of overt diabetic nephropathy

An insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) gene influences the circulating and renal activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This Practice Point commentary discusses a 2008 paper by Parving et al. that analyzed the interaction between losartan and the I/D polymorphism in patients in the Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study. The investigators found that patients with type 2 diabetes and proteinuria who have the D allele have an unfavorable renal prognosis, which is improved by losartan treatment (vs placebo) when given together with conventional antihypertensive treatment. No significant improvement in outcomes was observed in losartan-treated patients with the II genotype. Previous observational studies had suggested a decreased beneficial effect of ACE inhibitors in patients with type 1 diabetic nephropathy who have the DD genotype. Prospective studies in this area are needed before I/D genotype characterization can be used to guide the choice of therapy in patients with diabetes and proteinuria.     

Elevated urinary albumin excretion is not linked to the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in clinically healthy subjects

An elevated urinary albumin excretion (UAE) in non-diabetic subjects without renal or cardiovascular disease has been shown to be predictive of ischaemic heart disease. An insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been identified and the D allele may be associated with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to find a potential linkage between this polymorphism and elevated UAE. For studies of UAE and cardiovascular pathophysiology, a highly selected population sample has been identified comprising all clinically healthy subjects aged 40-65 years with elevated UAE in a dipstick negative urinary sample (n = 27) from The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Neither the ACE genotype distribution (p = 0.12) nor the D and I allele frequencies (p = 0.69) differed significantly between subjects with elevated UAE and a matched normoalbuminuric control group (n = 46). Elevated UAE in clinically healthy subjects is not linked to the ACE gene polymorphism.     

Polymorphisms of the glucose transporter (GLUT1) gene are associated with diabetic nephropathy

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Recent studies suggest that genetic factors, including polymorphisms in the flanking region of the aldose reductase gene (5'ALR2), play an important role in the pathogenesis of nephropathy. Glucose transporter (GLUT1) activity has been implicated in renal hypertrophy and extracellular matrix formation in mesangial cells. The aim was to investigate the frequency of a polymorphism within the GLUT1 gene in 186 Caucasoid patients with type 1 diabetes and 104 normal controls. METHODS: Amplimers flanking the Xba-I polymorphic site in the second intron were employed to amplify DNA from subjects. The amplified DNA was restricted with endonuclease Xba-I, separated by gel electrophoresis, and visualized. In the absence of an Xba-I site, a fragment of 1.1 kilobase was seen, whereas fragments of 0.9 and 0.2 were generated if the Xba-I site was present. RESULTS: There was a highly significant increase in the frequency of the 1.1 allele in those patients with nephropathy (N = 70) compared with those with no proteinuria or retinopathy after 20 years of diabetes (uncomplicated N = 44, 61.4 vs. 40.9%, respectively, P < 0.001). The 1.1/1.1 genotype was also significantly increased in the nephropathy group compared with the uncomplicated group of patients (37.1 vs. 13.6%, respectively, P < 0.01). The frequency of the 1.1/1.1 genotype was similar in 30 patients with retinopathy but not nephropathy when compared with the uncomplicated group of patients (13.6 vs. 16.7%). Furthermore, only 8 out of 49 patients with DN had the Z+2 5'ALR2 DN "protective" allele and the 0.9 GLUT1 allele in contrast to 21 out of 39 uncomplicated patients (P < 0.0002). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the GLUT1 gene together with the aldose reductase gene are associated with susceptibility to DN in patients with type 1 diabetes.